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Topic: Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)

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	Encyclopedia: Kashmir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kashmir passed from the control of the Durrani Empire (see Ahmad Shah Durrani) of Afghanistan and centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals, Persians, and Afghans to the conquering Sikh armies by the mid-19th century.
		On 8 October 2005, Kashmir was struck by an earthquake with a magnitude between 7.6 and 7.8 on the Moment magnitude scale.
		Kashmir tourism received a boost when the world's highest and longest operating gondola lift was opened for the public in the Gulmarg region, thereby providing easier access to skiing as well as mountaineering.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kashmir (4522 words)

	Kashmir - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim population, was one of these autonomous states, ruled by the Dogra King (or Maharaja) Hari Singh.
		Pakistan claims that this accession is invalidated by a previous agreement between India and Pakistan, to maintain the "status quo"; India counters that the invasion of Kashmir by tribals aided and instigated by the Government of Pakistan, and reinforced by military regulars, had rendered that agreement null and void.
		Jammu and Kashmir is one of the most militarised regions in the world and ordinarily has around 700,000 security forces stationed there (now said to be up to million).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Kashmir (2533 words)

	Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Instrument of Accession is a legal document executed by Maharajah Hari Singh, ruler of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, on October 26, 1947.
		It gives control of Jammu and Kashmir to the government of India.
		The accession was accepted by Lord Mountbatten, Governor General of India, the following day (October 27, 1947).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir) (91 words)

	Indian State terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir
		According to the instruments of partition of India in 1947, the rulers of princely states were given the choice to freely accede to either India or Pakistan, or to remain independent.
		She expressed the view that the whole of Kashmir is disputed territory, the future status of which must be determined in accordance with the wishes of the people of Kashmir.
		The Indians claim that the Instrument of Accession was signed by Mahrajah Hari Singh on 26th October 1947, in which the Mahrajah agreed to accede to India in return for military assistance to put down the popular rebellion against him, seen at that time as an invasion by tribesmen from neighbouring Pakistan.
	www.geocities.com /righteousreligion/kashmir.html (2175 words)

	Kashmir: the unanswered question.
		Paradoxically, however, the Indian emphasis upon the Instrument of Accession was weakened almost immediately by their decision to hold a referendum to ratify the decision of the Maharaja.
		Secondly, that the subsequent participation of Indian citizens within Jammu and Kashmir in several national and state elections means that, de facto, they have given their consent to the accession of the kingdom to the Indian Republic.
		As domestic violence within Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir declines, the present Pakistani government appears to be backing away from supporting covert operations, and from publicly supporting the case of the militants, but as yet there is no sign that either state is prepared to depart from their historic positions.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/kjhist.htm (3669 words)

	Jammu and Kashmir - India travel & tourism information
		Jammu and Kashmir came into being as a single political and geographical entity following the Treaty of Amristar between the British Government and Gulab singh signed on March 16, 1846.
		Thus a new State comprising three distinct religions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh was formed with Maharaja Gulab Singh as its founder ruler.
		Jammu and Kashmir was one of about 565 princely States of India on which the British paramountcy lapsed at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947.
	jammu-kashmir.bharatheritage.in (473 words)

	Jammu & Kashmir
		Kashmir is an area on the northern borders of India and Pakistan; officially known as Jammu and Kashmir.
		The capitals of Indian-held Kashmir are Srinagar in the summer and Jammu in the winter; whilst the capital of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad.
		India maintains that Kashmir is an integral part of India based on the claim that the state was acceded to the Indian Union by the last ruler of Kashmir.
	www.ummah.net /kashmir (1000 words)

	KASHMIR
		India’s forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute.
		The UNSC Resolution of 21 April 1948--one of the principal UN resolutions on Kashmir—stated that “both India and Pakistan desire that the question of the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite”.
		Although Kashmir was not the cause of 1971 war between the two countries, a limited war did occur on the Kashmir front in December 1971.
	www.geocities.com /qaisar3/kashmir.html (1553 words)

