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Topic: Insulin receptor

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	Insulin receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In molecular biology, the insulin receptor is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin.
		Thus the main activity of activation of the insulin receptor is inducing glucose uptake.
		For this reason "insulin insensitvity", or a decrease in insulin receptor signaling, leads to diabetes mellitus type 2 - the cells are unable to take up glucose, and the result is hyperglycemia (an increase in circulating glucose), and all the sequelae which result from diabetes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insulin_receptor (304 words)

	Insulin Function and Diabetes
		Insulin is synthesized as a preprohormone in the b cells of the islets of Langerhans.
		These effects are the response of the activation of the insulin receptor which belongs to the class of cell surface receptors that exhibit intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (see Signal Transduction).
		The insulin receptor is a heterotetramer of 2 extracellular a-subunits disulfide bonded to 2 transmembrane b-subunits.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/diabetes.html (6485 words)

	Insulin receptor protein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Although insulin stimulates a wide variety of responses in its target tissues skeletal muscle, fat tissue and liver, they all appear to be initiated via an interaction between insulin and a protein receptor located on the cell membranes of these tissues.
		Insulin binds and changes shape of receptor to form a tunnel to allow entry of molecules such as glucose into the cells.
		Binding of insulin activates an enzyme component of the receptor located on the inside of the cell, and this enzyme stimulates production of a secondary messenger that leads to the promotion of the other metabolic effects that are associated with insulin e.g.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /courses/stfunmac/glossary/receptor.html (454 words)

	Insulin, Diet, Disease and Athletes
		Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that is intimately involved in the regulation of fuel metabolism.
		In this circumstance, the insulin receptors are insensitive to insulin.
		The mechanisms are complex, but research shows that the insulin receptor's insensitivity to insulin is the crucial first step in the process.
	www.rice.edu /~jenky/sports/Insulin.athlete.html (1608 words)

	Receptor (biochemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand.
		Many hormone receptors and neurotransmitter receptors are transmembrane proteins: transmembrane receptors are embedded in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, that allow the activation of signal transduction pathways in response to the activation by the binding molecule, or ligand.
		Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the hormone is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of endocrine disorders, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry) (856 words)

	Pets with Diabetes: Insulin Basics and Syringe facts
		Insulin is made by the pancreatic islet cells (also called the beta cells), then secreted into the blood where it travels throughout the body and helps regulate blood sugar.
		Insulin is also called a hormone because it is produced in one location (the pancreas) and travels to other cells and regulates their function.
		Insulin is the key, and the cell has a receptor (keyhole) that the insulin fits in.
	www.petdiabetes.org /insulin.html (1652 words)

	UpToDate Structure and function of the insulin receptor
		The cellular content of insulin receptors is variable, with the highest level of expression in cells that are most responsive to insulin for glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, especially adipose, skeletal muscle and liver.
		Insulin has profound importance in metabolic control, and its receptor protein, a key element in the insulin signaling cascade, has been the subject of intense investigation [6].
		The abundance of the insulin receptor mRNA and corresponding levels of receptor protein and insulin binding activity are up-regulated by differentiation of cultured adipocytes and muscle as they obtain an insulin-sensitive phenotype [12,13].
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=diabetes/13268 (510 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Acetylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 is permissive for tyrosine phosphorylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins represent key elements in insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) actions, transducing pleiotropic effects on cellular function and regulating processes such as metabolism, growth, cell differentiation and survival [1].
		Furthermore, the ability of insulin to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was reduced by 60% in cells pre-treated with PMA (Fig 4 lane 3) consistent with a state of insulin unresponsiveness.
		Thus, the increased response of cells to insulin in the presence of TSA (Figure 6 lane 5) may represent a summation of the effects of TSA alone and insulin.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1741-7007/2/23 (6975 words)

	Thyrotropin via Cyclic AMP Induces Insulin Receptor Expression and Insulin Co-stimulation of Growth and Amplifies ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		on the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1 (3,
		The blocking MA-10 insulin receptor monoclonal antibody (18, 30), the IGFR1-2 monoclonal antibody to IGF-I receptor, and
		The accumulation of insulin receptors in response to forskolin was associated with a similar increase of insulin receptor
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/46/29400 (5625 words)

	Insulin Receptor Isoform A, a Newly Recognized, High-Affinity Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor in Fetal and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Insulin receptor gene expression during development: developmental regulation of insulin receptor mRNA abundance in embryonic rat liver and yolk sac, developmental regulation of insulin receptor gene splicing, and comparison to abundance of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor mRNA.
		Expression and characterization of a 70 kDa fragment of the insulin receptor that binds insulin.
		Differential gene expression of insulin receptor isoforms A and B and insulin receptor substrates 1, 2 and 3 in rat tissues: modulation by aging and differentiation in rat adipose tissue.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/5/3278 (8115 words)

	Localization of the insulin receptor in caveolae of adipocyte plasma membrane -- GUSTAVSSON et al. 13 (14): 1961 -- The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		the insulin receptor with caveolin in the plasma membrane.
		Colocalization of insulin receptor and caveolin in 3T3-L1 adipocyte plasma membrane examined by immunofluorescence microscopy.
		receptor to caveolae microdomains of the plasma membrane.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/13/14/1961 (5684 words)

