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	The Galileo Project \| Christianity \| The Inquisition
		The Inquisition was a permanent institution in the Catholic Church charged with the eradication of heresies.
		Abuses by local Inquisitions early on led to reform and regulation by Rome, and in the 14th century intervention by secular authorities became common.
		Until recently, Protestant literature on the Inquisition tended to be hostile to the Catholic Church, while Catholic literature tended to be apologetic and justificatory.
	galileo.rice.edu /chr/inquisition.html (1062 words)

	Inquisition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Inquisition was in response to the growing Catharist heresy in southern France.
		The Papal Inquisition in the 1230s was in response to the failures of the Episcopal Inquisition and was staffed by professionals, trained specifically for the job as decreed by the Pope.
		The Spanish Inquisition was decreed by the Roman Catholic Church in 1478 in Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Inquisition (2078 words)

	Spanish Inquisition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nevertheless, the subject of the "alumbrados" put the Inquisition on the trail of many intelectuals and clerics who, interested in the Erasmian ideas, had strayed from orthodoxy (which is striking because both Charles I and Philip II of Spain were confessed admirers of Erasmus).
		It fell under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition only in the territories of Aragon, when, in 1524, Clement VII, in a papal brief, granted jurisdiction over sodomy to the Inquisition of Aragon, whether or not it was related to heresy.
		The revisionist school of Inquisitional history is embraced by certain racial supremacist groups, several political groups and a handful of Church scholars (though this is irrelevant in regards to ascertaining the historic truth).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Inquisition (6882 words)

	Inquisition - MSN Encarta
		Inquisition, judicial institution, established by the papacy in the Middle Ages, charged with seeking out, trying, and sentencing persons guilty of heresy.
		Although the Inquisition in the beginning directed most attention to the Albigensians and, to a lesser degree, the Waldensians (see Waldenses), it later extended its activities to other heterodox groups, such as the Fraticelli, and then to witches and diviners.
		Whereas the medieval Inquisition focused on popular misbeliefs that resulted in the disturbance of public order, the Holy Office was generally concerned with orthodoxy of a more academic nature, especially as it appeared in the writings of theologians and high churchmen.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761552909 (1147 words)

	INQUISITION
		Although the Inquisition did prosecute witchcraft, as did almost every secular government, the Roman inquisitors by the later sixteenth century were beginning to express serious doubts about most such accusations.
		What did give the Inquisition greater impact was that it was well organized and at least in theory universal throughout the Church, whereas Protestant persecution of heresy tended to be spasmodic and dependant mainly on local conditions.
		The Inquisition can only be understood within the framework of the centuries of its existence, when religious uniformity and orthodoxy, and obedience to authority, were enforced by almost all political and religious institutions, considered essential for the very survival of society.
	www.catholic.net /RCC/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/column1.html (1075 words)

	Inquisition
		The stereotype of the Inquisition is that it was a kangaroo court operated by possibly psychotic fanatics with a taste for blood, who tortured innocent people to obtain false confessions, then sent them off to be burnt at the stake.
		The subject of the Inquisition illustrates one of the paradoxes of the “information age” — the availability of accurate information on a subject by no means guarantees that such information will affect public perceptions.
		What did give the Inquisition greater impact was that it was well organized and at least in theory universal throughout the Church, whereas Protestant persecution of heresy tended to be spasmodic and dependent mainly on local conditions.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/history/world/wh0007.html (1182 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Inquisition
		Inquisition, whether because of the particularly perilous sectarianism there prevalent or of the greater severity of ecclesiastical and civil rulers, weighed heavily on Italy (especially Lombardy), on Southern France (in particular the country of Toulouse and on Languedoc) and finally on the Kingdom of Aragon and on Germany.
		Inquisition, it is necessary to distinguish clearly between principles and historical fact on the one hand, and on the other those exaggerations or rhetorical descriptions which reveal bias and an obvious determination to injure Catholicism, rather than to encourage the spirit of tolerance and further its exercise.
		Inquisition is distinguished from the medieval its monarchical constitution and a greater consequent centralization, as also by the constant and legally provided-for influence of the crown on all official appointments and the progress of trials.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08026a.htm (12937 words)

