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Topic: Integer BASIC

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	Integer BASIC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, was the BASIC interpreter included in ROM on the Apple I and original Apple II computer at release in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners.
		The most frequently cited flaw of Integer BASIC was, as one might expect from the name, that its variables were all 16-bit integers and it was very difficult to write a program that could do calculations using floating point numbers.
		Integer BASIC was relegated to a file on a floppy disk that Apple II Plus users could load into a RAM card for backward compatibility, if needed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Integer_BASIC_programming_language (370 words)

	Folklore.org: Macintosh Stories: MacBasic
		"Basic", which was designed for teaching introductory programming by two Dartmouth professors in the 1960s, became the language of choice for early microcomputers because it was interactive, simple and easy to use.
		The Apple II included a Basic interpreter known as "Integer Basic", written from scratch by Steve Wozniak, which was almost as idiosyncratically brilliant as his hardware design, stored in 5K bytes of ROM on the motherboard.
		A Basic interpreter consists of a text editor for inputing your program, a parser to translate it into a series of byte codes, and an interpreter to execute the byte-coded instructions.
	www.folklore.org /StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=MacBasic.txt (1237 words)

	[No title]
		INTEGER BASIC This was the first language available for general use on the AppleII (aside from assembly, which will be dealt with later).
		APPLESOFT I Although Wozniak had written some floating point routines into the Integer Basic ROM, AppleII users needed a version of Basic that would make floating point math easier to do, particularly for business use (where the number to the right of the decimal point is as important as the one to left).
		When the Integer program was run, it poked some values into memory and jumped to the start of the machine language section, which relocated the Applesoft interpreter to the lower part of memory (at $800), just after the memory that held the screen display.
	www.textfiles.com /apple/aht.16.v1.0 (3089 words)

	How to Convert Unsigned Integer from Another Language to Basic
		However, there are times when a Basic program must accept an unsigned integer type returned after calling a function in a language such as C or assembly language, or after calling an MS-DOS interrupt.
		When a Basic program is passed an unsigned integer from another language, and the number is in the range of 32,768 to 65,535, the highest bit will be set, causing Basic to treat the number as negative.
		If Basic already recognizes the number as positive or zero, then either use it as is, or assign it directly to a long integer and skip the next three steps.
	support.microsoft.com /default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;58103 (761 words)

	Other BASICs
		BASICs that allow real numbers usually do all operations in floating point mode, and only give integer results when specifically instructed to do so by a function such as INT (X); which gives the integer value of the real variable or expression X (e.g.
		For example A(7) is element 7 of the array A() and may be an integer or a floating point number depending on the type of BASIC, space for the array being reserved by a previous statement such as DIM A(99).
		Note that the expression DIM A(n) is used by ATOM BASIC to reserve space for n+1 bytes, which may then be used to hold a string variable or for byte or word vectors, and is therefore not equivalent to DIM A(n) In other BASICs (which don't allow for byte or word vectors).
	www.howell1964.freeserve.co.uk /Acorn/Atom/amb/amb_others.htm (2528 words)

	Apple II History Chap 16
		Back in 1975 and 1976, Microsoft was producing BASIC interpreters for nearly every microprocessor that was produced, in hopes of licensing or selling their BASIC to those who built a computer around that chip.
		Integer BASIC (which Wozniak had also at one time called "Game BASIC") worked well for many purposes, and a skilled programmer could even make use of the floating point routines that were included in the ROM of Integer BASIC.
		Wozniak tried to make modifications to his Integer BASIC to make use of the floating point routines, but at that time he was also hard at work on designing the Disk II interface card, and his efforts on creating a floating point BASIC fell further and further behind.
	apple2history.org /history/ah16.html (4338 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Integers are typically the same size as a pointer on the system they are compiled on (i.e.
		Some compilers don't use integers and pointers of the same size however, so for the sake of simplicity all the examples refer to a 32 bit system with 32 bit integers, longs and pointers.
		Integer overflows cannot be detected after they have happened, so there is not way for an application to tell if a result it has calculated previously is in fact correct.
	www.phrack.org /phrack/60/p60-0x0a.txt (2681 words)

	GW-BASIC User's Guide
		Integer division is denoted by the backslash (\).
		The operands are rounded to integers (must be within the range of -32768 to 32767) before the division is performed, and the quotient is truncated to an integer.
		The given operation is performed on these integers in bits; that is, each bit of the result is determined by the corresponding bits in the two operands.
	www.antonis.de /qbebooks/gwbasman/chapter6.html (2080 words)

