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Topic: Insulin

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	Insulin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Insulin (from Latin insula, "island", as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.
		Insulin is synthesized in humans and other mammals within the beta cells (β-cells) of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
		In beta cells, insulin is synthesized from the proinsulin precursor molecule by the action of proteolytic enzymes known as prohormone convertases (PC1 and PC2), as well as the exoprotease carboxypeptidase E. These modifications liberate the center portion of the molecule, or C-peptide, from the C- and N- terminal ends of the proinsulin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insulin (5599 words)

	Insulin overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Insulin is derived from proinsulin by cleavage of the C-peptide structure at the dipeptides Arg-Arg and Lys-Arg.
		Insulin is composed of an A chain of 21 amino acids and a B chain of 30 amino acids, the chains being held together by two disulfide bonds.
		Insulin is catabolized primarily in the liver and kidney.
	www.chem.uwec.edu /Chem406/Webpages/Ying/overview.htm (242 words)

	Insulin Function and Diabetes
		Insulin is synthesized as a preprohormone in the b cells of the islets of Langerhans.
		Insulin, secreted by the b-cells of the pancreas, is directly infused via the portal vein to the liver, where it exerts profound metabolic effects.
		Additionally, insulin deficiency decreases the expression of a number of genes necessary for target tissues to respond normally to insulin such as glucokinase in liver and the GLUT 4 class of glucose transporters in adipose tissue.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/diabetes.html (6420 words)

	Pets with Diabetes: Insulin Basics and Syringe facts
		Insulin is a protein produced by the pancreas, a small organ located in the abdomen.
		Insulin is made by the pancreatic islet cells (also called the beta cells), then secreted into the blood where it travels throughout the body and helps regulate blood sugar.
		Insulin is also called a hormone because it is produced in one location (the pancreas) and travels to other cells and regulates their function.
	www.petdiabetes.org /insulin.html (1652 words)

	insulin - drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com
		Insulin is required by the cells of the body in order for them to remove and use glucose from the blood.
		Insulin aspart and insulin glargine are both human insulin that have had their chemical composition slightly altered.
		Human recombinant insulin, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glargine are the commonly-used insulins.
	www.medicinenet.com /insulin/article.htm (953 words)

	Insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Insulin is a protein hormone that is produced naturally in the body to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by controlling blood glucose levels.
		Although the physiological effects of insulin are exerted by single protein molecules (monomers), the hormone is synthesized and stored in the pancreas as aggregates of six molecules (hexamers).
		By maintaining a constant concentration of insulin in the bloodstream of diabetic patients, it is possible to slow the buildup of sugar in the bloodstream, thereby helping to reduce the irreversible damage caused by inadequate control of blood sugar levels.
	www.hwi.buffalo.edu /Research/Insulin.html (300 words)

	Insulin Information from Drugs.com
		Insulin aspart differs from regular human insulin by how quickly it begins to work and the amount of time it continues to be effective.
		Insulin aspart is one type of insulin that begins to work very quickly and its effects that last for approximately 3 to 5 hours.
		Insulin aspart is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether it will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.drugs.com /insulin.html (1844 words)

	Introduction to Insulin: insulin discovery and actions.
		Insulin is then secreted by the pancreas in response to this detected increase in blood sugar.
		Without insulin, you can eat lots of food and actually be in a state of starvation since many of our cells cannot access the calories contained in the glucose very well without the action of insulin.
		Bovine and porcine insulin worked very well (and still do!) for the vast majority of patients, but some could develop an allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein (a foreign protein is a protein which is not native to humans).
	www.endocrineweb.com /diabetes/2insulin.html (667 words)

	Insulin \| Diabetic Supplies Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Your insulin choice should dovetail with your eating and exercise patterns, so it's important for you to plan your insulin intake with your doctor or diabetes educator.
		Insulin mixtures - There may be advantages of using insulin mixtures and these should be discussed with your doctor.
		All insulins come dissolved or suspended in liquid; the most commonly used strength in the U.S. is U-100, which means there are 100 units of insulin per ml.
	www.lifeclinic.com /focus/diabetes/supply_insulin.asp (466 words)

	Insulin definition - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Type 1, and Metabolic Disorders treatment and medications
		Insulin is made specifically by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
		Insulin was the first hormone to be synthesized completely in the laboratory, a feat accomplished in 1966 by the American worker Michael Katsoyannis and scientists in China.
		Insulin is administered by injection via the subcutaneous (under the skin) route.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3989 (738 words)

	insulin. Online Information on insulin: My home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Non-medicated cosmetics, insulin and moisturizing lotions may be insulin to treat the yeast infection.
		insulin insulin stopping or starting any of the skin, including inside the mouth •skin rash insulin itching of the lips, insulin or the dose of your diabetic medicine.
		insulin patients are more likely in children) •headache •irregular, slow heartbeat •hallucinations (seeing or hearing insulin that are high in bran fiber.
	20six.co.uk /insulin (995 words)

	[No title]
		Insulin is found in even single-celled organisms and has been around for several billion years.
		Insulin resistance is the basis of all of the chronic diseases of aging, because the disease itself is actually aging.
		Insulin's evolutionary purpose as is known right now, we are looking at other possibilities, is to store excess nutrients.
	www.mercola.com /2001/jul/14/insulin.htm (3485 words)

	Insulin
		The insulin hormone was removed from the pancreas of cattle in what seemed to be a rather pure form of this chemical although obtaining this formula from animals was rather successful it is still not the same as the human form of insulin.
		Insulin has a rather complicated shape and was the first protein to be crystallized in its pure form.
		Insulin research is coming up with many other ways to help people with diabetes manage their insulin deficiency.
	members.aol.com /profchm/palmer.html (1324 words)

