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Topic: Instructional theory

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	Definitions of Instructional Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction.
		Instructional design is the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity.
		Instructional technology is the systematic application of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development.
	www.umich.edu /~ed626/define.html (291 words)

	Instructional Design
		Allocated instructional time and actual instructional time include data collected on not only the amount of time, which is scheduled for a subject matter, but also on the minutes actually spent on teaching.
		One of the strengths of this model is that Bloom considered the role of attitudes in the instructional process, such as the subject matter, school, and attitudes towards oneself as a learner.
		Gagne's theory is classified as an instructional theory because it seeks to describe the conditions under which one can intentionally arrange for the learning of specific performance outcomes.
	web2.uwindsor.ca /courses/edfac/morton/instructional_design.htm (7355 words)

	Instructional Design Resources
		Instructional theory, on the other hand, attempts to explain how instruction should be delivered based on what is known about how learners learn (described by learning theory).
		Although various instructional theories exist, theories themselves can not predict what instructional methods need to be used for a given group of learners because learners bring a unique set of learning styles and characteristics to a specific learning environment.
		Systematic instructional design, also referred to as the systems approach, is the idea that every component of instruction (such as the instructor, learners, instructional materials, and the learning environment) are crucial to successful learning.
	uwstudentfpweb.uwyo.edu /s/solis/id.html (1084 words)

	ITFORUM Paper 17
		And the fifth and sixth markers could be stated as: instructional theories should provide guidance for giving learners initiative and responsibility for their own learning, while still providing support that makes the learning process more effective, efficient, and appealing.
		This is in contrast to instructional theories that resulted in instruction where compliance and conformity were emphasized.
		Instructional theory should result in designs that allow learners to make more decisions about their instructional methods, by allowing them to choose from among sound alternative approaches.
	itech1.coe.uga.edu /itforum/paper17/paper17.html (1560 words)

	IDDE Background
		By this, we argue that instructional analysis of distance education programs typically includes weighing the benefits and drawbacks of various technologies (e.g., computer-mediated conferencing, web-based instruction, etc.) and rarely targets the application of instructional strategies and theories during the design and implementation of these distance education systems.
		The instructional information in the IDDE tool’s database is adapted from the articles by Jonassen and Tessmer (1996) and Jonassen and Grabinger (1990) which provide a compendium of instructional, strategies, and tactics.
		The combination of instructional theory and application in the IDDE tool exposes the distance education students to methods for using the strategies as they design and develop their distance education courses.
	ide.ed.psu.edu /idde/References.htm (1207 words)

	Instructional theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Instructional theory is a discipline that focuses on how to structure material for promoting the education of humans, particularly youth.
		Instructional theory was spawned off the 1956 work of Benjamin Bloom, a University of Chicago professor, and the results of his Taxonomy of Education Objectives — one of the first modern codifications of the learning process.
		Skinner's theories of behavior were highly influential on instructional theorists because their hypotheses can be tested fairly easily with the scientific process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instructional_theory (299 words)

	Incorporating Social Factors
		As a result, instructional technologies have experienced a lack of utilization, not only in traditional educational settings, but in military and industrial settings (Burkman 1987) In order to address the inadequacy of existing models and to facilitate the adàoption of instructional products, social factors should be incorporated into instructional development models.
		Instructional developers should understand that adoption is the result of purposeful planning and does not automatically follow the development of instructionally or technically superior products.
		Instructional developers who don't realize the impact their productsà have on society, on real people in real places, are viewing their products too narrowly and ignoring the biggest obstacle, and greatest potential, of their field.
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwitr/docs/social (3826 words)

	ET&S [2(3)] - Susan M. Miller and Kenneth L. Miller - Using Instructional Theory to Facilitate Communication in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Instructional strategies used to sequence the delivery of course content as well as the strategies used to present (i.e., "teach") content are communication tools that determine the manner in which the student interacts with the content.
		Thus, instructional decisions regarding organization, degree of user control of navigation, and level of interactivity are critical in the development of Web based courses if a faithful communication of the expert’s knowledge is to be achieved.
		In contrast to objectivist instructional theories, constructivist theories posit that it is through communication with others that learners construct meaning from their experiences.
	ifets.ieee.org /periodical/vol_3_99/miller.html (4622 words)

	What is Instructional Design Theory
		In her exploration of traditional concepts of theory development and their applicability to the field of instructional technology, Seels argues that while progress has been made in research and procedural theory, there are still many relationships to be illuminated through conceptual theory.
		Stressing the challenge of recognizing that theories have their foundations in, and are therefore a reflection of, the biases and weaknesses in human culture, he reasons that: "theories are repositories of knowledge in some sense, but they are only really rough approximations".
		Also, building on Winn's (1997) suggestion that theory be taught in a way that is integrated with practice, Reigeluth (1997) posits that design theories be taught in tandem with their related descriptive theories, and that both be integrated with practice in instructional courses.
	hagar.up.ac.za /catts/learner/smorgan/IDTHEORY.html (4247 words)

	ITFORUM Paper 27
		The field of instructional design theory cannot afford to have the panoply of theories it does go unchallenged, and it is mainly the role of theorists themselves to define their theories in contrast to those of others.
		Instruction is inherently goal-oriented and that is why much is made in instructional design about the need for strong goal determination and goal specification.
		While precise rules of instruction would be nice to have (and those outside of education, and not aware of its nuances, are often surprised by this lack), it is just too much to expect to have such a set of rules.
	it.coe.uga.edu /itforum/paper27/paper27.html (4681 words)

