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Topic: Instrument error

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	Glossary - NCES Statistical Standards
		Coverage error refers to the discrepancy between statistics calculated on the frame population and the same statistics calculated on the target population.
		Sampling error is the error associated with nonobservation, that is, the error that occurs because all members of the frame population are not measured.
		Variance is the error associated with nonobservation, that is, the error that occurs because all members of the frame population are not measured.
	nces.ed.gov /statprog/2002/glossary.asp (4475 words)

	Determining Static System Error
		In general, a leak-free pitot system with a calibrated airspeed indicator will be error free, except at high angles of attack (near the stall), where there may be a large angle between the local flow and the pitot tube.
		Note that this value does not include the instrument error, it is only the error in CAS caused by the static source instrument error.
		The static pressure error is converted to an altitude error at the test altitude, and at the desired reference altitude.
	www.kilohotel.com /rv8/rvlinks/ssec.html (2719 words)

	Survey Manual Version January 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Error is the difference, after blunders have been eliminated, between a measured or calculated value of a quantity and the true or established value of that quantity.
		Random error obey the laws of chance or the random theory of statistics. Therefore, they are analyzed by applying the laws of probability. A complete discussion on the mathematical laws of probability is beyond the scope of this manual. The reference list at the beginning of this manual cites some excellent publications concerning the topic.
		Personal errors are caused by the physical limitations of the human senses of sight and touch. An example of a personal error is an error in the measured value of a horizontal angle, caused by the inability to hold a range pole perfectly in the direction of the plumb line.
	www.state.nj.us /transportation/eng/documents/survey/Chapter3.htm (7130 words)

	Survey Methods, Instruments, Errors, and Accuracy
		Operational errors of the Zeiss survey system resulted from improper leveling of the instrument, mis-aiming the instrument at the center of the prism cluster while taking the measurement, an error in positioning the instrument in coordinate space (particularly in elevation), and movement of the tripod during the survey.
		Errors from mis-positioning the instrument and from movement of the tripod were eliminated after August 1985 when two permanent fixed-instrument mounts were established on the pier and on the roof of the facility.
		Errors were also identified using the measured location of the reference prism checked during the instrument setup and throughout the survey.
	www.frf.usace.army.mil /survey/methods.html (2600 words)

	Understanding mass flow meter, mass flow controller, volumetric flow meter or volumetric flow controller specifications ...
		Error as a percentage of full scale is established by multiplying the error percentage by the full scale flow.
		Offset error is measured in %FS (or %reading)/degree change in temp (or psi change in pressure) Simply, for every change in degree temp or change in psi the calibration is offset by the percentage of error.
		Span shift or span error is defined as a shift in the slope of the calibration curve with zero not changing.
	www.alicatscientific.com /understanding_specs.php (914 words)

	Global Positioning System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Errors in the clock signal can be reduced using the method above, meaning that the overall accuracy of the system is generally based on the accuracy of the position and delay.
		The amount of humidity in the air also has a delaying effect on the signal, resulting in errors similar to those generated in the ionosphere but located much closer to the ground in the troposphere.
		These sorts of errors are even more "stable" than ionospheric problems and tend to change on the order of days or weeks, as opposed to minutes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GPS (6473 words)

	Wings Forum :: View topic - Pitot Static System Errors - How to measure them.
		Instrument error in the altimeter cannot be easily be measured by the builder, but an avionics shop can test it with a pitot-static test set.
		Position errors in the static system are caused by the fact that the air flowing around the aircraft has to accelerate and decelerate as it wends its way over the shape of the airplane.
		This difference between the sensed static pressure and the free stream static pressure is position error, and it accounts for most of the error in the ASI (assuming the instrument error is small, all leaks are fixed, and the pitot tube is not too poorly located).
	www.wingsforum.com /viewtopic.php?t=152 (409 words)

	WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project
		Systematic error components will be present though, the largest being those due to the determination and stability of extraterrestrial constants, to stray light effects and to other optical adjustments or problems, and altogether these might amount to an error of up to say 3%.
		The most important, essential recommendation is that the intercomparison of instruments, both by multiple instrument international intercomparisons and by travelling reference instruments or reference standard lamps, be continued on a regular scheduled basis, and be extended as quickly as possible to include all of the instruments in the network.
		Error analyses and error reduction efforts are usually very worthwhile, but their success inevitably advances the point of diminishing returns, where only small improvements in accuracy are gained for large efforts.
	www.cmdl.noaa.gov /ozwv/dobson/papers/report13/14th.html (2772 words)

	Measuring instrument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Established standard objects and events are used as units, and the measurement results in a given number for the relationship between the item under study and the referenced unit of measurement.
		All measuring instruments are subject to varying degrees of instrument error.
		Virtual instrumentation is widely used in the development of modern measuring instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Measuring_instrument (173 words)