	Apple Basic programming using a word processor.
		Writing Basic code on the Apple computer is usually done using Applesoft or Integer Basic interpreters which provide elementary editing features based on "free cursor' and overwrite.
		The swiftest approach to this Basic problem may be to keep all tested and true subroutines in TEXT files and use a word processor to transfer this bits and pieces needed for the task at hand into one new TEXT file.
		It should be pointed out that the considerable advantages of using a good word processor to develop and maintain Basic programs are achieved at the expense of using TEXT files, because compared to Basic files, TEXT file processing is slower, and TEXT files are less efficient in their use of disk space.
	atarimagazines.com /creative/v9n12/261_Apple_Basic_programming_u.php (2300 words)

	[No title]
		Integers are denoted * * by the letters alone.
		The variable must be the same type (string * * or integer) as the expression.
		If the program store were of the same form as basic strings, routines * * that handle both in common could be used (example: getting a number from * * the string).
	www.moorecad.com /standardpascal/basics.pas (1016 words)

	kbAlertz: (311327) - This article describes the new data types that are available in Visual Studio .NET and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In Visual Basic 2005 and in Visual Basic.NET, the structure data type is very similar to a class data type except that a structure data type is a value type (whereas a class data type is a reference type).
		However, because string variables are invariant in Visual Basic 2005 and in Visual Basic.NET, the memory buffer that you point to is read-only and does not require locking.
		Visual Basic 2005 and Visual Basic.NET support interface inheritance by allowing you to define interfaces that serve as contracts or as protocols, which must be implemented by classes that inherit from interfaces.
	www.kbalertz.com /kb_311327.aspx (3316 words)

	Five Low Words
		Basic conversion functions such as CInt, however, don’t force anything.
		Basic provides a roundabout method of doing this with the LSet statement.
		Visual Basic is now available on machines running Digital’s Alpha chip, which is a Big Endian system.
	vb.mvps.org /hardcore/html/fivelowwords.htm (902 words)

	SocketWrench Library Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In most cases, the functions in the SocketWrench library expect integer data to be passed by value, while string and data structures are passed by reference.
		In addition to passing a variable by reference to a function, the language must provide the ability to allocate a block of memory of arbitrary size and be able to pass its address to a function.
		In Visual Basic, a function which does not return a value is declared as Sub (a subroutine).
	catalyst.com /support/help/wrench4/html/wrench/library/overview.html (2156 words)

	Visual Basic Programming Tips and Techniques by Peter Aitken
		Basically, a stack is an array that holds the data plus a pointer that indicates which position in the array is currently the "top" of the stack.
		One is with formless Visual Basic programs (as was covered in a previous tip) that run from a batch file or the command prompt - by using stdout with redirection, a program's output can go to a file rather than being displayed at the command prompt.
		When a Visual Basic program needs to send email messages, perhaps for support or licensing issues, it's a lot nicer to integrate email support in the program rather than requiring the user to switch to their own email software.
	www.pgacon.com /visualbasic.htm (12992 words)

	Language Support (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A 32-bit language must call functions using the stdcall calling convention, which is similar to the pascal convention except that parameters are pushed on the stack from right to left.
		In most cases, the functions in the SocketTools libraries expect integer data to be passed by value, while string and data structures are passed by reference.
		For 16-bit libraries the default integer size is 16 bits, and for 32-bit libraries the default integer size is 32 bits.
	www.catalyst.com /support/help/cstools3/library/html/language.html (2140 words)

	Applesoft BASIC programming language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The first BASIC programming language dialect on the Apple II computer was Integer Basic, coded and hand-assembled by Apple Computer employees.
		Apple was looking for a new version of Basic for the Apple II Plus computer with 48 KB of RAM.
		It seems Microsoft was the Basic vendor of choice at the time; Apple licensed a 10 KB assembly language version of Basic called "Applesoft." It was similar to Basic implementations on other 6502-based computers: it used line numbers, spaces were not necessary in lines, plus it had some killer features that Integer BASIC lacked:
	brandt.kurowski.net /projects/lsa/wiki/view.cgi?doc=484 (307 words)

	BASIC Programming and Chipmunk Basic Home Page
		Chipmunk Basic for MacOS is an old-fashioned Basic interpreter which runs on almost all Macs.
		Chipmunk Basic was featured in the Programming Paradigms column of the December 1995 issue of Dr.
		A small implementation of the Basic language, written in C, that was posted to alt.sources.
	www.nicholson.com /rhn/basic (2527 words)

	Common - Basic Integer Types.
		Note, 'int' is assumed to be in 2s complement format and at least 32 bits in size.
		An signed integer of the same size as a pointer type
		An unsigned integer of the same size as a pointer type
	home.clara.net /tixy/source/documentation/group__integers.html (70 words)