	Inquisition. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Secular rulers came to use the persecution of heresy as a weapon of state, as in the case of the suppression of the Knights Templars.
		The Inquisition was an emergency device and was employed mainly in S France, N Italy, and Germany.
		The Spanish government tried to establish the Inquisition in all its dominions; but in the Spanish Netherlands the local officials did not cooperate, and the inquisitors were chased (1510) out of Naples, apparently with the pope’s connivance.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/Inquisit.html (728 words)

	Inquisition, Spanish Inquisition
		Notoriously harsh in its procedures, the Inquisition was defended during the Middle Ages by appeal to biblical practices and to the church father Saint Augustine, who had interpreted Luke 14:23 as endorsing the use of force against heretics.
		The papal Inquisition was formally instituted by Pope Gregory IX in 1231.
		This Roman Inquisition was solidified (1588) by Sixtus V into the Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, also known as the Holy Office, whose task was to watch over the correct doctrine of faith and morals for the whole Roman Catholic church.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/inquisit.htm (1323 words)

	Spanish Inquisition: 1478-1834
		Inquisitions were used during the decline of the Roman Empire until the Spanish Inquisition's decline in the early 1800s.
		He remained the leader of the Spanish Inquisition for fifteen years and is believed to be responsible for the execution of around 2,000 Spaniards.
		The Inquisition was run procedurally by the inquisitor-general who established local tribunals of the Inquisition.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/WestEurope/SpanInqui.html (388 words)

	Inquisition
		Inquisitions were used during the decline of the Roman Empire until the Spanish Inquisition's decline in the 19th century.
		The Inquisitions in both Spain and Portugal were run by both civil and church authorities in order to root out non-believers from a nation or religion.
		The Spanish Inquisition's reign of terror was abolished by King Bonaparte in 1834, but it wasn't until January of 1968 when the files of the Office of the Inquisition at the Vatican were closed.
	www.geocities.com /iberianinquisition (745 words)

	inquisition
		The Inquisition is a tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church established for the investigation of heresy...
		Many Protestants use the Inquisition as a handy stick to beat the Catholic Church, but they should not forget that from 1184 to 1517, the birth of the Reformation, both Catholics and Protestants were members of the same Church...
		James Hitchcock points out that The Inquisition can only be understood within the framework of the centuries of its existence, when religious uniformity and orthodoxy, and obedience to authority, were enforced by almost all political and religious institutions, considered essential for the very survival of society.
	biblia.com /christianity/inquisition.htm (1157 words)

	The Spanish Inquisition:Fact Versus Fiction
		The Holy Office, as it was popularly called, was founded in 1478 on the strength of a papal rescript requested by the sovereigns of a newly united Spain, the wife and husband, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon.
		In 1478, at the moment the Inquisition was set up, the Christians of the Iberian peninsula had been engaged in a crusade for nearly seven hundred years.
		And this is precisely why the Inquisition was created by the Spanish monarchs: as the etymology of the word implies, the first task of this new judicial body was inquiry, specifically inquiry into the authenticity of the conversion of the Moors and Jews who had come under the sway of those monarchs.
	www.catholic.net /rcc/Periodicals/Dossier/1112-96/article2.html (2299 words)

	Inquisition
		The Inquisition is often considered the "slam dunk" in the argument that the Catholic Church is not of God and that Religion is stale.
		After all, in the seventeenth century, when Catholic inquisitions were at their height, the Buddhist/Shinto nation of Japan was engaged in a ferocious attempt to stamp out the deviant faith of Christianity through torture and massacre.
		The myth of the witch-hunting inquisition was built on several assumptions and mistakes, all of which have been overturned in the last twenty-five years...
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/inquisition.htm (6880 words)

