Insect flight - Factbites

Insect flight - Factbites
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Topic: Insect flight

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In the News (Fri 24 May 13)

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	Cornell News: Insect aerodynamics
		Any theory of insect flight has to account for both viscous and inertial effects, Wang said, noting that in a fluid environment like air, inertia is a force due to the motion of the fluid itself as fluid particles are carried along by their own velocity.
		An important key to solving the mystery of insect flight, Wang said, is the understanding of the vortex "shedding" and how the vortices behave when they separate from the moving surface that created them.
		Biologists with high-speed video cameras have been able to document the oscillating motions of insect wings as they move up and down and change pitch by tilting the edges, and the complex motions are beginning to be incorporated in the design of robotic "insect" wings.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/March00/APS_Wang.hrs.html (1084 words)

	insect
		I have been flying modified versions of Bill Warner's "Insect" all last year, indoors as rubber powered and free-flight electric (they work OK outdoors if the wind is light).
		, the inventor of the Super Insect has been experimenting with tilting the "wing" as a way of controling the flight..
		Down load the plan for the super insect take all the dimensions and multiply by 1.7 you will get a great indoor plane that can be built in about two evenings with about $4.00 worth of scraps from the building room.
	home.att.net /~dannysoar/insect.htm (852 words)

	Insect
		Insects are the only invertebrate group to have developed flight, and this has played an important part in their success of reproduction.
		Insect flight is not very well understood, relying heavily on turbulent atmospheric effects.
		Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely distributed grouping within the Phylum Arthropoda.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/insect (852 words)

	Math Trek: Flight of the Bumblebee, Science News Online, Sept. 11, 2004
		Some of these researchers inevitably refer to the "bumblebees can't fly" story in their own remarks to the press and even in published reports, while pointing to the "new, improved" model to describe insect flight.
		In recent years, scientists have tackled the problem of insect flight from a number of different angles and gained new insights into the complexities of powered flight.
		What was shown was that a certain simple mathematical model wasn't adequate or appropriate for describing the flight of a bumblebee.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20040911/mathtrek.asp (1180 words)

	Fly Meaning and Definition
		i.) A batted ball that flies to a considerable distance, usually high in the air; also, the flight of a ball so struck; as, it was caught on the fly.
		i.) Any winged insect; esp., one with transparent wings; as, the Spanish fly; firefly; gall fly; dragon fly.
		i.) Any dipterous insect; as, the house fly; flesh fly; black fly.
	en.thinkexist.com /dictionary/meaning/Fly (562 words)

	Flight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Among the many species of insects, some fly and others do not (See insect flight).
		Flight is the process of flying: either movement through the air by aerodynamically generating lift or aerostatically using buoyancy, or movement beyond earth's atmosphere by spacecraft.
		Superman is a superhero in comic books, cartoons, and films; flight is among the various superpowers he is portrayed to obtain from the yellow rays of earth's sun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flight (517 words)

	Flight
		There are four forces that act on a flying machine in flight, whether bird, bat, insect, or airplane: lift, thrust, drag, and gravity.
		Flight speed is dependent upon the bird, the weather, the wind, etc. In general, the flight speed of small passerines varies from 15 to 50 mph.
		Flight evolved from gliding behavior and gliding and the use of feathers for insulation probably evolved together.
	www.ornithology.com /lectures/Flight.html (1542 words)

	Ecowatch - Insect Collecting Traps
		Those insects that are intercepted by the flight intercept netting and don't fall into the trough below will usually climb upwards towards the light and become trapped in the bottle.
		Put some collecting fluid into the bottom of the cup to help preserve the trapped invertebrates, then sit back and wait to see what you collect.
		Don't forget to put some collecting fluid in the bottle as well as the trough to preserve the invertebrates you collect.
	www.ento.csiro.au /Ecowatch/Traps.htm (1542 words)