	Instructional design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Instructional design models typically specify a method, that if followed will facilitate the transfer of knowledge, skills and attitude to the recipient or acquirer of the instruction.
		Much of the foundation of the field of instructional design was laid in World War II, when the U.S. military faced the need to rapidly train large numbers of people to perform complex technical tasks, from field-stripping a carbine to navigating across the ocean to building a bomber.
		Theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, social learning and cognitivism help shape and define the outcome of instructional materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instructional_design (944 words)

	Instructional Technologies \| Courses
		The instructional design process must be documented in writing, and include a review of the instructional significance of the product, and a description of the design.
		The instructional design process must be documented in writing, and include a review of the instructional need and significance of the project, research review, description of the design process, formative evaluation, and conclusions.
		The instructional unit, especially if it is in an electronic media format, must require at least one-hour of instructional time on the part of the users.
	www.sfsu.edu /~itec/courses/courses.html (3843 words)

	Learning Theory and ID
		Instructional theories are less instantiations than syntheses of prescriptions and principles, intended to stand on their own.
		In my opinion, educational psychology has been the single most important influence in the development of instructional theories, but even so, learning theory is thrown into the mix and combined with other ideas to yield a coherent theory or model of instruction that can serve as a guide to practice.
		If an ID theory or model is intended to be a "fl box" within which can fit a number of different learning philosophies, then I would imagine that such a theory would not specifically address instructional processes, but more the management functions needed in the development process.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~bwilson/mainties.html (5443 words)

	P540 - Gagne's instructional design theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Gagne's theory is more properly classified as an instructional theory, rather than a learning theory.
		Instructional theories are often based on one or more learning theories, but there is rarely a simple correspondence between the two.
		Gagne and others thought it was important for teachers and instructional designers to think carefully about the nature of the skill or task they wanted to teach, then to make sure that the learner had the necessary prerequisites to acquire that skill.
	education.indiana.edu /~p540/webcourse/gagne.html (1450 words)

	Learning Theory
		An overview of the Conditions of Learning theory including the nine instructional events and its corresponding learning processes that guide the design of instruction.
		Central to Gagne's theory on conditions of learning is that instruction must be designed specifically in the context of the learner's needs.
		Instruction should be designed to include a variety of instructional methods in order to meet the needs of different learners.
	www.csulb.edu /~dkumrow/conference/learning_theory.html (1391 words)

	Instructional Design Theory
		Instructional Design Theory is the study of how to best design instruction so that learning will take place.
		Directed instruction approaches are, in general, drawn from behaviorist learning theory, while constructivist approaches are drawn from cognitivist learning theory.
		Instructional activities are those activities which help to meet the objectives and, eventually, the goals.
	www.ic.arizona.edu /ic/edp511/isd1.html (1467 words)

	Instructional Theory
		Classroom teachers, as well as philosophers and theorists, find it challenging to transform this theory into practice.
		Teachers are people and carry with them into the classroom, consciously or not, those politics and beliefs.
		These beliefs and politics may be observed in the manner in which a classroom’s furniture is arranged; in the daily routines, procedures and rules of the classroom; in the relationships between the teacher and the students; in the instructional methodology applied; and so on.
	www.21stcenturyschools.com /Instructional_Theory.htm (259 words)

	Instructional Theory in Action
		It is designed as a companion to Instructional Design Theories and Models: An Overview of their Current Status, published in 1983.
		Furthermore, comments identify which prescriptions from the theory are being implemented at each point in the lesson.
		After reading this book, you may wish to seek a deeper understanding of the theories by referring to the more detailed "green book," as it is (affectionately) called.
	www.indiana.edu /~idtheory/yellow.html (468 words)

	Kerlins.net > Instructional Design
		Highlights include the systems approach to instructional design and the relationship between the psychological paradigm of constructivism and the aesthetic paradigm of poststructuralism.
		TIP is a tool intended to make learning and instructional theory more accessible to educators.
		These theories can also be accessed by learning domains and concepts.
	kerlins.net /bobbi/education/teachonline/id.html (689 words)

	"Instructional-Design Theories Home page"
		Instructional theory describes a variety of methods of instruction (different ways of facilitating human learning and development) and when to use--and not use--each of those methods.
		Information about Instructional Design Theories and Models, Volume II: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory, (affectionately called the Green Book II).
		A link to an Electronic Performance Support System to help teachers select and apply new approaches to instruction for their own teaching (Not operational yet).
	www.indiana.edu /~idtheory/home.html (180 words)

	What Is Instructional Design?
		Instructional Design is the systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning.
		Seels, B. and Glasgow, Z. Exercises in instructional design.
		Venezky, R. and Osin, L. The intelligent design of computer-assisted instruction.
	www.coe.uh.edu /courses/cuin6373/whatisid.html (356 words)

	Instructional Design Models
		An instructional design model gives structure and meaning to an I.D. problem, enabling the would-be designer to negotiate her design task with a semblance of conscious understanding.
		A model should be judged by how it mediates the designer's intention, how well it can share a work load, and how effectively it shifts focus away from itself toward the object of the design activity.
		Wilson (1995) Situated instructional design: Blurring the distinctions between theory and practice, design and implementation, curriculum and instruction
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~mryder/itc_data/idmodels.html (1357 words)

	Theory Into Practice (TIP)
		Welcome to the Theory Into Practice (TIP) database!
		The database contains brief summaries of 50 major theories of learning and instruction.
		For more information about many of the theories and theorists included here, see the “People and History” section of http://www.psychology.org
	tip.psychology.org (87 words)

	Learning Theory
		Represents a collection of theories including - generative learning, discovery learning, and situated learning..
		Ideas of constructivism come from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and anthropology.
		Pose "good" problems - realistically complex and personally meaningful.
	www.my-ecoach.com /idtimeline/learningtheory.html (306 words)

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