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Topic: Instrument of Government (1772)

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	HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		By 1780 Hamilton had outlined a plan of government with a strong central authority to replace the weak system of the Articles of Confederation, and as delegate (1782–83) to the Continental Congress he pressed continually for strengthening of the national government.
		In New York, Hamilton fought vigorously against the opposition of George Clinton to the Constitution, and he was perhaps the strongest advocate of the new instrument of government aside from James Madison.
		He proposed that the debt accumulated by the Continental Congress be paid in full, that the federal government assume all state debts, and that a Bank of the United States be chartered.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ha/HamiltAlex.html (777 words)

	Riksdagen - The history of the Riksdag
		In 1809 a new Instrument of Government was adopted in Sweden.
		One of the new fundamental laws in 1809 was the Instrument of Government, which was largely influenced by the principle of a separation of powers.
		The principles of parliamentarianism were incorporated into the constitution and the Speaker acquired a central role in the formation of a new government after an election.
	www.riksdagen.se /templates/R_Page____798.aspx (1019 words)

	New Jersey
		On the same day that the instrument of government was signed, Philip Carteret, a brother of one of the proprietors, received a commission as Governor of New Jersey, and landed at Elizabeth in August, 1665.
		By granting a liberal form of government and extolling the advantages of their colony, so well located for agriculture, commerce, fishing, and mining, Carteret and Berkeley attracted settlers not only from England, but from Scotland, New England, and particularly from Long Island and Connecticut.
		The political and social centres of the large plantations were the shire towns; slave-holding was common; a landed aristocracy was established; prominent families intermarried, and, under the advice of William Penn and his friends, good faith was kept with the Indians.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/n/new_jersey.html (4851 words)

	Finland
		The official forms of government inherited from the era of Swedish absolutism were sufficiently autocratic to allow the tsar to accept them largely intact; however, included in these forms of government was the comprehensive law code of 1734 that protected individual rights.
		The chief instrument of government in the grand duchy was the Government Council, renamed in 1816 the Senate, which was composed of fourteen Finns appointed by the tsar.
		Although the government of the grand duchy represented an uneasy balance between the traditions of Finnish self-government and those of Russian autocracy, as long as the Russians respected the balance, the Finnish people were satisfied.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/finland/all.html (19415 words)

	CONSTITUTION
		The matters of government which are to be considered matters of military command shall be determined by a law enacted by the King and the Riksdag jointly.
		Should the King die before the heir apparent has reached this age, the government shall be carried on in conformity with Article 39, until the Riksdag assembles and the regency established by it has assumed the government; the regent or the council of state shall conform strictly to this instrument of government.
		In all cases, when the government of the country in accordance with the present and the three preceding articles is being carried on by the council of state all the members thereof shall be present and vote, unless legitimately prevented.
	faculty.weber.edu /lsather/constitution.htm (7411 words)

	Statutory Instrument 1997 No. 1772 (N.I. 15)
		(b) anything done before that date by or in relation to the governing body of the institution affected by the direction in respect of that contract or the employee shall be deemed from that date to have been done by or in relation to the governing body of the new institution.
		(b) an instrument in accordance with which the governing body and the institution are to be conducted (to be known as the articles of government).
		(b) references to the existing instrument of government or articles of government of an institution of further education are references to the instrument of government or articles of government for the time being having effect in relation to the institution under this Article.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si1997/19971772.htm (12829 words)

	Declarion of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The second was the memorable affair of the Gaspee, June 9th, 1772, and in which it may be said, was shed the first blood in the revolution.
		On the organization of the federal government, he received from General Washington the appointment of collector of the customs for the town of Newport, an office which he retained during the remainder of his life.
		Under the government organized according to this constitution, he was appointed attorney general, an office which he continued to hold until 1790, when he was transferred to a seat on the bench of the supreme judicial court.
	www.unionfrancaise.org /declarion.htm (18408 words)

	Instrument of Government (1809) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Instrument of Government, or Regeringsformen, adopted on June 6, 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates was the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to 1974.
		The Instrument of Government of 1809 replaced the Instrument of Government from 1772.
		In 1975, it was replaced by a new Instrument of Government, which made Sweden also formally a parliamentary monarchy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1809) (443 words)

