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	Intel from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A range of Intel CISC microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of processors.
		The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the Intel 8080 and Intel 8085 (it was source compatible with the 8080) with a similar register set, but was expanded to 16 bits.
		Intel bubble memory was on the market for a while, but faded away as better and cheaper memory technologies arrived.
	www.instantweb.com /foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Intel (3749 words)

	X86 architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The x86 architecture first appeared inside the Intel 8086 CPU in 1978; the 8086 was a development of the Intel 8080 processor (which itself followed the 4004 and 8008), and programs in 8080 assembler language could be mechanically translated to equivalent programs in 8086 assembler language.
		Intel introduced the IA-64, a separate 64-bit architecture used in its Itanium processors and Itanium Processor Family (IPF).
		The Intel 80387 math co-processor was integrated into the next CPU in the series, the Intel 80486 (the 486SX, sold as a budget processor, had its co-processor disabled or removed).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/X86 (2968 words)

	GameDev.net - 80x86 Optimizations
		Code cannot be optimized for the 80x86 family; rather, code must be designed to produce good performance on a range of systems or optimized for particular combinations of processors and memory.
		Optimizing for the 80x86 family by aiming down the middle is quite different from optimizing for the 8088, but many PC programmers are inappropriately still applying the optimization lore they've learned over the years on the PC (or AT).
		When optimizing across the 80x86 family, the 486 will generally be the least of your worries because it is so much faster than the rest of the family; anything that runs adequately on any other processor will look terrific on the 486.
	www.gamedev.net /reference/articles/article369.asp (3712 words)

	Wikinfo \| X86
		x86 or Intel 80x86 is the generic name of an architecture of microprocessors first developed and manufactured by Intel, also manufactured at various stages by AMD, Cyrix, NEC, IDT, Transmeta (that uses it in PDAs too, see Crusoe) (arguably) and sundry other makers at various stages in its nearly 25-year history.
		Intel's IA-64 architecture used in its Itanium processors is related to x86, but incompatible with its instruction set.
		The Intel 80387 math co-processor was integrated into the next CPU in the series, the Intel 80486.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=X86 (1659 words)

	Chapter Five Instruction Set Architecture
		Because of enhancements made to the 80x86 processor family over the years, Intel's design goals in 1978, and advances in computer architecture occurring over the years, the encoding of 80x86 instructions is very complex and somewhat illogical.
		Intel studied their instruction set and came to the conclusion that in a 32-bit environment, programs were more likely to use eight-bit and 32-bit operands far more often than 16-bit operands.
		Historically, an important fact we've learned from the 80x86 family is that it's very poor planning to assume that your CPU will last only a short time period and that users will replace the chip and their software when something better comes along.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AoA/Linux/HTML/ISA.html (10790 words)

	ipedia.com: X86 Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The architecture is called x86 because Intel used to give the earliest processors in this family numeric brand names ending in the sequence "86", for example: the 8086, the 80186, the 80286, the 386, and the 486.
		Because it is impossible to trademark numbers, Intel and most of its competitors stopped using numeric brand names after the 486, and started using proper word brand names, such as Pentium, but the earlier brand naming scheme stuck on to become the name of the entire family.
		Intel had originally decided to completely drop x86 compatibility with the 64-bit generation, by introducing a new architecture called IA-64.
	www.ipedia.com /x86.html (2086 words)

	Intel 80x86 History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Intel introduced the first micro-processor (the 4-bit 4004) in late 1971
		In 1973 Intel introduced the first truly general purpose micro-processor, the 8-bit 8080.
		By 1975, Intel managed to get most of the 3-5 chips needed to make an 8080 based computer into a single chip.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /spider/neufeld/courses/cs218/chapter8/sld016.htm (80 words)

	June 1994 / Cover Story / 80x86 Wars
		But until now, Intel alone has defined what is state of the art for an 80x86 microprocessor, and it has enjoyed a formidable technological lead of 12 to 24 months over its rivals.
		Intel's Paceley says it isn't necessary to define a new RISC instruction set because today's compilers already strive to target a subset of 80x86 instructions that require fewer clock cycles.
		Intel was willing to forsake the 386 at that point because prices had dropped very low and the 486 was more profitable.
	www.sunderland.ac.uk /~ts0jti/comparch/0dir-byte/X86-WARS/art1.htm (4839 words)