	NASA - Biology Habitats on the ISS
		The Insect Habitat will enable studies of the fruit fly to learn how microgravity affects development, nervous system function, movement and behavior, growth, reproduction, aging, gene expression, mutagenesis from radiation and circadian rhythms or sleep/wake cycles.
		The Incubator is a temperature-controlled Habitat for conducting life science research with invertebrate animals, plants, insects, cell and microbial specimens.
		However, during the initial flight increments, it will be dedicated to experiments using Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit flies.
	www.nasa.gov /audience/foreducators/postsecondary/features/F_Biology_Habitats_ISS.html (901 words)

	Damsels and Dragons - the Insect Order Odonata
		After the insect has extracted itself, a period of time, usually a couple of hours or so, elapses during which the body and wings expand and cure sufficiently to withstand flight.
		The dragonfly is an impressive insect, a master of the air, daring enough, in some cases, to hover almost within arm's reach in front of human invaders in its territory.
		During emergence, the insect can't fly away, and hence is vulnerable to numerous predators.
	uci.net /~pondhawk/odonata/ips_odonata.html (901 words)

	The possibility of using the sterile insect technique against Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting greenhouse chrysanthemum
		The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum gamma-irradiation dosage required for the sterilization of L. trifolii, and to determine the quality (percent emergence, flight ability, longevity, copulatory success, and sperm transfer) of irradiated males compared with that of the unirradiated (normal) males.
		The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used against some Diptera species in field situations, and it has been most effective against isolated population (e.g., on islands, etc.).
		The possibility of using the sterile insect technique against Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) infesting greenhouse chrysanthemum
	esa.confex.com /esa/2001/techprogram/paper_2647.htm (282 words)

	Dynamic Aviation - Services - Sterile Insect Technique
		With SIT operational experience exceeding 125,000 flight hours, Dynamic Aviation is recognized as the international leader in the release of sterile insects.
		An effective alternative to chemical insecticide applications, Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a special activity pursued by Dynamic Aviation.
		Throughout its history of SIT projects on three continents in eleven countries, Dynamic Aviation has demonstrated a commitment to safety, reliability, high performance standards, and an ability to meet and exceed customer expectations.
	www.dynamicaviation.com /insect.htm (365 words)

	Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia: Seasonal variation in recapture of mass-reared sterile codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): implications for control by sterile insect technique in British Columbia
		Any critical assessment of the annual progress or success of a sterile insect programme in BC should be based on an analysis that reveals the extent to which appropriate S:W ratios are being achieved in individual sites and presented as a proportion of all orchards being treated.
		In 1992, the Okanagan-Kootenay Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Programme was initiated to eradicate codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), from montane, fruit-growing valleys in British Columbia (BC), Canada.
		This application presented an opportunity to determine what impact a pheromone-based mating-disruption treatment might have on flight activity of sterile moths and S: W ratios.
	newssearch.looksmart.com /p/articles/mi_qa4139/is_200412/ai_n13486389 (1382 words)

	European Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus
		This insect is spread largely by man. Spread by natural means is limited because earwigs seldom fly and cannot maintain flight very long.
		The European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus 1758, is intercepted in Florida frequently in bundles of plants and shrubbery, in cut flowers, and in florists' equipment arriving from the western United States.
		European earwig adult male(1); tip of abdomen of male with short, sharply curved forceps(2); tip of abdomen of female earwig (3).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_IN159 (1186 words)

	Cornell News: Insect aerodynamics
		Any theory of insect flight has to account for both viscous and inertial effects, Wang said, noting that in a fluid environment like air, inertia is a force due to the motion of the fluid itself as fluid particles are carried along by their own velocity.
		An important key to solving the mystery of insect flight, Wang said, is the understanding of the vortex "shedding" and how the vortices behave when they separate from the moving surface that created them.
		The computer-modeling accomplishment - which is expected to aid the future design of tiny insect-like flying machines and should dispel the longstanding myth that "bumblebees cannot fly, according to conventional aerodynamics" - was announced by Cornell University physicist Z. Jane Wang today (March 20) at the Minneapolis meeting of the American Physical Society (APS).
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/March00/APS_Wang.hrs.html (1084 words)