	The Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir state: A Historical Perspective
		The terms of this my Instrument of Accession shall not be varied by any amendment of the Act or of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, unless such amendment of the Act or of the Indian Independence Act 1947, unless such amendment is accepted by me by an Instrument supplementary to this Instrument.
		Nothing in this Instrument affects the continuance of my sovereignty in and over this state, or, save as provided by or under this Instrument, the exercise of any powers, authority and rights now enjoyed by me as Ruler of this State or the validity of any law at present in force in this State.
		I hereby declare that I execute this Instrument on behalf of this State and that any reference in this Instrument to me or to the Ruler of the State is to be construed as including a reference to my heirs and successors.
	www.angelfire.com /me2/ankur/axion.html (748 words)

	The Myth of Indian Claim to JAMMU AND KASHMIR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It was not communicated to Pakistan at the outset of the overt Indian intervention in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, nor was it presented in facsimile to the United Nations in early 1948 as part of the initial Indian reference to the Security Council.
		The Instrument of Accession referred to in document (c); a letter which as we have seen was probably drafted by Indian officials prior to being shown to the Maharajah, may never have existed, and can hardly have existed when the letter was being prepared.
		While the date, and perhaps even the fact, of the accession to India of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in late October 1947 can be questioned, there is no dispute that at that time any such accession was presented to the world large as conditional and provisional.
	www.infopak.gov.pk /public/kashmir/alastairlamb.htm (3043 words)

	The Kashmir Story - Chapter 3 - The Accession
		When the Maharaja of Kashmir executed the Instrument of Accession to India and Lord Mountbatten, the then Governor General of India, accepted the Instrument, the whole of Jammu and Kashmir became an integral part of India, legally and constitutionally.
		Once the accession was accepted (as it was done in Kashmir by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten), the particular Princely State became an integral part of one or the other of the two Dominions.
		It was entirely for the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir to decide, taking all factors into consideration - the factors of contiguity, of communications, of economics and others - whether it would be beneficial for the State to be part of one Dominion or the other.
	www.hindubooks.org /Kashmir/ch3.htm (1521 words)

	ARTICLE 370 OF INDIA'S CONSTITUTION IS EXTREMELY VULGAR AND O...
		For the transitional period, from the date of execution of the Instrument of Accession to its ratification by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, some temporary provisions in the form of Article 370 were made in Bharatiya Constitution.
		If a woman, who is born and brought up in Jammu and Kashmir and is permanent citizen of the state, marries a citizen of Bharat, she cannot get a job in the state, nor can she get admission in medical, engineering or agricultural colleges established with the financial aid by the Union of Bharat.
		The only panacea to the problem of Kashmir is to abrogate Article 370, split Kashmir into parts and annex the said parts to the adjoining provinces in such a way that the Muslims may lose the majority, and Hindus may be induced to settle permanently in the said parts with overwhelming majority.
	www.partitionofindia.com /_disk1/0000070f.htm (1937 words)

	Nityanand Shastri Kashmir Research Institute (NSKRI)
		Kashmir Shaivism is a philosophy positive and realistic in its approach to life.
		It was with all this in mind that the N. Kashmir Research Institute decided to hold a Seminar on Kashmir Shaivism in the Capital jointly with the Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, inviting prominent scholars to present their papers on its various aspects.
		It is interesting to note that Maharaja Ranbir Singh, shortly after his accession to the throne of JandK State in 1856, initiated a move for the preservation and collection of contemporary and ancient manuscripts relating to the cultural heritage of Kashmir and to facilitate study of Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic languages in the State.
	unmesh.com /UnmeshII_16-17.html (6520 words)

	Fact Sheet on Kashmir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The State of Jammu and Kashmir is bordered in north by China, east by autonomous region of Tibet, south by Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and west by Pakistan.
		According to the instruments of partition of India, the rulers of princely states were given the choice to freely accede to either India or Pakistan, or to remain independent.
		The Kashmir problem will be solved the moment international community decides to intervene in the matter—to put an end to Indian state terrorism in Occupied Kashmir and to implement UN resolutions.
	www.pak.gov.pk /public/kashmir/facts-kashmir.htm (2408 words)

	Student Rough Draft #2
		Pakistan gravely argues with India that the region of Jammu and Kashmir should be under their rule for the sake of religion since about sixty percent of the Kashmiris are Muslim.
		The accession was the new living proof that India had complete control of Jammu and Kashmir and it continues to exist.
		The Instrument of Accession clearly affirms that the region of Jammu and Kashmir was handed over to India by the Maharajah, and that is the way it should be without any questioning.
	members.accessbee.com /tnklbnny/kashmir.roughdrafts2.html (1113 words)