	Insulin receptor autophosphorylation in cultured myoblasts correlates to glucose disposal in Pima Indians -- Youngren ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Insulin receptor autophosphorylation in cultured myoblasts correlates to glucose disposal in Pima Indians -- Youngren et al.
		Insulin receptor autophosphorylation in cultured myoblasts correlates to glucose disposal in Pima Indians
		Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/5/E990 (3174 words)

	Insulin Receptor Antibodies
		The insulin receptor is a tyrosine kinase receptor capable of tyrosine phosphorylation both through autophosphorylation and the phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm, including insulin receptor substrates and Shc.
		The human insulin receptor is a heterotetrameric membrane glycoprotein consisting of disulfide-linked subunits in a β-α-α-β configuration.
		The tyrosine kinase domains of the receptor are located on the cytosolic portion of the beta subunits.
	www.chemicon.com /Featured/Insulin.asp (113 words)

	Modulating insulin receptor phosphorylation as a treatment for diabetes
		The insulin resistance syndrome was first described in 1988 and contributes to both conditions and indeed is generally accepted to represent a pathophysiological link between the two.
		On the other hand, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, phosphorylates multiple IRS-1 tyrosine residues in response to insulin and in contrast to serine/threonine phosphorylation is a positive trigger of insulin action, and hence molecules that activate the insulin receptor beta-subunit tyrosine kinase may, like GSK-3 inhibitors, be of use in the treatment of diabetes.
		These studies therefore support the development of molecules that phosphorylate the insulin receptor and its substrates as alternatives to nuclear hormone receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
	www.bioportfolio.com /LeadDiscovery/PubMed-110226.html (735 words)

	Brain Insulin Receptor Causes Activity-Dependent Current Suppression in the Olfactory Bulb Through Multiple ...
		Insulin and insulin receptor (IR) kinase are found in abundance in discrete brain regions yet insulin signaling in the CNS
		Insulin and IGF are synthesized by neurons in the olfactory
		Insulin levels were determined by ELISA; plasma insulin is in units of nanograms per milliliter plasma, whereas brain insulin is in units of nanograms per gram wet tissue homogenate.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/4/2332 (8903 words)

	Edward Y. Skolnik M.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The insulin receptor (IR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor and induces a cellular response by phosphorylating proteins on their tyrosine residues.
		The IR is known to phosphorylate several proteins in the cytoplasm, including insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and Shc.
		diabetes, insulin receptor, phosphorylation, signaling pathway, tyrosine kinase receptor
	www.med.nyu.edu /Research/E.Skolnik-res.html (448 words)

	Drosophila gene families: Insulin receptor pathway
		Insulin signaling, which is absent from fungi and plants, probably evolved later when multicellular animals required a system to coordinate and fine-tune metabolism in communities of cells.
		The insulin system is clearly advantageous, since animals in which it is 'short-circuited' by hyperactivation of Inr or PI3K are unable to tolerate even brief periods of starvation (Britton, 2002).
		Insulin and glucagon are produced in the pancreas, and their relative levels are constantly adjusted to maintain proper blood sugar levels.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/aignfam/insulin.htm (3355 words)

	Identification of Insulin in the Tear Film and Insulin Receptor and IGF-I Receptor on the Human Ocular Surface -- Rocha ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		receptor was examined in the human cornea and conjunctiva.
		for the presence of insulin, and the expression of insulin receptor
		of insulin on glucose metabolism in the ocular surface are unknown.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/4/963 (3676 words)

	Gliclazide increases insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation but not p38 phosphorylation in insulin-resistant ...
		Effect of the chronic presence of insulin and gliclazide on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor ß (IR-ß) in C2C12 myotubes.
		Effect of the chronic presence of insulin and gliclazide on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in C2C12 myotubes.
		PI 3-kinase activity in anti-IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) immunoprecipitates was measured as described under Materials and methods.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/23/3739 (3972 words)

	Substitution of the insulin receptor transmembrane domain with that of glycophorin A inhibits insulin action -- GARDIN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Substitution of the insulin receptor transmembrane domain with that of glycophorin A inhibits insulin action -- GARDIN et al.
		Substitution of the insulin receptor transmembrane domain with that of glycophorin A inhibits insulin action
		that are unable to transmit the insulin signal properly.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/13/11/1347 (344 words)

	Connection Found Between Aging Gene And Insulin Receptor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In addition, the discovery that the worm’s form of insulin regulates its lifespan suggests that human aging may be intimately connected to how food is metabolized.
		The researchers also found that, as with the human insulin receptor, the worm gene regulates metabolism: worms with a defective gene shift their metabolism towards storage of fat rather than burning energy for fast reproduction.
		In fact a mutation identical to one that the MGH team found in the worm gene has been observed in the same location on the insulin receptor gene of an obese human patient with an atypical form of diabetes.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/3509a.htm (817 words)

	Insulin Glulisine: Insulin Receptor Signaling Characteristics In Vivo -- Hennige et al. 54 (2): 361 -- Diabetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Insulin Glulisine: Insulin Receptor Signaling Characteristics In Vivo -- Hennige et al.
		in vivo the insulin receptor signaling characteristics activated
		insulin glulisine may be a useful tool for diabetes treatment.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/54/2/361 (272 words)

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