	Etext » books
		The division of the powers of government into departments was one of the most notable things in colonial government, and it made easier the formation of the later state and national governments.
		The county government was emphasized, and they adopted the English system of justices of the peace, who were appointed by the governor and endowed with large powers of county legislation.
		The system of government worked out in the preceding fifty years seemed well established; the ministers still governed through their control of Parliament; but the great Tory families, which for two generations had been excluded from the administration, were now coming forward.
	etext.teamnesbitt.com /books/etext/etext04/8fmun10.txt.html (19141 words)

	Constitution of Sweden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Parliamentarian Instrument of Government of 1974 grants the power to commission a Prime Minister to the The Parliament (Swedish: Riksdag) at the suggestion of the Speaker of the Riksdag.
		The first constitutional Instrument of Government was enacted in 1719, marking the transition from Autocracy to Parliamentarism.
		Sweden's bloodless revolution of 1772 was legitimized by the Parliament in new versions of the Instrument of Government (in 1772 and 1789), making the King a "Constitutional Autocrat".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1974) (1302 words)

	U.S. Constitution Convention Delegates
		This plan proposed a strong central government composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, and enabled the legislative to veto state laws and use force against states that failed to fulfill their duties.
		Following ratification of the new instrument of government in 1788, the electoral college unanimously chose him as the first President.
		During his tenure, the government moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790, and he supervised the planning for its relocation to the District of Columbia.
	www.mikalac.com /cons/doc/virginia.html (4813 words)

	Religion and the Federal Government: PART 1 (Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, Library of Congress ...
		The entry of June 5, 1772, shows Washington and his neighbor, George Mason, the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, engaged in parish business, including making arrangements for replacing the front steps of the church, painting its roof and selling church pews to the members as a means of obtaining revenue.
		As citizens of Virginia and Massachusetts, both were sympathetic to general religious taxes being paid by the citizens of their respective states to the churches of their choice.
		Washington's observations on the relation of religion to government were commonplace, and similar statements abound in documents from the founding period.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/religion/rel06.html (1908 words)

	World Homes Network - Sweden
		The constitution is based on four fundamental laws: the Instrument of Government Act 1809, the Act of Succession 1810, the Freedom of the Press Act 1949, and the Riksdag Act 1974.
		He strengthened the country internally by his domestic and financial reforms; the government was centralized and strong; the army was reformed; and Sweden for the next century was one of the great powers in Europe.
		In September 1944 the Swedish government announced that all Swedish Baltic ports and waters would be closed to foreign shipping, owing to the new situation in the Baltic brought about by the Soviet- Finnish armistice of that year.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/europe/Scandanavia/sweden.htm (3226 words)

	The Fore Fathers
		This induced the people of the parish of St. John, as noticed in the preceding memoir, to separate, in a degree, from the provincial government, and to appoint Mr.
		From this time, until October, 1781, he continued to represent the state of Georgia at the seat of government, where he displayed much zeal and intelligence, in the discharge of the various duties which were assigned him.
		He was particularly useful on a committee, of which Robert Morris and George Clymer were his associates, appointed to transact important continental business in Philadelphia, during the time that congress was obliged to retire from that city.
	members.tripod.com /Edward_Weigert/the_fore_fathers.htm (16944 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ombudsman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An Ombudsman is a government official charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens.
		The autocratic rule of Gustav III of Sweden, that ended half a century of parliamentary supremacy in 1772, prompted the Riksdag of the Estates to institute an Ombudsman who was independent of the executive power when his son Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden was deposed in 1809.
		The office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman was established by the Instrument of Government of 1809 and its role preserved in the new Instrument of Government in 1974.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ombudsman (718 words)

	Ombudsman - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		An ombudsman is an official, usually but not always appointed by the government, who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens.
		An ombudsman doesn't necessarily have to be appointed by government; for instance they may work for a corporation, a newspaper, an NGO, or even for the general public.
		The post of Ombudsman was established in New Zealand in 1962, with the aegis of investigation of complaints against government departments.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=202583 (844 words)

	Chapter 10
		Continental paper bought at two and three shillings in the pound was bound to rise rapidly with the establishment of the federal government.
		Boston was the centre of the Federalist agitation, and it supplied the sinews of war for the campaign which finally secured the adoption of the new system of government.
		John Barclay "was a son of Alexander Barclay, an officer of In the Crown under the proprietary government, and received a classical education." Captain in the War and member of the Cincinnati.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/mcintosh/770/beard/beard_ch10.htm (5726 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 7 of 7 - SWEDEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The state authorities are comparably independent of the cabinet: their highest officials being appointed by the cabinet for six years, and usually the term is extended unless serious problems occurred in the contact between the authority and the ministry.
		Swedish politicians tend to start their careers in younger years, before having accomplished in any profession (Olof Palme is one of the first examples), and the reduced number of municipal politicians contribute to a growing alienation between politicians and the electorate.
		The date was in a government proposition in 1996 specified to Jan 1, 1997.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part7_SWEDEN (17175 words)