	Inquisition articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Inquisition INQUISITION [Inquisition], tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church established for the investigation of heresy.
		The Medieval Inquisition In the early Middle Ages investigation of heresy was a duty of the bishops.
		A Dominican, he became confessor to Ferdinand II and Isabella I and in 1483 was appointed inquisitor general of Castile and Aragón, charged with the centralization of the Spanish Inquisition.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/06393.html (477 words)

	Crisis Magazine
		The medieval Inquisition began in 1184 when Pope Lucius III sent a list of heresies to Europe’s bishops and commanded them to take an active role in determining whether those accused of heresy were, in fact, guilty.
		The Inquisition provided a means for heretics to escape death and return to the community.
		The Spanish Inquisition, already established as a bloodthirsty tool of religious persecution, was derided by Enlightenment thinkers as a brutal weapon of intolerance and ignorance.
	www.crisismagazine.com /october2003/madden.htm (4242 words)

	Inquisition
		The Inquisition resulted in the torture and murder of millions of Christians whose only crime was a rejection of Catholic heresy and a commitment to follow the Bible as their sole authority for faith and practice.
		All were seen as the victims of an inquisition that came to be seen as the driving force of papal power, the creator of “millions” of Protestant martyrs, and the enemy of Enlightenment and Progress.
		The Inquisition was an image assembled from a body of legends and myths which, between the sixteenth and the twentieth centuries, established the perceived character of inquisitorial tribunals and influenced all ensuing efforts to recover their historical reality.
	www.catholicleague.org /research/inquisition.html (12594 words)

	The Inquisition
		The Inquisition was a Roman Catholic tribunal for discovery and punishment of heresy, which was marked by the severity of questioning and punishment and lack of rights afforded to the accused.
		A later pope, Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisition, in 1233, to combat the heresy of the Abilgenses, a religious sect in France.
		By 1255, the Inquisition was in full gear throughout Central and Western Europe; although it was never instituted in England or Scandinavia.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Inquisition.html (768 words)

	The Inquisition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus, one of the areas of greatest abuse in the coming Inquisition – the confiscation of property by Church and secular authorities – was officially codified by canon law.
		Historians often divide the study of the Inquisition into two major segments – the Medieval (or Papal) Inquisition, which was an arm of the Papacy, and the Spanish Inquisition, which, while closely associated with the Church, is primarily viewed as a tool of the secular government of Spain.
		However, as an institution, the Inquisition stands alone in terms of the length of time it existed (600 years), the number of its victims, the ruthlessness of its methodologies, and the intolerance that it fostered.
	www.sundayschoolcourses.com /inq/inqcont.htm (8699 words)

	The Inquisition
		Separate again was the infamous Spanish Inquisition, started in 1478, a state institution used to identify conversos—Jews and Moors (Muslims) who pretended to convert to Christianity for purposes of political or social advantage and secretly practiced their former religion.
		Inquisitions did not exist in Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, or England, being confined mainly to southern France, Italy, Spain, and a few parts of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The fact that the Protestant Reformers also created inquisitions to root out Catholics and others who did not fall into line with the doctrines of the local Protestant sect shows that the existence of an inquisition does not prove that a movement is not of God.
	www.catholic.com /library/Inquisition.asp (2002 words)

	Malleus Maleficarum
		It served as a guidebook for Inquisitors during the Inquisition, and was designed to aid them in the identification, prosecution, and dispatching of Witches.
		The questions, definitions, and accusations it set forth in regard to witches, which were reinforced by its use during the Inquisition, came to be widely regarded as irrefutable truth.
		Estimates of the death toll during the Inquisition worldwide range from 600,000 to as high as 9,000,000 (over its 250 year long course); either is a chilling number when one realizes that nearly all of the accused were women, and consisted primarily of outcasts and other suspicious persons.
	www.malleusmaleficarum.org (896 words)

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