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Topic: Insular Celtic languages

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	Verbix -- Celtic. Conjugate verbs in 100+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Insular Celtic group consists of the modern Celtic languages, which are generally further subdivided into Goidelic (Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic) and Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) groups.
		All Celtic languages are tentatively traced back to Common Celtic, which was the parent language of both the Continental and Insular Celtic languages.
		Welsh constitutes the oldest attested member of the Celtic language family, with literature (though fragmentary) dating to the 8th century.
	www.verbix.com /languages/celtic.asp (971 words)

	Celtic languages - Gurupedia
		Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages.
		Insular -- Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles.
		The division into "Continental" and "Insular" may not be genetically correct, since the distinction between P and Q languages is found among the "Continental" languages as well: Celtiberian is Q-Celtic, while Gaulish and the other Continental Celtic languages are P-Celtic.
	www.gurupedia.com /c/ce/celtic_language.htm (412 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Celt
		Traces of a Celtic language endure in personal and place names, while Asturias is sometimes considered to be a modern Celtic nation based on the survival of Celtic traditions similar to the traditions of other Celtic nations; however, no Celtic language has survived in either.
		The Celtic language family is a branch of the larger Indo-European family, which leads some scholars to a hypothesis that the original speakers of the Celtic proto-language may have arisen in the Pontic-Caspian steppes (see Kurgan).
		A century later the defeat of the combined Samnite, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the Third Samnite War sounded the end of the Celtic domination in Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Celt (6756 words)

	Insular Celtic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Insular Celtic hypothesis concerns the origin of the Celtic languages.
		the Goidelic languages (Irish, Manx, and Scottish); and
		The term "Insular" refers to the place of origin of these languages, the British Isles, in contrast to the (now extinct) Continental Celtic languages of mainland Europe and Anatolia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages (259 words)

	The Celtic Branch of the Indo-European Family
		Celtic languages descended from a common ancestral language called Proto-Celtic, a member of the Indo-European language family.
		Today, however, Celtic languages are limited to a few areas in the British Isles, on the peninsula of Brittany in France, and in emigrant communities in the U.S., Canada, and Australia.
		Insular Celtic refers to the dialects that were spoken in the British Isles and in Brittany.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/CelticBranch.html (816 words)

	Celtic Languages - missgien.net
		Celtic Languages belong to the subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		The Goidelic and Brythonic groups of Celtic languages differ in that Goidelic preserves the velar element of the Indo-European labiovelar qu sound (later written c), whereas Brythonic renders this sound as p.
		The rules of pronunciation in all the Celtic languages are extremely complicated; the spelling generally does not correspond to the pronunciation, and initial consonants change according to the final sound of the preceding word.
	www.missgien.net /celtic/languages.html (314 words)

	Welsh Information Center - welsh corgi
		Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg), not to be confused with Welsh English (the welsh girls English language as spoken in Wales), is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic spoken natively in Wales (Cymru), and in the red dragon welsh Chubut Valley, a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
		Although Welsh is a minority language, welsh scanner frequencies and thus threatened by the dominance of English, support for the language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of nationalist political organisations such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (the Welsh Language Society).
		Welsh morphology has much in common with that of the other modern Insular Celtic languages, such the use of initial consonant mutations, and the use of so-called "conjugated prepositions" (prepositions that fuse with the personal pronouns that are their object).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Welsh.html (2975 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		In the northeast and northwest, the language spoken was Parthian.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11251 words)

	Celtic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The division into and "Insular" may not be genetically correct the distinction between P and Q languages found among the "Continental" languages as well: is Q-Celtic while Gaulish and the other Celtic languages are P-Celtic.
		Alternatively the Celtic languages may be as having two branches: Q-Celtic and P-Celtic with both "Continental" and "Insular" members.
		Within the Indo-European family the Celtic languages have traditionally placed with the Italic languages in a common Celto-Italic (or Italo-Celtic) subfamily.
	www.freeglossary.com /Celtic_language (729 words)

	Other Insular Gaelic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While Scottish Gaelic remains the language of a few well-defined rural communities, and public support has been somewhat increasing, the lack of educational and government support, together with persisting social and economic stigma, is likely to lead to its further decline.
		Breton, along with Cornish and Welsh, is a member of the Brythonic group of the Insular subgroup of the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family.
		A hopeful sign for the language is that children are being brought up with Cornish as a mother tongue again.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/january/OtherGaelicLanguages.html (395 words)

	Initial mutations in Indo-European languages: an article by Cyril Babaev
		Insular Celtic languages have really plenty of them, and these mutations became one of their characteristic features.
		The fact is that Gaulish, Celtiberian and Lepontic, three ancient Continental Celtic languages, did not have a sign of those initial changes and used the same phonetic signs as Proto-Indo-European did.
		Only in the Insular Celtic branch, which began to develop separately in the last centuries BC, such tendency appears, although in Oghamic inscriptions (the earliest stage of Irish language) again no lenition is noticeable.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article6.html (2036 words)

	Mid-Argyll Theme 1 of Travels in Time
		That which all the Celtic countries have in common and which distinguishes them from other countries of western Europe is that they have all in recent centuries had a Celtic language as their vernacular.
		The Celtic languages, though today mutually unintelligible, are closely related to one another and belong to a group which was once spoken throughout all of western and much of central Europe.
		It is language which is the defining characteristic of the 'Celtic'.
	www.travels-in-time.net /e/scotland01arteng.htm (639 words)