	Office of Surface Water Information -- Publications
		Instrument error is only one of several significant errors that may contribute to the overall error of a discharge measurement.
		The errors associated with individual discharge measurements contribute to the error of the rating curve, which is the graphical relationship between stage and discharge for a streamflow gaging station.
		For this reason, instrument error has to be relatively large to increase the overall error of a discharge measurement more than the +/- 5 percent level, which is assumed to be the maximum error when "good" conditions are indicated on the front of the measurement notes sheet.
	water.usgs.gov /osw/pubs/ofr99-221/ofr99221.html (5782 words)

	tchpapers03
		Instruments from the same family often have the same programming command set and their corresponding instrument drivers can simply be modified.
		Inside the cluster, a boolean error indicator, a numeric error code, and an error source string indicator report if there is an error, the specific error condition, and the source (name) of the VI in which the error occurred (additional comments may also be included).
		The prefix is a unique identifier for the instrument driver which is used as the filename for all files associated with the driver and as the prefix to all instrument VI names.
	www.vxipnp.org /tchpapers03.htm (4025 words)

	Public Health Agency of Canada - Mental Health - Quality of Life Measurement Among Persons with Chronic Mental Illness: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		A second type of error is systematic, and occurs when there is there is a systematic and unexpected pull on measures which tends to skew the results in a particular direction, leading to false conclusions (type I errors in inference).
		Each instrument in Table 4 was given a rating from fair to good as to the reliability of its scales and the overall instrument (i.e., internal consistency, test-retest and alternate forms reliabilities) as well as the degree to which its validity had been established (i.e., face, content, construct, and concurrent/predictive validity).
		Instruments which were rated "fair to good" had lower reliability coefficients, with the internal consistency of one or more scales falling into the.75 -.85 range and/or test-retest reliability of less than.75.
	phac-aspc.gc.ca /mh-sm/mentalhealth/pubs/quality_of_life/chapter3.htm (4610 words)

	Quantifying Crystal Form Content in Physical Mixtures of (±)-Tartaric Acid and (+)-Tartaric Acid Using Near Infrared ...
		Instrument and method error studies were conducted to assess the potential primary sources of error inherent to the NIRS quantitative method.
		Instrument and method error were evaluated for the 0 to 25% and 0 to 7% calibration models using samples from the respective validation sets containing either 2% or 1% (±)−TA in (+)−TA.
		The instrument and method error studies indicate that it is reasonable to expect a minimum overall error (independent of sampling, day-to-day, and operator error) in the range of 2.5 to 5.0% for low level racemic compound quantification in binary systems using the sample-in-vial method and this detector configuration.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt060235 (4409 words)

	Evaluating Data Acquisition Specifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In abbreviated specifications, the gain error alone may be provided even though offset error is much more critical for measurements made at the low end of an input range.
		The offset error is larger than the gain error by almost a factor of 20, making for poor measurement integrity at the low end of full scale.
		Errors from noise can be reduced significantly by averaging the readings, but not every application permits averaging.
	www.evaluationengineering.com /archive/articles/0500data.htm (1774 words)

	Application note 82
		Accuracy is generally understood as the ability of an instrument (sensor) to report the truth within a specified margin of error.
		This allows instrument non-linearity to be identified and permits mathematical fitting (linearization of response) by application of calibration coefficients, thereby minimizing errors that might otherwise exist between the points observed during calibration.
		The accuracy of a calibration is dependent on many factors, but primarily on the accuracy of the reference(s), the stability (degree to which it is unchanging) and homogeneity (degree of sameness at all points) of the test environment (i.e., bath), and the precision with which the comparisons are made.
	www.seabird.com /application_notes/AN82.htm (1753 words)

	Bias in Bland-Altman but not Regression Validity Analyses
		The magnitude of the error is usually calculated as the standard error of the estimate: the standard deviation of the vertical distance of each point from the line.
		It is important to understand that the standard error of the estimate in the calibration or validity study is derived from all the subjects and therefore ought to apply to all subjects.
		The important point is that anyone checking this instrument would conclude that it had not been calibrated correctly or that the subjects in the validity study must somehow be different from those the manufacturer used to calibrate the instrument.
	sportsci.org /jour/04/wghbias.htm (2917 words)

	Millipore - User Guides - 19. Error Messages
		During the operation of the Integritest Exacta unit, certain error conditions are tested for and if found the test is terminated and an error status message is reported on the test progress screen.
		This error indicates that the requested test procedure is not found in the database test catalogue.
		Error condition flagged when the requested test is already running on the IT Exacta hardware.
	www.millipore.com /userguides.nsf/docs/xitxsp121p19 (1002 words)

	N322 Undergraduate Nursing Research
		Instruments which attempt to measure stress or hope tend to measure only part of these concepts, because the more abstract a concept, the harder it is to effectively capture.
		With random errors you can't say how the error affected the results of the experiment, because it was due to a random event which may have made some subjects scores go up while other scores went down, but you don't know for sure which subjects did what.
		Determination of the extent that an instrument actually reflects the abstract construct or concept it is supposed to measure.
	web.indstate.edu /mary/N322/Measure.html (2928 words)