	Overview of Intel 80x86 Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Intel 8008 (1972) and Intel 8080 (1974) - 8 bit microprocessors; The latter has 16 bit-addressing, 6000 transistors and was used in the MITS Altair 8800 microprocessor kit (1975).
		The Mod r/m byte determines the addressing mode, whether the instruction is memory to register, register to register, or register to memory and which registers are used.
		After creating a text file containing Intel 80x86 assembler code (a.asm file) you must assemble the source code into object code (.obj file) then link the object code to obtain an executable file (.exe).
	userpages.wittenberg.edu /bshelburne/Comp255S/Intel01.htm (1129 words)

	BYTE.com
		In response, Intel is accelerating the development process and has separate teams of engineers wor king on the next two generations of its 80x86 simultaneously.
		Intel's Paceley says it isn't necessary to define a new RISC instruction set bec ause today's compilers already strive to target a subset of 80x86 instructions that require fewer clock cycles.
		In the past, Intel's competitors have sought to distinguish themselves in three main ways: lower prices; continued production of chips that Intel is phasing out in favor of the next generation; an d exploiting market niches that Intel ignores.
	www.byte.com /art/9406/sec6/art1.htm (4995 words)

	"I" in iMac = Intel?
		Intel makes some very powerful RISC chips and is working on a next generation CPU to eventually displace the Pentium family: Merced (a.k.a.
		MacWeek reports that Intel is "courting" Apple to port OS X to Merced.
		The future belongs to Intel and Mac OS X. SoundApp an audio workhorse for PowerPC, 680x0 Macs, Nathan Thompson, Embracing Obsolescence, 12.22.
	www.lowendmac.com /imac/intel.shtml (1806 words)

	Intel 80x86 Assembler Programming Assignments - by: Keith Fenske
		Intel 80x86 assembler is a low-level machine programming language for IBM PC compatible computers such as those running Linux, MS-DOS, or Windows.
		Write an Intel 80x86 assembly language program to read a line of input from the user (keyboard), and then print the same line again as output.
		Write an Intel 80x86 assembly language program to read an unsigned decimal number from the user (keyboard), and then print the same number in hexadecimal.
	www.compusmart.ab.ca /fenske/cpasm.htm (1593 words)

	r_harvey - 8086 Processor Registers
		Programmers unanimously agree: while Intel 8086 family processors are well designed and versatile, there are just not enough CPU registers (a remnant of their '70s heritage).
		After this boring step, Intel got serious: the 80386; a sigh of relief echoed through the programming community when they saw the beloved 32-bit 386.
		Intel 32-bit processors widen the standard registers to 32-bits, add two new segment registers, and a host of useful new general-purpose instructions.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/r_harvey/doc_cpu.htm (3506 words)

	BYTE.com
		In particular, the two main players, Intel and Motorola, could not easily adopt those innovations that today we group under the name of RISC, because they required architectural changes (e.g., in the optimum size of register files) that were too drastic to preserve backward compatibility.
		Of course, Intel is in no hurry to give up a decade of dominance during which it has made a great deal of money.
		Both AMD and Cyrix have developed clones of the 486 that claim to be reverse-engineered without using any of Intel's proprietary microcode, although in AMD's case, Intel is still disputing this claim in court.
	www.byte.com /art/9401/sec7/art1.htm (2421 words)

	2.7 An Introduction to the Intel 80x86 CPU Family
		The Intel CPU family is generally classified as a Von Neumann Architecture Machine.
		The Intel CPU registers can be broken down into four categories: general purpose registers, special purpose application accessible registers, segment registers, and special purpose kernel mode registers.
		Technically the 80x86 instruction set does not allow both operands to be memory variables; HLA, however, will automatically translate a MOV instruction with two 16- or 32-bit memory operands into a pair of instructions that will copy the data from one location to another.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AoA/Windows/HTML/HelloWorlda3.html (3990 words)

	Registers
		Intel 8086/80286: one word (16 bit) accumulator; named AX (high order byte of the AX register is named AH and low order byte of the AX register is named AL)
		Intel 80x86: 7 of the 8 general purpose registers may be used as an index register (the ESP is the exception)
		Intel 80x86: 6 dedicated segment registers: CS (code segment), SS (stack segment), DS (data segment), ES (extra segment, a second data segment register), FS (third data segment register), and GS (fourth data segment register)
	www.osdata.com /topic/language/asm/register.htm (2260 words)