	22 Extending the ATOM
		The extension ROM does not in any way alter the operation of the existing BASIC statements, functions, or operators, and floating-point arithmetic may be mixed with integer arithmetic in the same line.
		An integer expression may be explicitly floated with the FLT function, which takes an integer argument.
		When the context demands an integer expression, or factor, all calculations are performed in integer arithmetic, and floating-point functions will be automatically converted to integers.
	www.howell1964.freeserve.co.uk /Acorn/Atom/atap/atap_22.htm (2047 words)

	kbAlertz: LONG: Calling C Routines from Basic -- Part 2 of 2 The information in this article applies to: Microsoft ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		C Routines linked with a Basic program that does screen output (by using printf, puts, and so on) do not update the cursor position after returning to the calling Basic program.
		If BYVAL is not used, Basic will create a temporary variable to hold the address, then pass a pointer to this variable (in effect, pass a pointer to a pointer).
		DECLARE SUB NumericFar CDECL (_ BYVAL p1o AS INTEGER, BYVAL p1s AS INTEGER,_ BYVAL p2o AS INTEGER, BYVAL p2s AS INTEGER,_ BYVAL p3o AS INTEGER, BYVAL p3s AS INTEGER,_ BYVAL p4o AS INTEGER, BYVAL p4s AS INTEGER) a% = 32767 bandamp; = 32769 c!
	www.kbalertz.com /kb_Q104512.aspx (2698 words)

	How to Pass & Return Unsigned Integers to DLLs from VB
		Visual Basic stores its integer variables in an 8-bit data field, as does C. Visual Basic uses signed integers only, so it reserves one of the bits as a sign bit.
		In C, you have the choice of an unsigned integer (the variable ranges from 0 to 65536) or a signed integer (the variable ranges from -32767 to +32767 as do Visual Basic integer variables).
		Follow a process similar to the following to pass a value greater than 32767 as an integer from Visual Basic to a dynamic link library (DLL) that is expecting an unsigned integer or to return an integer value that is outside the range of valid Visual Basic integers:
	support.microsoft.com /?kbid=112673 (445 words)

	[No title]
		On newer model Apples however, the Integer * * language can SOMETIMES be found on the language card.
		The cold start routine sets the drive and * * slot values and then loads the active basic flag (ACTBSFLG, * * $AAB6) with a #$00 to signal that the Integer language is * * being used.
		Next an image of the Integer basic entry point * * vector table is copied to the ACTIVE basic entry point vector * * table.
	www.textfiles.com /apple/ANATOMY/cmdint.txt (1050 words)

	Apple II Programmer's Reference: Applesoft Commands
		Here's a brief list of Applesoft, Integer Basic, DOS 3.3, and ProDOS commands with descriptions.
		I found these in the back of a manual for II in a Mac, one of the first Apple II emulators that ran on the original Mac and Mac 512.
		A line typed without a line number is executed immediately; those lines typed with a line number are saved for execution with the RUN command.
	www.landsnail.com /a2ref2.htm (195 words)

	EXAMINING PROTECTED APPLESOFT BASIC PROGRAMS. BY THE DISK JOCKEY. Many protected programs
		Also, most protect against re-entering BASIC from the monitor by changing the typical BASIC re-entry poi nt (at $3D0) so that it points to disaster.
		If after you boot the progra m a BASIC prompt appears, this is a good indicator that at least some of the program is written in BASIC.
		If it runs at about the same speed as t he BASIC programs you have written run, it is a good guess that it is in B ASIC.
	www.skepticfiles.org /cowtext/apple/diskjock.htm (2488 words)

	www.mobilebasic.com - Mobile Phone Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Mobile BASIC Online Edition is a Website based implementation of BASIC that can be used to develop applications for your mobile phone.
		There are a few minor syntax changes in the new version the major one being that it is now more strongly typed and you must use the STR$() function to convert a number into a string.
		The language features integer, long, floating point and string variables, logarithm and trigonometry functions, network communications and graphics facilities.
	www.mobilebasic.com (339 words)

	Large number arithmetic in BASIC
		So I needed a little library to rephrase basic arithmetics in terms of such ‘successive operations’.
		You have to declare constant indices for referencing the 'large integers you're planning to use ('CONST p = 0, q = 1,..'), so that 'each number is associated with its own distinct pointer.
		every even integer greater than 2 is the sum of two primes.
	www.home.zonnet.nl /vspickelen/Largefiles/LargeInt.htm (2225 words)

	AllAPI.net - Your #1 source for using API-functions in Visual Basic! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Many APIs can be used exactly as they were in Visual Basic 6.0, with the caveat that you have to adjust your data types accordingly.
		The Visual Basic 6.0 Long datatype is now the Visual Basic.NET Integer datatype, and the Visual Basic 6.0 Integer datatype is now the Visual Basic.NET Short datatype.
		In addition to numeric datatype upgrades, Visual Basic 6.0 had a fixed-length string data type which is not supported in Visual Basic.NET, and which is upgraded to a fixed-length string wrapper class.
	www.allapi.net /vbtutor/vbdotnet.shtml (642 words)

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