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Topic: Insulin shock therapy

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Shock therapy

Manfred Sakel

Schizophrenia

Mental hospital

Bethlem Royal Hospital

McLean Hospital

	Insulin NS (Insulin from porcine pancreas) [www.sopharma.com]
		Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, which participates in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.
		The hypoglycemic action of Insulin decreases when it is applied simultaneously with glucagon, adrenomimetics, betablockers, phenothiazine derivatives, salicylates, butadion, glycocorticoids, preparations from the posterior part of hypophysis, gas narcotics, thiazide diuretics and urosemid, while iprasid, clofibrate, ethyl alcohol and oral antidiabetic drugs increase it.
		Insulin and strophantine have a contrary action on the metabolism and contractility of the myocardium, hence a mutual reduction and even inversion of their effects are possible.
	www.bpg.bg /sopharma/categories/445/44504insulin_ns.html (459 words)

	Insulin shock therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Insulin shock therapy (IST, also called Insulin Coma Therapy) was used as a treatment for schizophrenia, psychosis and drug addiction, involving injecting the patient with massive amounts of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma.
		Insulin Shock Therapy is often viewed as a cruel practice with no reliable evidence of evidence beyond a simple shock or placebo effect.
		IST had a higher apparent success rate in schizophrenics who were ill for less than two years, as this was also the time period when ‘spontaneous recovery’ was most common.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy (406 words)

	The History of Shock Therapy in Psychiatry
		The success of shock therapy, which was evidently due to some drastic alteration in the internal environment of the brain and on the functions of the neural cells, was a strong argument in favor of the biological causation of many mental diseases.
		The lack of insulin causes diabetes, or hyperglicemia (excess of glucose), while its natural or artificial excess causes hypoglicemia, which leads to a coma and to convulsions, due to the deficit of glucose in the brain cells.
		Other kinds of physical shock therapy were briefly tested, such as the induction of fever by means of radiomagnetic microwaves, transient brain anoxia induced by breathing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen and lowering the body's temperature.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n04/historia/shock_i.htm (2854 words)

	Shock therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shock therapy is the deliberate and controlled induction of some form or state of shock for the purpose of psychiatric treatment.
		Electroconvulsive therapy is the only type of shock therapy still practiced in the 21st century, though highly controversial and intended to be mainly restricted to severe cases of depression and bipolar disorder which have not responded to other kinds of therapies.
		Insulin shock therapy involves injecting a patient with a large amount of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma by provoking brain hypoglycemia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shock_therapy (1142 words)

	American Experience \| A Brilliant Madness \| Primary Sources
		(Insulin is a hormone that drives sugars from the blood to storage in the liver.) When blood sugar levels fall precipitously, the brain cannot sustain consciousness and the patients become stuporous.
		Translated into English, the phrase became "insulin-shock-treatment." Sakel interpolated the word "shock" to emphasize his belief that the essential element of ICT was the lowered blood pressure, sweating, increased heart rate, and increased breathing rate that resulted from the stresses produced during the treatment.
		Convulsive therapy -- the medical induction of seizures for therapeutic purposes -- was first used to treat schizophrenic patients in January 1934 in Budapest.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/nash/filmmore/ps_ict.html (3631 words)

	Shock therapy
		Shock therapy is the deliberate and controlled induction of some form of physiological shock in an individual for the purpose of psychiatric treatment.
		Shock therapy is an attempt to produce these same changes artificially and under controlled conditions.
		Insulin shock therapy involves injecting a patient with massive amounts of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma.
	www.mrsci.com /Psychiatry/Shock_therapy.php (768 words)

	Type 2 diabetes non-insulin-dependent - information on symptoms, causes
		A drug that improves the effectiveness of insulin by reducing the amount of glucose released from the liver and improving the way glucose is used by the muscles.
		Insulin injections may be temporary or for the rest of the person's life.
		Insulin injections are usually self-administered two or four times a day, using either a traditional needle or a "pen" type syringe with refillable cartridges.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/diabetes2.html (1423 words)

	Insulin defects may figure in mental illness - Health & Science - International Herald Tribune
		If the insulin researchers are right, those problems could be secondary to a more fundamental breakdown in the way brain cells process insulin to generate energy and protect themselves against death.
		Ironically, some doctors had latched onto insulin as a possible treatment for mental illness in the mid-20th century, when "insulin shock therapy" became popular as a last-ditch treatment for schizophrenia.
		Insulin levels in the brain were low compared with levels in the rest of the body, and the brain seemed to have limited need for the hormone.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/02/01/news/sninsulin.php (1239 words)

	Interested in Inhalable insulin? Right place for it! Inhalable Insulin! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Insulin lispro bottom follow insulin shock therapy more convenient to hire than habitue insulin..
		An insulin pumps is a low mechanical device, a lilliputian larger than a pager that is drawn outdoors the torso, much on a knock or inward a pouch.
		Insulin immunity symptoms, causes, diagnosis and discourse on medicinenet.Inwards the progress from impaired glucose leeway to diabetes mellitus the storey of insulin declines indicating that patients with NIDDM get decreased insulin secretion.You should live fellow with the symptoms of both eminent and dispirited parentage gelt levels and experience how to handle both conditions.
	vegascental.xoompages.com /inhalable/insulin.html (3555 words)