	Free Downloads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Prince, Machiavelli (1513) Practical advice on governance and statecraft, with thoughts on the kinds of problems any government must be able to solve to endure.
		The Instrument of Government (1653); The Constitution of the English Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
		Second Treatise on Government John Locke (1689) Principal proponent of the social contract theory which forms the basis for modern constitutional republican government.
	www.all-of-grace.org /downloads.html (9130 words)

	FindLaw Constitutional Law Center: Founding Fathers: Virginia
		Madison was instrumental in the convening of the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
		These fears led Mason to conclude that the new government was destined to become either a monarchy or a corrupt, oppressive aristocracy.
		During his tenure, the government moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790, he superintended planning for relocation to the District of Columbia, and he laid the cornerstone of the Capitol (1793).
	supreme.lp.findlaw.com /documents/fathers/virginia.html (5083 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		First of all, they knew of the 1772 decision of Lord Mansfield in the Somerset case, in which slavery was outlawed in Britain on the compelling ground that human bondage was "too odious" in England without specific legislation authorizing it.
		It was not a propitious way to start a new nation, especially since its professions were so different from its practices and since it presumed to be the model for other new world colonies that would, in time, seek their independence from the tyranny of Europe.
		We may admire them for many things: their courage and bravery in the military struggle against Britain; their imaginative creativity in forging a new instrument of government; and their matchless service to a cause that captured the imagination of people around the world.
	www.toptags.com /aama/voices/commentary/weakmoral.htm (3176 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 11
		A new constition replaced the old-style feudalism with an absolutist government, half of the land belonging to Czech nobles was confiscated, and a wave of executions and forced conversions followed, causing 150,000 to emigrate, and beginning the traditional Czech hatred of the Germans.
		His government did best in terms of public transport; he bequeathed to Europe the finest road-system in Europe as well as the first lock-canal of any length--the 148-mile Canal du Midi, which connected Toulouse and the Garonne River to the Mediterranean.
		At election time, the Poles preferred electing a foreigner for their king, since foreigners had no "roots" of power within the kingdom, and thus were not a threat to liberty, while a native-born candidate was likely to be supported only by his own faction; only three of Poland's eleven elected kings came from Polish families.
	www.xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu11.html (21351 words)

	University of Missouri Special Collections
		William Legge, the second Earl of Dartmouth (1731-1801), served in the House of Lords from 1765, was the Secretary of State for the American Colonies from 1772-1775, and Lord Privy Seal from 1775 to 1782.
		He was one of the authors of The Federalist, a commentary on the principles of government and American constitutional law, and was a leader in the Federalist Party after the death of Washington.
		He played an instrumental role in forcing the British out of Boston when he and his men brought artillery pieces from the captured British post at Ticonderoga over the mountains to Boston in the winter of 1775-76.
	mulibraries.missouri.edu /specialcollections/revolutionmf.php?page=all (9343 words)

	The Polish Captivity: SR, September 2005
		Indeed, German being the invariable language of the Prussian administration-even in Posen, in spite of treaties which bind Prussia to govern her Polish subjects as Poles-it follows that a man meaning to live in any part of Prussia must understand German, or be prepared to submit to many inconveniences and disadvantages.
		The Poland of 1791 was, in a political sense, at least half a century before either of the States which united to invade and destroy it; and since the ruin of their country the Poles have had to go back and wait for the very slow development of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
		The Government, however, through a committee of bureaucrats, had prepared its own measure, which dissatisfied peasants and proprietors alike, and which will yet have to be modified.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/905/259edwards.html (3406 words)

	Bios:Founding Fathers - dKosopedia
		The end result of the Constitution is the establishment of a government that placed itself beyond the control of the average citizen.
		In 1791, the year after the government moved from New York to Philadelphia, he resigned mainly because he preferred to devote all his energies to the presidency of Columbia College (1787-1800), in New York City.
		During his administration, the government was organized, the war won, and New Jersey launched on her path as a sovereign state.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Bios:Founding_Fathers (15355 words)

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