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Topic: Instrumental temperature record

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	Global Warming K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		An approximately global instrumental temperature record begins in about 1860; contamination from the urban heat island effect is believed to be small.
		A longer-term perspective is available from various proxy records for recent millenia; see Temperature record of the past 1000 years for a discussion of these records and their differences.
		Increasing global temperature means that ecosystems may change; some species may be forced out of their habitats (possibly to extinction) because of changing conditions, while others may flourish.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/environment/globalwarming.html (5401 words)

	temperature recorder Resources & Information - temperature and humidity recorder
		The temperature record temperature humidity recorders shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.
		Whilst the large-scale signals from the cores are clear, there are problems interpreting the detail, temperature and humidity recorder and connecting the isotopic variation to the temperature signal.
		This deepening phase, and the temperature and humidity recorders accompanying cycles, largely began approximately 3 million years ago with the growth of continental ice sheets in temperature and humidity chart recorders the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.bizhisto.com /Biz-Services-Sp---Te/temperature-recorder.html (605 words)

	Temperature Gallery - Global Warming Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The instrumental temperature record of the last 25 years, showing monthly variations in the global average and the effects of El Nino on temperature variability.
		Changes in lower atmosphere temperatures as determined by satellites and their comparison to the instrumental record for the same period.
		Temperature changes during the Holocene as recorded at 8 high resolution, long-duration sites around the globe and their average.
	www.globalwarmingart.com /wiki/Temperature_Gallery (193 words)

	Global warming - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The terms global warming or anthropogenic global warming are also used to describe the theory that increasing temperatures are the result of a strengthening greenhouse effect caused primarily by man-made increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
		Temperature record holds a discussion of the various records.
		An approximately global instrumental temperature record begins in about 1860; contamination from the urban heat island is believed to be small.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/l/o/Global_warming.html (4825 words)

	Instrumental Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Recent climate change may be studied by analysing instrumental records of common climate elements such as temperature, precipitation (rain, snow and hail), humidity, wind, sunshine and atmospheric pressure, which have been obtained with standard equipment.
		Although it is not possible to measure the climate per se, the records of individual climate elements taken together can be used to specify the physical state of the climate at a given place, for a particular period of time.
		Temperature is a valuable climate element in climate observation because it directly provides a measure of the energy contained within the system under inspection.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Climate_Change/Older/Instrumental_Records.html (464 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		However, the overall trend in natural forcing over the last two, and perhaps four, decades of the 20th century is likely to have been small or negative (Chapter 6, Table 6.13) and so is unlikely to explain the increased rate of global warming since the middle of the 20th century.
		All models produce a response pattern to combined greenhouse gas and sulphate aerosol forcing that is detectable in the 20th century surface temperature record (e.g., Figures 12.10, 12.12 (one model produces an estimate of internal variability which is not consistent with that observed)).
		Given that sulphate aerosol forcing is negative, and hence tends to reduce the response, detection of the response to the combined forcing indicates the presence of a greenhouse gas signal that is at least as large as the combined signal.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/467.htm (1621 words)

	Welcome to Questinnovation.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Relative to the period 1860?1900, global temperatures on both land and sea have increased by 0.75 ?C (1.4 ?F).
		Based on estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2005 was the warmest year since reliable, widespread instrumental measurements became available in the late 1800s, exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a degree Celsius.
		An approximately global instrumental temperature record begins in about 1860; contamination from the urban heat island effect is believed to be small and well controlled for.
	www.questinnovations.net /Page.php?ID=8 (256 words)

	Extending Greenland temperature records into the late eighteenth century
		The new extended Greenland temperature record is 9% incomplete.
		A long homogeneous west Greenland instrumental temperature record is of great value for the interpretation of the growing number of Greenland ice core records.
		Correlations between west Greenland winter temperatures and the ice core winter season proxy are found to be r = 0.67 and r = 0.60 for the periods 1785–1872 and 1873–1970, respectively.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006810.shtml (352 words)

	NATEXAMINER: Global Warming
		Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.12 and 0.22C per decade since 1979.
		A longer-term perspective is available from various proxy records for recent millennia; see temperature record of the past 1000 years for a discussion of these records and their differences.
		This was associated with a population explosion of rodents and their predators but may be partially blamed on breakdowns in governmental vaccination and rodent control programs.[46] Similarly, despite the disappearance of malaria in most temperate regions, the indigenous mosquitoes that transmitted it were never eliminated and remain common in some areas.
	www.natexaminer.com /warming.html (4508 words)