	Insulin therapy in...
		The association of insulin dose with mortality risk does not, of course, imply that insulin is itself hazardous but likely reflects the severity of insulin resistance that is present in the sickest individuals requiring higher insulin doses.
		Although suggestions have been made that insulin has anti-inflammatory effects, including an ability to suppress an impressive range of proinflammatory molecules [22], the most compelling conclusion from the Leuven study is that maintaining glucose levels in the normoglycemic range is the key to reducing ICU mortality and morbidity.
		It must be stressed, however, that insulin requirements in individual patients vary widely, depending on, for example, their insulin production reserves, their insulin sensitivity before and during critical illness, their caloric intake in the ICU, and the severity and nature of their illness.
	www.d4pro.com /idm/site/insulin_therapy_in___.htm (2791 words)

	Alternative Devices for Taking Insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The insulin pump is about the size of a deck of cards, weighs about 3 ounces, and can be worn on a belt or carried in a pocket.
		Pumps release "bolus" doses of insulin (several units at a time) at meals and at times when blood glucose is too high based on the programming set entered by the user.
		Insulin is then absorbed through the tongue, throat, and inside of the cheeks.
	diabetes.niddk.nih.gov /dm/pubs/insulin (934 words)

	What is insulin, and how do insulin and other drugs work? - American Diabetes Association
		Insulin must be injected into the fat under your skin for it to get into your blood.
		Insulin is made in labs to be identical to human insulin or it comes from animals (pigs).
		The world's first inhalable insulin should be on pharmacy shelves sometime in the summer of 2006, offering people with diabetes a new way to take a treatment that for more than 80 years has been accessible only through needles.
	www.diabetes.org /type-2-diabetes/insulin.jsp (549 words)

	Interested in Insulin shock therapy? Right place for it! Insulin Shock Therapy! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Insulin in Diabetes Treatment Many, but not all, of the symptoms of insulin shock diabetes can be controlled by..
		Insulin prices vary according to purity and source.He or she will use this information to decide how much insulin is right for insulin shock therapy you.
		Holding the insulin bottle upright, push the needle through the rubber stopper until the tip is in the insulin, then press the plunger to push air into the bottle of insulin..
	dribbler50.sitesled.com /redclaw-monagas.html (1910 words)

	Clinical Resource Page - Clinical
		Therapy can be used to help a person develop or improve interpersonal skills in order to allow him or her to communicate more effectively and reduce stress.
		Insulin shock treatment is an old and largely abandoned treatment of severe depressions, psychoses, catatonic states, and other mental disorders.
		Nevertheless, insulin shock therapy is still officially used in Russia and some other countries and can be administered to a very treatment-resistant patient with written consent in many Western countries.
	www.cydaily.com /med-Medical/Clinical.html (5838 words)

	Electroconvulsive Therapy During Pregnancy » ect.org
		Electroconvulsive therapy was first introduced as an effective treatment option for psychiatric illness in 1938 by Cerletti and Bini (Endler 1988).
		ECT persisted as a mainstay of therapy until the 1950s and 1960s, when effective antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antimanic drugs were discovered (Weiner 1994).
		In the case of the infant with hypertelorism and optic atrophy, the mother received only two ECT treatments during the course of her pregnancy; however, she had received 35 insulin coma therapy treatments, which are suspected of teratogenic potential.
	www.ect.org /electroconvulsive-therapy-during-pregnancy (2360 words)

	Dependent diabetes insulin insulin shock therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Implicating insulin signaling breaks down, it leads to increased insulin shock therapy oxidative stress,.
		Is insulin shock therapy IPT a better dependent diabetes insulin treatment for cancer, arthritis,.
		Insulin and how do insulin resistance.clinicaloptions.com/metabolics - dependent diabetes nonfasting dependent may diabetes insulin blood chemistry insulin ranges insulin dependent diabetes insulin Therapy from NewYork-Presbyterian.
	insulin-cases.ikadrugs.com /dependent-diabetes-insulin.html (322 words)

	Diferença entre cérebro e mente (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I was curious on using Insulin in the Psychiatric Wards, as a shock treatment.
		In fact, insulin was only a way of shocking the nervous system by provoking epileptic seizures, which are expressed by the patient's body as a loss of consciousness, retrograde amnesia (loss of recent memories) and motor convulsions.
		I must say, however, that in many cases of insulin therapy, the patients returned sooner or later to their previous state, so no real cure was achieved.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /perguntas/insulin.html (249 words)

	Hypoglycemia
		The term insulin shock is used to describe severe hypoglycemia that results in unconsciousness.
		Insulin is a hormone that reduces blood glucose.
		It occurs when too much insulin or oral antidiabetic medication is taken, not enough food is eaten, or from a sudden increase in the amount of exercise without an increase in food intake.
	www.geocities.com /medipedia/000386.htm (782 words)