	Developing LabVIEW Plug and Play Instrument Drivers- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		Instrument drivers help users get started using their instrument from their computer and saves them development time and cost because users do not need to learn the programming protocol for each instrument.
		Use the Error Query VI in your instrument driver VIs to implement the instrument error reporting mechanism to report instrument errors to the user.
		In your instrument driver, use this queue to detect and report instrument errors by querying the instrument after commands are sent.
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3271 (6828 words)

	Instrument Error (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This correction occurs due to the fact that the amplitude of the received signal varies with the cross section of the monitored surface.
		Actually a combined effect of the satellite antenna gain pattern in relation to the antenna off-nadir pointing error on the shape of the return waveform, this correction occurs when the sub-satellite point is near the edge of the area illuminated by the altimeter.
		The error in return pulse shape stems from the uncertainty due to random variability of the pulses used to calculate the mean echo.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /topex/inst.html (273 words)

	Re: Handling Instrument Error States
		Imho, checking of instrument errors belongs in the recomended Prefix Error Query VI (where prefix is the instrument model).
		The instrument itself should be able to determine if a value is out of range and the driver should be calling the error query function.
		Someone tries to program it for 6 amps and the instrument should put a message in it's error queue that is read and the programmer fixes his program.
	www.codecomments.com /message181526.html (450 words)

	FAI BALLOONING COMMISSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This corresponds to an altitude error of 4 metres.
		The probable overall error is the square root of the sum of the squares of the part errors.
		This is probably the largest error source, but normally it is possible to assess the average deviation from ICAO STD within 1°K. A one degree error results in a 0,4% error in the altitude.
	www.fai.org /ballooning/documents/alt-calc.htm (2368 words)

	[No title]
		Since the parity error was in an unsafe location, it was decided to reboot the instrument.
		The instrument reboot was completed at 14:20 UT and the science plan was resumed at 15:30 UT. CDS is nominal after the reboot.
		Prior to this anomally, a parity error was detected on the primary processor.
	orpheus.nascom.nasa.gov /cds/diary/dol/apr98.html (1129 words)

	Particle Size Evaluation and Analysis Instruments - Micromeritics
		Pharmacology, cosmetics, nanotechnology, paints, pigments, food science, ceramics, textiles, geological science, and polymer science are some of the areas of science and technology that rely on Micromeritics' instruments to determine the physical characteristics of powders and solid materials.
		Micromeritics provides a complete line of scientific instruments and laboratory equipment targeted exclusively for areas of application and research involving particle science and particle technology, including the expanding area of nanoscience.
		Physical adsorption and mercury porosimetry instruments determine surface area and porosity.
	www.micromeritics.com (218 words)

	Error Analysis (Non-Calculus)
		the relative determinate error in the square root of Q is one half the relative determinate error in Q. One illustrative practical use of determinate errors is the case of correcting a result when you discover, after completing lengthy measurements and calculations, that there was a determinate error in one or more of the measurements.
		The relative error in the denominator is 1.0/106 = 0.0094.
		Error analysis is not an "after-the-fact" activity; it pervades the entire experimental process from experiment design through data-taking to the final analysis of the results.
	www.lhup.edu /~dsimanek/errors.htm (8293 words)

	Telecom Dictionary E: Phone Service Definitions
		End Instrument - A communication device that is connected to the terminals of a circuit.
		error has been made and, sometimes, the nature or type of error.
		Error Ratio - The ratio of the number of bits, elements, characters, or blocks incorrectly received to the total number of bits, elements, characters, or blocks sent during a specified time interval.
	www.faxswitch.com /Definitions/telecom_dictionary_e.html (8218 words)

	Instrument Error and Lapse Rates refute GW :: The Environment Site Forum
		An important caveat is that, when instrument designs change, this can affect not only the daytime heating of the thermistor but can also affect the accuracy at night.
		The other errors are, unfortunately, not as easy to quantify as the solar heating error.
		The instrument problems uncovered by these papers indicate that there is no longer any compelling reason to conclude that anything strange has happened to lapse rates.
	www.theenvironmentsite.org /Forum/viewtopic.php?t=3463 (2228 words)

	[No title]
		The driver files will be generated into this directory.\n\n" 9132 "Browse\n" "------\n" "Select to browse for a target directory.\n\n" 9133 "Default Command\n" "---------------\n" "Enter the default setup string you wish to send to your instrument.
		" "The driver uses this string to compare with the actual instrument response in order to determine that the correct " "instrument is being addressed.
		" "If the instrument does not return data in one of these formats, select Custom and " "enter the custom format string in the Format String control.\n" "Note: A custom format string can not be applied to the data returned by the instrument during " "the tests run by the wizard.
	www.pzsoft.it /Download/Library/msgrte.txt (672 words)

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