	Instrumental temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The instrumental temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans as measured by thermometers.
		There are concerns about possible uncertainties in the instrumental temperature record including the fraction of the globe covered, the effects of changing thermometer designs and observing practices, and the effects of changing land-use around the observing stations.
		Secondary evidence for temperature changes can be obtained by observing things that are predicted to be affected by temperature changes, such as variations in the snow cover and ice extent [6], sea level rise, precipitation [7], cloud cover [8], El Niño and extreme weather events [9].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record (680 words)

	CLIMAS Publications - The Climate of the Southwest
		From that record, average annual rainfall of Arizona is 322 mm [12.7 in.] while that of New Mexico is 340 mm [13.4 in.], and mean annual temperature of New Mexico is cooler (12°C [53°F]) than Arizona (17°C [62°F]).
		As instrumental meteorological records extend back only about 100-120 years throughout the Southwest, they are of limited utility for studying climate phenomena at the multi-decadal to century or longer time frames.
		The most obvious feature of the temperature record is its current increase to an extent unprecedented in the last four hundred years.
	www.ispe.arizona.edu /climas/pubs/CL1-99.html (659 words)

	Global Warming - Crystalinks
		Global warming refers to the observed increases in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades.
		The scientific opinion on climate change is that the average global temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 °C over the 20th century, and that it is very likely that "Most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities".
		The increase in global temperatures is expected to result in other changes, including rises in sea level and changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation.
	www.crystalinks.com /globalwarming.html (2823 words)

	Climate Audit - by Steve McIntyre » Greenland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Looking at the proxy and temperature average on a similar scale, one thought does occur to me. In the warm 1930s, the dO18 record continues to have major downspikes that are not present in the temperature record.
		Temperature increases in the two warming periods are of a similar magnitude, however, the rate of warming in 1920–1930 was about 50% higher than that in 1995–2005″.
		In their summation, they state: ” Although there has been a considerable temperature increase during the last decade (1995 to 2005) a similar increase and at a faster rate occurred during the early part of the 20th century (1920 to 1930) when carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases could not be a cause.
	www.climateaudit.org /?p=695 (2804 words)

	Temperature record - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.
		From these, proxy temperature reconstruction of the last 2000 years have been made for the northern hemisphere.
		Whilst the large-scale signals from the cores are clear, there are problems interpreting the detail, and connecting the isotopic variation to the temperature signal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature_record (686 words)

	sociology - Global warming
		Global warming theories attempt to account for the rise in average global temperatures since the late 19th century (0.6 ± 0.2°C) [1] [2] and assess the extent to which the effects are due to human causes.
		The most common global warming theories attribute temperature increases to increases in the greenhouse effect caused primarily by anthropogenic (human-generated) carbon dioxide and to possible increases in solar activity.
		Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased at somewhere between 0.08 and 0.22 °C per decade since 1979 (see Satellite temperature measurements).
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Global_warming (5046 words)

	RealClimate » Instrumental Record
		The context of this discussion is the tropospheric temperature record; see Et tu LT and The tropical lapse rate quandary for two RC posts that discuss the issue, and in particular three papers in the August 11th issue of Science.
		Preliminary analyses of the annual mean surface air temperatures for Europe for 2004 show it be among the few warmest (though not as warm as 1989, 1990, and 1999-2003) since widespread instrumental records have been kept (roughly the past 150 years).
		Preliminary calculations* show that surface temperatures** averaged over the globe in 2004 were the fourth highest (and the past decade was the warmest) since measurements began in 1861.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?cat=9 (4042 words)

	The New Yorker: PRINTABLES
		The year 1998 ranks as the hottest year since the instrumental temperature record began, but it is closely followed by 2002 and 2003, which are tied for second; 2001, which is third; and 2004, which is fourth.
		Climate records pieced together from other sources indicate that the last interglacial, which is known as the Eemian, was somewhat warmer than the present one, the Holocene.
		The record preserved in the Greenland ice sheet shows that over the last hundred thousand years temperatures have often swung wildly—so often that it is our own relatively static experience of climate that has come to look exceptional.
	www.newyorker.com /printables/fact/050425fa_fact3 (12195 words)

	Deltoid » Miranda Devine vs The Hockey Stick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		MBH is a reconstruction of temperatures from proxy records.
		The “upturn” in 1900 is in the instrumental records and is not part of the proxy reconstruction, but rather is used to calibrate them.
		The observed temperature records these were compared to (in red) were based on other data (I don’t know which because I haven’t yet gotten a copy of the paper).
	timlambert.org /2005/02/devine (7411 words)

