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Topic: Insolation

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	What are Angles of Insolation?
		Angles of insolation have a major effect on climate and are therefore of immense interest to climatologists and meteorologists.
		Agriculture, architecture, health, and energy generation are among the many fields in which angles of insolation are taken into account and accounted for, especially in climates to the extreme North and South of the globe, where the angles of insolation are small, meaning that the sun's energy is poorly concentrated and must be maximized.
		Angles of insolation are taken into account by architects designing buildings who wish to maximize their solar energy by, for example, increasing the amount of windows on the equator-facing side of the building.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-are-angles-of-insolation.htm (501 words)

	Insolation
		Namely, winter insolation energy amounts but to 12% of the annual quantity, and its sum in the ablation season of the glacier (May-September) amounts to 82% (Hočevar et al., 1982).
		The glacier receives significantly less hours of insolation and less solar energy than the Kredarica station which is on the top of the ridge.
		Therefore, the insolation energy is reduced, particularly if albedo is taken into account, although the short-wave diffused radiation is relatively greater in the mountains in the slightly cloudy and foggy conditions.
	ai.ijs.si /mezi/personal/triglav/insolation.htm (827 words)

	insolation
		More precisely, insolation is the solar power density incident on a surface of stated area and orientation, usually expressed as watts per square meter (W/m
		Insolation values for a specific site are sometimes difficult to obtain.
		Weather stations that measure solar radiation components are located far apart and may not carry specific insolation data for a given site.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/AE_insolation.html (371 words)

	Astronomical Insolation Forcing - UCL-ASTR
		The aim of the astronomical theory of paleoclimates is to study the relationship between insolation and climate at the global scale.
		It comprises four different parts: computation of the astronomical elements, computation of the appropriate insolation parameters, development of suitable climate models and analysis of geological data in the time and frequency domains in order to investigate the physical mechanisms, to calibrate and to validate the climate models.
		Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years.
	www.astr.ucl.ac.be /index.php?page=AstronomicalInsolationForcing (260 words)

	7(g) Global Patterns of Insolation Receipts
		Insolation quantities at the equator over land during the solstices are approximately the same as values found in the middle latitudes during their summer (see NASA WWW links below).
		This pattern is primarily the result of Earth-sun geometric relationships and its effect on the duration and intensity of solar radiation received.
		In middle and high latitudes, insolation values over the ocean, as compared to those at the same latitude over the land, are generally higher (see NASA images).
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7g.html (344 words)

	6(i). Earth-Sun Relationships and Insolation
		The intensity of solar radiation is largely a function of the angle of incidence, the angle at which the sun's rays strike the Earth's surface.
		Maximum values of insolation are received at the summer solstice when day length and angle of incidence are at their maximum (see Table 6h-2 and section 6h).
		Minimum values of insolation are received at the winter solstice when day length and angle of incidence are at their minimum (see Table 6h-2 and section 6h).
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/6i.html (897 words)

	Calculation of Solar Insolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Based on the equation of the sun's position in the sky throughout the year, the maximum amount of solar insolation on a surface at a particular tilt angle can be calculated as a function of latitude and day of the year.
		The three curves are the incident solar insolation, the horizontal solar insolation and the solar insolation on a titled surface as defined in the page Module Tilt.
		The daily insolation is numerically equal to the number of sunhours in a day.
	www.udel.edu /igert/pvcdrom/SUNLIGHT/SHCALC.HTM (330 words)

	Geology 150 - Climate Changes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When the summer insolation is at a minima, snow and ice that accumulate over the winter don't melt.
		Low summer insolation occurs when Earth's orbital tilt is small and the northern hemisphere is in the aphelion position.
		The response of an ice sheet to changing insolation is complicated somewhat by the response of the lithosphere to the ice sheet.
	earth.usc.edu /geol150/variability/icesheets.html (631 words)

	CHRONOS Cyclostratigraphy Aim and Scope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Earth's insolation variations are confined mostly to the seasonal and diurnal frequencies (Rubincam 1994).
		Ultimately, the orbital frequencies are propagated into the climate record by "rectification" of the seasonal and/or diurnal frequencies by the climate and/or the climate recorder.
		It is important to recognize that orbital climate cycles are largely the consequence of insolation rectification, and are not the direct response to insolation forcing.
	www.jhu.edu /~eps/chronoscyclostrat/aimandscope/orbitalcycles.html (279 words)

	Insolation: the energy source for earth and its systems
		Insolation controls the vegetation which grows in the area, and therefore the environment that develops.
		It affects climate, the development of soils, the rate of weathering, the ability to develop agriculture, and therefore population density.
		Insolation: the solar power per unit area at the top of the atmosphere as measured perpendicular to the solar beam.
	www.geographypages.co.uk /insolation.htm (463 words)