	Insect Lesson Plans
		Suggestions include: Bug Buddy Badge, Entomologist Award, and Official Insect Inspector Present a magnifying glass to the classroom for them to use during the year whenever the are ready to inspect bugs.
		Bug Club Awards : Present students with award certificates for all their hard work on the insect unit.
		Nurse bees- Mixes pollen and honey to feed to older larva.
	www.libsci.sc.edu /miller/Insect.htm (1084 words)

	USATODAY.com - Vet: Dog survives snatch by eagle, cold
		BOZEMAN, Mont. (AP) — A dog survived a flight in an eagle's claws then endured a week of sometimes subfreezing weather before finding its way home, a veterinarian said Wednesday.
		Freddie had also suffered an eye injury and was covered by ice and insect bites.
		Slevin, who was alerted to Freddie's return by the barking of her other dogs, said she put him on a blanket and carried him to McIlhattan.
	www.usatoday.com /news/offbeat/2005-01-08-dog-survives_x.htm?csp=34 (324 words)

	antbib
		An electron microscopic histochemical and analytical x-ray microprobe study of calcium changes in insect flight muscle degeneration in Solenopsis, the queen fire ant.
		Insemination-induced histolysis of the flight musculature in fire ants ( Solenopsis spp.): An ultrastructural study.
		Feeding larva of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren: behavior and morphological adaptions.
	vinsonlab.tamu.edu /ant/antbib.htm (324 words)

	Books, separata and reprints on general entomology m-z
		WILLIAMS (C.) Collected records relating to insect migration.
		MAMAEV (B.) Guide to the insects of the European part of the USSR
		WHITE and BUTLER The Zoology of the Voyage of Erebus and Terror.
	www.insects.demon.co.uk /genento/genento-m-z.html (324 words)

	Gottesanbieter
		The mantis almost always starts eating the insect while it is still alive, and almost always goes straight for the insect's neck: this way, the mantis makes sure that the struggling of the insect stops quickly.
		Mantis babies are wingless, but otherwise resemble the adults (this is an important distinction in classifying insects).
		The researchers discovered, as well, that the louder the bat noises were played, the more drastic the mantis' flight pattern would change.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~abrams/mantis.html (694 words)

	USFS Region 6 Aerial Survey Data Dictionary
		This data is collected to determine regional insect and disease trends and to serve as an indicator to land owners/managers of insect and disease activity in their area.
		The insect and disease data should be used only as an indicator of insect and disease activity, and should be ground-truthed for actual causal agent and location.
		Draft maps of the survey data are posted anywhere from one day to one week after the flight (between July and September) for use during the current year's field season.
	www.fs.fed.us /r6/nr/fid/as/iddatadictionary.shtml (1245 words)

	Why a fly can fly like a fly
		The halteres tend to keep the insect flying in the same direction, so when it has to make a sudden turn, the halteres have to respond as well as the flight muscles.
		So rather than ‘switching off one’s gyroscope’, the halteres are appropriately fine-tuned or ‘tweaked’ for the required manoeuvre in response to visual cues, a fraction of a second before they in turn pass the information on to the main flight muscles.
		Experimental evidence indicates that halteres are part of a highly sophisticated, and immensely complex, flight system which continues to baffle and amaze all who study it.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/magazines/tj/docs/TJ_v12n3_fly.asp (1008 words)

	Vesper bat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Almost all Vesper bats are insect -eaters, exeptions being some Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species that have been known on occasion to catch small Passerine birds in flight.
		As a group, Vesper bats cover the full gamut of flight ability with the relatively weak flying Pipistrellus that have fluttery, almost insect -like flight to the long winged and fast flying genera such as Lasiurus, Nyctalus and Miniopteris.
		Evening bats or perhaps more correctly Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae) are the largest and best-known family of bats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vesper_bat (1008 words)