	The Celtic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Celtic languages are a group of languages in the Indo-European family.
		The Celtic family of languages is divided into two branches, the Insular Celtic languages, and the Continental Celtic languages.
		The Goidelic languages are Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx.
	www.digitalmedievalist.com /faqs/langfaq.html (605 words)

	Irish Language
		The Celtic language family is made up of the extinct Continental Celtic languages (consisting of Celtiberian, Gaulish, Lepontic, and Galatian), and the Insular Celtic languages of the so-called British Isles.
		This insular group is further divided into the Brythonic languages, consisting of Cumbrian, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton of which only Welsh and Breton have survived into modern times, and the Goidelic family of Scots Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, and Irish Gaelic, known in Ireland simply as Irish.
		This group of Irish patriots sought to assist the embattled language and its rich cultural associations against the continuing pressure of English, a pressure that began to be felt in Ireland as early as the twelfth century with the arrival of the Anglo-Norman invasion.
	www.celtictraveler.com /Irish_language-4.html (643 words)

	Language - Mezzofanti.org
		Celtic languages are all linguistically similar, and thus share a category within the chart of Indo-European Languages (can be seen on main page).
		Brythonic (meaning "Britain") is the group of Celtic languages which evolved from the Irish/Scottish Gaelic, and is mainly spoken on the west coast of Great Britain.
		Being a Celtic language, Scottish Gaelic sentences are organized first by verb (to be), then by subject (I), and finally by object (Scotland).
	www.mezzofanti.org /scots.html (1423 words)

	Celtic languages infoTurkish.com Herşey Hakkında Türkçe Bilgi
		Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, both those spoken by the ancient Celts, and those used by their modern descendants, the Gaels, Welsh, Cornish and Bretons.
		Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in a common Italo-Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely obsolete.
		Insular ada adalı adaya ait dar görüşlü tecrit edilmiş
	www.infoturkish.com /Turkey/Celtic-languages.html (3211 words)

	An Introduction to Celtic Languages
		Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Two good sites for learning about the Celtic language family, and the world language family tree are: http://www.krysstal.com/langfams.html and http://members.nbci.com/gaulishweb/.
		Gaulish is also considered a P-Celtic language, although it is on the same level as Goidelic and Brythonic in the Celtic family tree.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/celtic_internet_resources/56290 (511 words)

	Celtic Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The languages of the Celts belong to the great Indo-European family of languages, which also includes Anatolian, Hellenic, Italic, Illyrian, Slavonic, Baltic, Germanic, Armenian, Indo-Iranian, and Tocharian.
		Celtic scholars have supposed this common Celtic may have been spoken just before the start of the first millennium B.C.E. during the Urnfield/Hallstatt eras.
		However, when the insular Celts of Britain and Ireland began to put their knowledge into written form in the Christian era it was not too late to form a perspective, bearing in mind the cultural changes from early times.
	www.celticcorner.com /language.html (743 words)

	Brittish language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nevertheless, many think that pre-Celtic population existed here and much later and influenced Celtic tongues until the beginning of the new AD era, and this influence caused the forming of initial mutations and other peculiarities of Insular Celtic languages.
		Brittish people spoke a language which did not go far from Continental Celtic tongues, Gaulish and others, and the way of life was also quite similar, so when Romans came in the 1st century BC they recognized Gauls in Brittons very easily.
		Brittish phonetics developed some new vowels from Common Celtic, among which the sound [ü] is the most significant, as it was absent in all other Celtic tongues.
	members.tripod.com /~babaev/tree/brittish.html (291 words)

	Family in Welsh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Its 'cousins' are the languages in the Goidelic subgroup: Scots Gaelic, Manx Gaelic, Irish Gaelic.
		All these languages are spoken in the eastern coast of the British Isles and North-Eastern part of France.
		These two Celtic languages of Gaul and Britain are referred to as Gallo-Brittonic.
	www.uiowa.edu /~linguist/classes/typology99/languages/Welsh/Family.html (244 words)

	Jeff Lindqvist's Celtic Languages
		The Celtic languages originate from the Ancient Celtic, which was spoken in the Alps.
		The Insular Celtic languages have a few characteristics, all of which are nowhere to be found in the other Indo-European languages.
		The final syllables disappeared in most languages, but remained in the Insular Celtic, which is shown in this sentence: sindos kattos koilos, 'the slender cat' (goidelic nominative), which in Old Irish sounds in catt coel, but the genitive, however, sindí kattí koilí, 'of the slender cat', sounds in chatt choíl, with changed initial consonants.
	www.fortunecity.com /bally/carlow/122/lingo/celt_lang.html (2194 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.1876: New: Re 'Celtic Found to Have Ancient Roots' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Of course, Basque is only the control language here, but the errors in the Basque data are so numerous and so serious that I have to wonder whether similar errors might be lurking in the data for the IE languages I don't know, like Occitan and Scottish Gaelic.
		The Celtic results The authors report that their tree shows that the Insular Celtic languages form a unit, separated from the rest of Celtic, represented here by Gaulish.
		The other two character-states separating the Insular languages from Gaulish are both ancestral case-suffixes which survived in Gaulish but are gone in the Insular languages.
	linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-1876.html (3278 words)

	American Scientist Online - Gaul in the Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Peter Forster, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge, was attracted by the riddle of Celtic, which developed on the continent as Gaulish in ancient France and northern Italy.
		It's known that the language jumped to the British Isles, where it evolved into Scots Gaelic, Irish, Welsh and the Breton language of northern France.
		Among the first things they noticed, for example, was that verbs precede subjects in the insular Celtic languages under study, but follow them in all the others.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/28340 (772 words)

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