	GREENHOUSE COVERS: HEAT REQUIREMENT AND INSOLATION
		Four identical quonset style greenhouses were constructed to determine the influence of covering on heat requirement, insolation and carnation growth.
		Insolation and outside temperature accounted for over 80 percent of the variability in the heat requirements and were interrelated.
		Percent transmitted insolation was highest in the new fiberglass treatment and lowest in the old fiberglass treatment thus directly influencing the fuel required for daytime heating.
	www.actahort.org /books/76/76_50.htm (251 words)

	MrSolar.com - Online Solar, Inc.
		The numbers listed on these maps are the average worst case insolation hours.
		Insolation hours provide a way of predicting the output of a solar module at a specific location.
		This insolation information should be used only for estimates.
	www.mrsolar.com /Merchant2/graphics/site/assistance/insolationmaps.html (187 words)

	BSMO.co.uk - bringing the weather, come rain or shine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The radiant energy from the sun which strikes the earth is termed insolation (from incoming solar radiation).
		At high latitudes the suns rays must pass through a thicker layer of atmosphere, which in the northern hemisphere is worst in winter when the sun is ‘lowest’ in the sky.
		Therefore, the total amount of insolation an area receives will be greatest at the equator and decreases as the poles are reached, although other factors such as aspect and transparency of the atmosphere are important – thus the worlds distribution of insolation is closely linked to latitude.
	www.bsmo.co.uk /newsfeatures/beginnersguides/guides/insolation.htm (459 words)

	b33 The Milankovitch insolation hypothesis for climatic cycles
		What is missing in Croll’s analysis, insolation theory (developed in the 1940s by Milutin Milankovitch) already had in its prediction of the observed periodicity (but not the magnitude of the temperature variations).
		These show, at 15 and 45 North latitude, the effect on insolation of the 22,000-year precession of the equinoxes cycle (studied by Croll) will be strongly apparent.
		On the hypothesis that orbital variations of insolation at 60 N and icesheet volumes are closely linked in time, J. Imbrie, beginning in 1992, constructed an extend timescale (SPECMAP) for the oxygen isotope record.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/b33.htm (2181 words)

	Geology 150 - Climate Changes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Changes in insolation due to the eccentricity cycle are very slight, at most 0.2%.
		Solar insolation changes at high middle-latitudes are due predominantly to the obliquity cycle.
		Also note that the phasing of the insolation maxima and minima differ for the obliquity and precession cycles.
	earth.usc.edu /geol150/variability/orbitalchanges.html (920 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Orbital Variations and Milankovitch Theory
		Theory suggests that the primary driver of ice ages is the total summer radiation received in northern latitude zones where major ice sheets have formed in the past, near 65 degrees north.
		Astronomical calculations show that 65N summer insolation should increase gradually over the next 25,000 years, and that no 65N summer insolation declines sufficient to cause an ice age are expected in the next 50,000 - 100,000 years (Hollan 2000, Berger 2002).
		Recent Calculations of Earth Orbital Parameters and Insolation by A. Berger are archived at the WDC Paleo.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /paleo/milankovitch.html (862 words)

	CHAPTER 2. SCIENTIFIC
		For example, such cirrus heating was found to warm the entire tropical (30ûN to 30ûS) upper troposphere by 5 to 10 K (Ramanathan et al., 1983) and to double the intensity of the symmetric Hadley circulation (Randall et al., 1989).
		This dual tropospheric, long-wave radiative heating and surface, short-wave radiative cooling role of cirrus is the central premise of the thermostat hypothesis proposed by Ramanathan and Collins (1991).
		Peak decreases in monthly mean solar insolation in the equatorial Pacific were in the range of 70—100 Wm-2 for the 1987 El Niño (Figure 18), and exceeded 100 Wm-2 for the 1982—1983 El Niño(Liu and Gautier, 1990; Gautier and Frouin, 1992).
	www-c4.ucsd.edu /cepex/Chapter2.html (3843 words)

	Amazon.com: insolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Canon of insolation and the ice-age problem: (Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem) Belgrade, 1941 (Royal Serbian Academy.
		Terminations and their correlation with solar insolation in the Northern Hemisphere: a record from a loess section in Northwest China by G. Wu, B. Pan, Q. Guan, and D. Xia (Feb 1, 2005)
		A thermoelectric radiometer for silvical research,: With preliminary results on the relation of insolation to the growth of white pine, (Harvard Forest.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=insolation&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (433 words)