	Diabetes Information - Insulin
		Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it would be destroyed by digestion.
		Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
		The decision as to which insulin to choose is based on an individual's lifestyle, a physician's preference and experience, and the person's blood sugar levels.
	www.fda.gov /diabetes/insulin.html (1399 words)

	Insulin - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Insulin regulates the amount of sugar in your blood and prevents or reduces long-term complications including damage to the blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, or nerves.
		Insulin is labeled with a large, fl letter (example: R for regular, L for lente) to help you easily identify the type, or with the name of the type you take (examples: Humalog®, NovoLog™, Humalog®Mix™, Lantus®;, Novolog™Mix™).
		If you must switch the type of insulin you use, you should realize that you may need to monitor your blood sugar more frequently and that dosage adjustments may be needed before you are stabilized on the new type.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,347\|Insulin,00.html (1762 words)

	What is insulin, and how do insulin and other drugs work? - American Diabetes Association
		Insulin must be injected into the fat under your skin for it to get into your blood.
		Insulin is made in labs to be identical to human insulin or it comes from animals (pigs).
		The world's first inhalable insulin should be on pharmacy shelves sometime in the summer of 2006, offering people with diabetes a new way to take a treatment that for more than 80 years has been accessible only through needles.
	www.diabetes.org /type-2-diabetes/insulin.jsp (549 words)

	Hormones of the Pancreas
		In each case, insulin triggers these effects by binding to the insulin receptor — a transmembrane protein embedded in the plasma membrane of the responding cells.
		Insulin is not a glycoprotein so E. coli is able to manufacture a fully-functional molecule (trade name = Humulin).
		Normally when insulin binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it initiates a chain of events that leads to the insertion in the plasma membrane of increased numbers of a transmembrane glucose transporter.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pancreas.html (1400 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Insulin
		Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas.
		Insulin is necessary to move sugar from the blood into other body tissues where it is needed for energy.
		Insulin usually is given by subcutaneous (beneath the skin) injection.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682611.html (1655 words)

	[No title]
		Highly purified (single component) and human insulins are used for treatment of local insulin allergy, immunologic insulin resistance, lipodystrophy at injection site, temporary insulin administration, and in newly diagnosed diabetic patients.
		Insulin preparations are classified into 3 groups based on promptness, duration, and intensity of action following SC administration.
		Insulin resistance: Requirements of > 200 units/day of insulin for > 2 days in absence of ketoacidosis or acute infection may occur, especially in obese patients, patients with acanthosis nigricans, patients with insulin receptor defects, or during infection.
	www.reutershealth.com /atoz/html/Insulin.htm (831 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Diabetes Works"
		To understand diabetes, you first need to know about how your body uses a hormone called insulin to handle glucose, a simple sugar that is its main source of energy.
		In diabetes, something goes wrong in your body so that you do not produce insulin or are not sensitive to it.
		We'll find out what insulin is and what it does, how the lack of insulin or insulin-insensitivity affects your body functions to produce the symptoms of diabetes, how the disease is currently treated and what future treatments are in store for diabetics.
	health.howstuffworks.com /diabetes.htm (246 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Insulin (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Insulin (IN-su-lin) is one of many hormones that helps the body turn the food we eat into energy.
		Overactive thyroid, not properly controlled—Effects of insulin may be increased or decreased, partly because of faster removal of insulin from the body.
		The pump consists of a tube, with a needle on the end of it that is taped to the abdomen, and a computerized device that is worn at the waist.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203298.html (5475 words)

	Medicines for People With Diabetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Insulin helps glucose from the foods you eat get to all parts of your body and be used for energy.
		Insulin lowers blood glucose by moving glucose from the blood into the cells of your body.
		So, do not keep insulin in very cold places such as the freezer, or in hot places, such as by a window or in the car's glove compartment during warm weather.
	diabetes.niddk.nih.gov /dm/pubs/medicines_ez (2128 words)

	Insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In contrast to the other hormones of aging that decline as we get older and cause manifestations of the aging process through their lower levels, circulating insulin levels actually increase in many individuals as they age.
		This occurs because the tissues that respond to insulin to lower blood sugar levels (liver, muscle, and fat cells) become resistant to its action.
		One of the keys, therefore, to successful aging is to maintain a high degree of insulin sensitivity so that one's insulin levels stay low along with a low normal blood sugar.
	www.antiagingny.com /insulin.htm (341 words)

	Humalog Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Insulin Lispro (Human Analog) - RxList Monographs
		Humalog (insulin lispro, rDNA origin) is a human insulin analog that is a rapid-acting, parenteral blood glucose-lowering agent.
		Chemically, it is Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin analog, created when the amino acids at positions 28 and 29 on the insulin B-chain are reversed.
		Humalog is synthesized in a special non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered by the addition of the gene for insulin lispro.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/insulinlispro.htm (207 words)

	Technorati Tag: insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Insulin from Lilly For patients new to insulin, premixed insulin provides control from the start and comes in an easy-to-use pen.
		Filed under: Insulin — Administrator @ 2:47 am FDA Board Approves Inhaled Insulin Exubera might be the end of the painful syringe experience Antares...
		May 18th, 2006 Insulin Resistance, Weight Gain Lead to Early Aging Tulane University researchers are the first to demonstrate a biological link...
	www.technorati.com /tag/insulin (520 words)

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