	The Lost Asylum - Fairfield Hills State Hospital
		Metrazol Shock Therapy was discovered in 1934 by the Hungarian researcher Ladislas J. Meduna.
		Insulin Shock Therapy began at Fairfield Hills in September of 1937, but was discontinued in April of 1938, because the patients who received the treatment did not improve.
		Also known as Electroconvulsive Therapy, Electroshock Therapy or ECT, the therapy's aim is to induce a grand mal seizure (convulsions) in a patient, by passing electricity through the brain.
	www.fairfieldhills.com /trtFFH.html (1956 words)

	Pilgrim State Hospital History - Abandoned Photography : opacity.us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Insulin shock therapy: The patient is injected with large doses of insulin, which causes convulsion and coma.
		Metrazol shock therapy: Injections of Metrazol (or commercially known as cardiazol) quickly induces powerful seizures.
		Electric shock therapy: Currents of electricity are passed through the brain to induce grand mal seizures, commonly used to treat schizophrenia and mood disorders.
	www.opacity.us /site23.htm (562 words)

	IOH causes of insulin shock, prevention, treatment, coma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Some consider it to be a somewhat outdated term, as is the term “insulin reaction” but it accurately describes the cause of sever hypoglycemia induced when there is too much insulin present, or not enough food eaten for the insulin administered.
		Insulin shock can also be applied to induced hypoglycemia caused by reaction from too much oral diabetes medication.
		A person on an insulin pump has greater flexibility and no longer has to eat to support the insulin, but can still experience hypoglycemia if basal rates are set too high, or the meal bolus is not calculated correctly.
	www.isletsofhope.com /diabetes/complications/insulin_shock_1.html (2145 words)

	Insulin potentiation therapy: A dangerous alternative cancer treatment - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Advocates of insulin potentiation therapy believe that cancer cells consume more sugar (glucose) than healthy cells do and as a result are more sensitive to insulin.
		IPT is performed by injecting insulin in the arm, followed by an injection of chemotherapy drugs.
		While insulin potentiation therapy has been used for decades in Mexico and some other countries, there is absolutely no scientific evidence that it works or is safe.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/alternative-cancer-treatment/AN01205 (329 words)

	Insulin Questions - Hypoglycemia or Insulin Shock. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Some diabetics have lost their warning symptoms or have never experienced warning symptoms for hypoglycemia or insulin shock, depending on the type of insulin they are using.
		If they are not in insulin shock - no harm is done, but if they are in insulin shock they may have lost their ability to reply or take action.
		Having a hypoglycemic episode or insulin shock is traumatic for the diabetic.
	www.insulinquestions.com /page5alert3.html (6176 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : KnowHOW
		Whether an insulin shortage “causes the disease, contributes to the disease, or it’s the brain’s response to injury we don’t know yet”, says Dr Jesse Roth, geriatrician-in-chief of the North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, who has studied insulin’s role in the brain since the 1980s.
		But Roth’s team at NIH showed that brain cells possess insulin receptors to grab the hormone as it floated by and took pictures of insulin binding to receptors in rats’ brains.
		Last year, in a study of brain samples from 45 Alzheimer’s patients, De la Monte found that the number of insulin receptors in the frontal cortex, the centre of intellect, drops by 80 per cent in advanced cases of the disease, meaning that the cells don’t get the insulin they need to survive.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1060213/asp/knowhow/story_5829409.asp (981 words)

	Insulin Reaction
		An insulin reaction is an excessively low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia), usually lower than 50 mg/dL.
		Insulin reactions result from an excess of insulin via an injection or an excess of an insulin-stimulating oral hypoglycemic agent, usually in the sulfonylurea class of drugs.
		Insulin reactions are more common in people with severe diabetes.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /insulin_reaction/article_em.htm (178 words)

	HarlemValley.org
		An early high point in Harlem Valley history occurred in 1936 when Dr. Manfred Sakal of Vienna was invited to demonstrate his method of insulin shock treatment at a special institute of State hospital physicians.
		For a period of time, insulin shock therapy became standard treatment in State hospitals.
		As World War II was drawing near in 1941, electric shock therapy was introduced at the hospital.
	www.harlemvalley.org /harlem (1608 words)

	Insulin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thus CSII can be used effectively insulin in a large pediatric clinic setting, and the age of the patient should not, itself, be a barrier to initiation of this therapy..
		Thus the discovery, isolation and purification of insulin in the 1920s was insulin a highly significant medical advance.
		CSII therapy is begun, although older children and adolescents have to express an interest in pump therapy.You control your Type 1 diabetes with Diet, Exercise, and Insulin.Please update your bookmark now.Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc.
	dribbler50.sitesled.com (1629 words)

	Psychiatry in the Cinema
		According to the film insulin is administered intramuscularly and the resulting hypoglycaemia is allowed to induce bilateral convulsions.
		Elsewhere in these pages is an account of insulin coma therapy by the contemporaneous UK doyen of physical treatments, Dr William Sargant.
		Such physical therapies seem barbaric now, and I have never personally heard of the Iron Maiden used, but there is plenty of documentation about the use of physical restraint and frantic attempts at providing alternative therapy such as magnetism, whirling chairs, wet blanket therapy are historical fact.
	www.priory.com /psych/psycinema.htm (7183 words)

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