	Insolation at Specified Location (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The columns for daily insolation and zenith angle in the produced table continue to use this assumption.
		The maximum error for this assumption occurs at the poles during the equinoxes where the table's algorithm would indicate no insolation but in reality there should be about x.xx (W/m²).
		The columns for sunrise and sunset, however, do consider the radius of the Sun's disk as seen from the Earth (0.267° on average) and atmospheric refraction of sunlight (approximately 0.583° on the horizon).
	aom.giss.nasa.gov /srlocat.html (243 words)

	Iinsolation at Milankovitch time scales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Applet 1 displays the insolation values for two given months and the specified range of years.
		If any of the months is set to zero, it will plot the daily variation of insolation values for the two given years.
		There is plenty of information on the topic at: The World Data Center A- Paleoclimatology, which publishes insolation values for the last 5 million years.
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk /~jgc/sunshine.html (207 words)

	World Solar Insolation Map
		This solar insolation map shows the amount of solar energy in hours, received each day on an optimally tilted surface during the worst month of the year.
		If you are in the north the south part of the zone is normally the area with longer insolation time.
		If the batteries are already at absorb voltage when hooked to a good brand of charge controller it will go right to the float stage of the charge.
	www.oynot.com /solar-insolation-map.html (178 words)

	Thermo Technologies - Solar Water Heaters 410-997-0778
		Next find latitude, the amount of solar insolation, and number of hours of available sunshine at the job site location.
		They have a hot water requirement of 50 liters per day, per person, with a local Annual Insolation of 1400 hours.
		If your property is located in the US, go directly to US Insolation Charts.
	www.thermomax.com /Insolation.php (241 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Huybers 2006 Integrated Summer Insolation
		But the intensity of summer insolation is primarily controlled by 20,000-year cycles in the precession of the equinoxes, whereas early Pleistocene glacial cycles occur at 40,000-year intervals, matching the period of changes in Earth's obliquity.
		The resolution of this 40,000-year problem is that glaciers are sensitive to insolation integrated over the duration of the summer.
		The integrated summer insolation is primarily controlled by obliquity and not precession because, by Kepler's second law, the duration of the summer is inversely proportional to Earth's distance from the Sun.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/pubs/huybers2006b/huybers2006b.html (220 words)

	Ford Foundation: Energy: The Next Twenty Years - 486
		At high latitudes, even where cloudiness is not a major factor and the annual average global insolation is relatively high, the summer-winter differential is large.
		In equatorial regions, insolation varies from season to season by only a factor of two or so, and hence long-term storage is generally not needed.
		In clear regions the direct normal insolation is only 15-25 percent more than the global insolation on an annual average basis, and in cloudy regions the direct normal insolation is 35-45 percent less than the global insolation.
	www.fordfound.org /elibrary/documents/0334/497.cfm (566 words)

	Measurement of Solar Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A final method to estimate solar insolation is cloud cover data taken from existing satellite images.
		The solar insolation is the total amount of solar energy received at a particular location during a specified time period, often in units of kWh/(m
		Solar insolation data is commonly used for simple PV system design while solar radiance is used in more complicated PV system performance which calculates the system performance at each point in the day.
	www.udel.edu /igert/pvcdrom/SUNLIGHT/RADDATA.HTM (390 words)

	Design and Implementation of the Solar Analyst: an ArcView Extension for Modeling Solar Radiation at Landscape Scales
		Knowledge of the amount of insolation at various geographic locations is desirable for application in such diverse fields as solar energy utilization, civil engineering, agriculture, forestry, meteorology, environmental assessment, and ecological research.
		Using measurements from nearby monitoring stations to infer insolation for a broader area: A histogram was constructed to permit examination of the extent of spatial variation in annual global insolation, based on the direct and diffuse maps of insolation for the study area.
		Preliminary analyses demonstrate that commonly used techniques (generalization from nearby insolation monitoring, prediction by slope and aspect categories, estimating direct radiation from direct duration, etc.) are not sufficiently accurate for generalization of insolation patterns to a landscape scales.
	gis.esri.com /library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap867/p867.htm (8020 words)

	MOTHERS INSOLATION MONITOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Because the insolation monitor is dependent upon photovoltaic cells, it's probably best suited to simulating a solar electric system's potential performance.
		MOTHER's insolation monitor is designed to perform a number of tasks, but its most important job will be helping you choose a suitable site at which to set up solar equipment.
		And, though there are several different ways to go about checking the available insolation at a given spot, I've gotten the quickest results using the procedure that follows.
	www.motherearthnews.com /green_home_building/1983_September_October/Mother_s_Insolation_Monitor (2375 words)

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