	Brief History - Article 370 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		When neither Maharaja Hari Singh nor Sheikh Abdullah demanded the ratification of the Instrument of Accession by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, it was wrong on the part of the Government of India to insist on the ratification.
		For the transitional period, from the date of execution of the Instrument of Accession to its ratification by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, some temporary provisions in the form of Article 370 were made in the Indian Constitution.
		If a woman, who is born and brought up in Jammu and Kashmir and is permanent citizen of the state, marries a citizen of India, she cannot get a job in the state, nor can she get admission in medical, engineering or agricultural colleges established with the financial aid by the Union of India.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0405/53.html (2837 words)

	Documents
		Text of letter dated October 26, 1947 from Hari Singh, The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir to Lord Mountbatten, the Governor General of India.
		The terms of the accession of the State of Jammu & Kashmir to the Union of India.
		This is the most significant resolution passed by the UN on the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
	www.jammu-kashmir.com /documents/documents.html (775 words)

	Documents on Jammu and Kashmir
		Instrument of Accession executed by Maharajah Hari Singh on October 26, 1947
		Proposal in respect of Jammu and Kashmir made by General A.G.L. McNaughton, President of the Security Council of the United Nations, pursuant to the decision of the Security Council taken at its 457th meeting, on 22 December, 1949.
		Oberoi Surinder Singh, "Kashmir is Bleeding," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/sasia.htm (1048 words)

	The Hindu : Reneging on the promise to J&K
		This is going against the terms of the Instrument of Accession under which Maharaja Hari Singh had joined the Indian Union after the Britishers left.
		All that the Maharaja transferred to the Government of India through the Instrument of Accession were the powers over Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
		Jammu & Kashmir cannot be compared with the other States.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/07/27/stories/05271348.htm (647 words)

	Legal Document No 113--Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir State dated 26 October, 1947. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Legal Document No 113--Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir State dated 26 October, 1947.
		The terms of this my Instrument of Accession shall not be varied by any amendment of the Act or the Indian Independence Act, 1947, unless such amendment is accepted by me by Instrument supplementary to this Instrument.
		Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit in any way to acceptance of any future constitution of India or to fetter my discretion to enter into agreement with the Government of India under any such future constitution.
	ikashmir.org /LegalDocs/113.html (360 words)

	India-Pakistan I support the KFF (Kashmiri Freedom Fighters) StrategyPage.com
		It is to be found in an official communication by Lord Mountbatten, as Governor General of Pakistan, on 1 November 1947; and it is repeated in the White paper on Jammu and Kashmir which the Government of India laid before the Indian Parliament in March 1948.
		This fact emerges from the archives, and it is also quite clear from such sources as the memoirs of the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir at the time, Mehr Chand Mahajan, and the recently published correspondence of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian Prime Minister.
		Lord Mountbatten, as Governor-General of India, made it clear that the State of Jammu and Kashmir would only be incorporated permanently within the Indian fold after approval as a result of some form of reference to the people, a procedure which soon (with United Nations participation) became defined as a fair and free plebiscite.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/72-8171.asp (3411 words)

	India-Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir''s Accession to India: Legal, StrategyPage.com
		accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India: it is
		Jammu and Kashmir felt that their interests would be
		Jammu and Kashmir was in favor of joining it, and
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/72-5761.asp (4031 words)

	Information on Jammu & Kashmir
		Latest information on Jammu and Kashmir (From J and K state government)
		Prime Minister Vajpayee's statement in both the Houses of Parliament regarding peace-initiatives in Jammu and Kashmir
		Statement by the Prime Minister Vajpayee on the situation in Jammu and Kashmir
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Kashmir/kashmir.htm (267 words)

	Instrument of Accession
		Now, therefore, I Shriman Inder Mahander Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Shri Hari Singhji Jammu and Kashmir Naresh Tatha Tibbet adi Deshadhipathi, Ruler of Jammu and Kashmir State, in the exercise of my Sovereignty in and over my said State do hereby execute this my Instrument of Accession; and
		Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit in any way to acceptance of any future constitution of India or to fetter my discretion to enter into arrangement with the Government of India under any such future constitution.
		Acceptance of Accession by the Governor-General of India
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Kashmir/kashmiraccession.htm (355 words)

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