	What is global warming and why is there such controversy surrounding this issue? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Global warming is the idea that the global average air temperature on the earth is increasing.
		Some argue that this is too short a record to use to determine if there is a significant upward trend in temperature that can be attributed to human influences.
		Some argue that the temperature readings have been contaminated by urban "heat island" effects, although some datasets have tried to correct for this.
	ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu /dochelp/QA/Basic/globalwarming.html (591 words)

	Global Warming Resource Page - global warming and hurricanes
		Relative to 1860-1900 the global (land and sea) temperature has increased by 0.75 °C. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.12 and 0.22 °C per decade since 1979.
		Over the past 1-2 thousand years before 1850 the temperature is believed to have been relatively stable, with various (possibly local) fluctuations, such as the Medieval Warm Period or the Little Ice Age.
		It is thought by some geologists that the Earth experienced global warming in the early Jurassic period, with average temperatures rising by 5 °C. Research by the Open University published in Geology (32: 157—160, 2004 [22]) indicates that this caused the global warming and co2 rate of rock weathering to increase by 400%.
	www.eduwho.com /ll/Global_Warming.html (4037 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming - The Data
		Records from 29 sites around the Arctic were averaged to generate the circum-Arctic temperature record shown here.
		The exact temperature calibration of the record is less certain than the other studies included in this www site, primarily because many of the individual Arctic records were collected from sites far from any instrumental weather station (nearby climate records allow for a close calibration between proxy records and actual temperature).
		However, a comparison with the circum-Arctic instrumental temperature record available shows that the paleoclimatic records are good proxies for temperature.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/globalwarming/overpeck.html (333 words)

	World Climate Report » Polar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The natural proxies used for reconstructing climate (e.g., ice and sediment cores) must be verified through comparison with an overlapping instrumental record, and obviously, the longer the instrumental record, the better.
		Higher temperatures in typically snow covered regions may lead to a reduction in snow cover, and in turn, a reduction in the refrigeration of Earth’s atmosphere from beneath, and even greater atmospheric warming.
		Until recently, the instrumental air temperature record for Greenland, an epicenter of glacial study and climate reconstruction, was confined to the period 1873 to present.
	www.worldclimatereport.com /index.php/category/climate-changes/polar (1558 words)

	Canadian Conservative Forum - Requested Essay
		Temperatures from times prior to 1874 are determined from flood records, tree rings, ice cores, ocean sediments and historical observations.
		In fact, the notion that there has been a worldwide network of temperature recording stations for 120 or 125 years is simply false.
		After human beings have observed and recorded minutia about earth’s climate and the solar system for a thousand years, then we might be able to come to a consensus and conclusion about climate trends on the earth and whether humans are influencing them.
	www.conservativeforum.org /EssaysForm.asp?ID=6318 (4420 words)

	Stockholm Glaciology - Per Klingbjer
		I have done detailed studies on the glaciers Salajekna at the border between Sweden and Norway and Pårteglaciären in the southernmost part of Sarek national park in Sweden.
		I have been responsible for a project concerning a composite northern Sweden temperature record.
		The main task for the project is to reconstruct a composite temperature record for northernmost Sweden.
	www.glaciology.su.se /people/PK/PK.html (314 words)

	RealClimate » Surface Temperature Record
		The instrumental record of surface temperature change is based on a combination of land air, marine air, and ocean surface temperature changes recorded over roughly the past century and a half.
		These gridded data are, in turn, often spatially averaged to yield large-scale mean temperature estimates such as hemispheric or global mean temperature.
		The data and additional information about the surface temperature dataset including answers to frequently asked questions, are available at the CRU website.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=45 (431 words)

	Integrated Science Model for Assessment of Climate Change
		This model is used to estimate the relation between the time-dependent rate of greenhouse gas emissions and quantitative features of climate--global temperature, the rate of temperature change, and sea level--that are thought to be indicators of human impact on climate and ecosystems.
		Explicit feedbacks included in the model are the temperature dependence of CO solubility (the buffer factor), terrestrial biosphere exchange rates, and methane chemical kinetics.
		The model-calculated surface temperature changes in 1990, relative to a 1950-1979 reference period, are 0.23, 0.34, 0.48 °C for the CO doubling temperature sensitivities 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 °C, respectively.
	sedac.ciesin.org /mva/iamcc.tg/articles/Jain-doc/Jain.html (5090 words)

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