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| | Palaeography |
 | | Uncial script began to replace rustic capitals as the main script in use around the fourth or fifth century AD, and by the sixth century the Roman letterforms were relegated mostly to use for headings or titles. |
 | | A minuscule script was written between four ruled lines, rather than two, and is easily recognized by the modern eye as having upper and lower case letters; the lower-case letters have prominent ascenders (on letters such as l, b, d, etc.) and descenders (on p, q, and g, for example). |
 | | Beneventan, the national script of Italy (or more properly, of the Duchy of Benevento, in the south part of Italy), was practiced between the middle of the eighth century until the thirteenth century, though a few very late (16th century) examples have been found in isolated areas. |
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