	Lepidoptera.htm
		Inconsistency in relationships between body weight and flight duration of moths with respect to influences of different environmental factors during the larval stages indicates that flight capacity is unlikely to be influenced by body size in this species.
		Descriptors: Lepidoptera, cereal crop, insect rearing, rearing medium, temperature, Ontario, Canada, pest, environmental factor, Zea mays, corn pest.
		Martin, L.A.; Pullin, A.S. Host-plant specialisation and habitat restriction in an endangered insect, Lycaena dispar batavus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) I. Larval feeding and oviposition preferences.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/Labinsects/Lepidoptera.htm (6811 words)

	Neurobehavior: Module 3
		Halteres are sensory structures that detect a change in the orientation of an insect in flight.
		When the halteres detect a change they trigger motor neurons to correct for the change and thus stabilize the insect while in flight.
		If it has more than 1 pair then it must not have halteres, becuase halteres are only found in insects that have a reduced 2nd pair of wings that have evolved into sense organs that detect changes in the insect's orientation = halteres.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /~mcdougal/neurobehavior/modules_homework/mod3.html (924 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		Anything that improved the ability to hunt flying insects - including the development of long feathered forelimbs - would have been advantageous and seized upon by Natural Selection, leading inexorably to the capacity for sustained powered flight.
		Two theories are preferred: (1) the 'arboreal' - or top-down - theory according to which flying archosaurs began as gliders; and (2) the 'cursorial' - or bottom-up - theory according to which the feathered forelimbs of small running theropods were converted from insect-snares into flapping wings.
		If so, the capacity to gather more insects by remaining aloft for longer periods-of-time would have proven beneficial; it would have engendered structural changes in the fore limbs, both to make them better insect snares and (perhaps serendipitously) to provide more lift.
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Flight.html (924 words)

	Vesper bat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Almost all Vesper bats are insect-eaters, exeptions being some Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species that have been known on occasion to catch small Passerine birds in flight.
		As a group, Vesper bats cover the full gamut of flight ability with the relatively weak flying Pipistrellus that have fluttery, almost insect-like flight to the long winged and fast flying genera such as Lasiurus, Nyctalus and Miniopteris.
		They rely mainly on echolocation, but they lack the enlarged noses, which some microbats have in order to improve the ultrasound beam and instead "shout" through their open mouths to project their ultrasound beam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vespertilionidae (248 words)

	Insecta Inspecta World - Praying Mantis
		The praying mantis is a carnivorous insect that takes up a deceptively humble posture when it is searching for food.
		Apparently, the mantis in flight will drastically change its flight pattern (often hurling to the ground in a spiral) when the mantis hears certain frequencies of sound.
		Flower mantises, from Africa or the Far East, so closely resemble flowers that insects will often land on them to get nectar.
	www.insecta-inspecta.com /mantids/praying (248 words)

	Wasatch Pest Control
		It is the equivalent of adrenaline, and controls the 'fight or flight' mechanisms essential to survival, as well as regulating other behavioral patterns in insects.
		Octopamine is a key insect neurotransmitter that regulates movement, heart rate, behavior and metabolism.
		Because receptors for octopamine are the most dominant biogenic amine receptor within insects, death occurs very quickly.
	www.wasatchpest.com /science.html (248 words)

	Acoustic Monitoring of Night-Migrating Birds: A Progress Report
		The night-flight calls of many species, such as warblers and sparrows, are like single cricket chirps, typically between 0.05 and 0.25 seconds long.
		Recording sites were chosen in areas relatively free of vegetation to minimize wind and insect noise; several microphones were operated in open fields that were relatively free of insect song.
		Night-flight calls of 35 species of migrant landbirds have been identified by spectrographic matching with diurnal calls recorded from known-identity individuals; call types of another 31 species are known, but are not yet distinguishable from other similar calls in several species complexes.
	birds.cornell.edu /pifcapemay/evans_rosenberg.htm (248 words)

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In the News (Fri 24 May 13)