	BDTI - Intel MMX Pentium
		The Intel MMX Pentium (designated the ``Pentium with MMX Technology'' by Intel), formally introduced in 1997, is a 32-bit, two-issue superscalar CISC general-purpose processor with support for fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic.
		The architecture of the MMX Pentium is the same as that of the original Pentium except for number of improvements, the most visible of which are deeper pipelines, larger caches, improved branch prediction, and 57 new instructions intended for DSP, image, and video processing—the MMX instructions.
		The MMX Pentium is object-code compatible with its predecessors in the Intel 80x86 family, and object code written for the MMX Pentium can be executed on the Pentium II.
	www.bdti.com /procsum/mmx_pent.htm (627 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Editorial \| July 22, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The judge says AMD can't boast anymore that its 80287 is the 100 percent equivalent of Intel's although, as an AMD spokesman said, the AMD chip is "a reverse-engineered coprocessor that incorporates Intel microcode," microcode AMD received from Intel in a 1976 patent exchange agreement.
		While Intel has apparently conceded its right to names like "8086," "80286," and "80287," the company is claiming ownership of and protection for the name "80386" (and "80486," etc.).
		Intel, recognizing a golden goose when it saw one, refused to allow AMD to manufacture the chip.
	www.ddj.com /184408435 (1011 words)

	MASM Optimizations Not Recognized by Some Processors
		Unfortunately, opcode 83 was not documented by Intel for 80x86/8088 processors prior to the 80386.
		Therefore, some processors (such as the NEC V25 and V35 controllers) and some in-circuit emulators for the 80x86 family do not support this opcode.
		Note that opcode 83 does work properly on all Intel 80x86/8088 processors, and its generation is by design.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/69987 (417 words)

	ABC-Dir: 80x86
		A reference for bugs and undocumented instructions in the Intel 80x86 family of processors.
		The company was established in 1983 to supply BBC BASIC interpreters for the Zilog/Mostek Z80 and Intel 80x86 ranges of...
		A Win32 PE File Intel 80x86 Disassembler, with API call conversion, and Navigation control.
	www.abc-directory.com /view/80x86 (176 words)

	embedded systems
		Several applications in the areas of telecommunications, numeric processing, high speed control and instrumentation, and graphics and image processing are digital signal processing (DSP) solutions.
		We have embedded systems on many platforms, such as Embedded Linux, Windows CE, and custom controller OS for Microchip, Intel 8052 and the 68HC11/12/16/332 Motorola family.
		Standard microprocessor designs would include the Intel 8051/8052 family, Motorola 68HC11/12/16/332 family, Intel 80x86/Pentium family, TI 320 dsp family, Microchip 16F873-877, 17C756/66, and 18C/F452 family, and the Cygnal 8052 superset family of devices.
	www.cdaservices.com /embedded.htm (335 words)

	Intel Assembler CodeTable 80x86 - Overview of instructions
		Intel Assembler CodeTable 80x86 - Overview of instructions
		When I made my first steps coding in the programming language Intel Assembly x86 I was looking for a compact list containing all instructions.
		All liability for damages is explicitly disclaimed by the author.
	www.jegerlehner.ch /intel (187 words)

	x86: Evolution of an Architecture
		In order to avoid having to tell their customers that their old software was no longer useful, Intel expended a major amount of effort to ensure that code written for the 8088 would run on a Pentium Pro.
		The 8088 introduced Intel segmentation to the memory organization of the x86 family.
		Upon completion of the smaller instruction, the results are the held in a retirement unit which returns the result of the original instruction in the order in which it fell in the program.
	www.cs.umd.edu /class/fall2001/cmsc411/projects/blunck/x86.html (1872 words)

	Intel® Pentium® II Processor - Technical Documents
		AP-485 Intel Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction
		Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manuals
		These manuals describe the architecture and programming environment of the Intel® 64 and IA-32 processors.
	developer.intel.com /design/pentiumII/documentation.htm (120 words)

	wintel - definition by dict.die.net
		wintel A term describing any computer platform consisting of some version of Microsoft Windows running on an Intel 80x86 processor or compatible.
		Despite the dominance of the wintel platform, in its many forms, from MS-DOS on an Intel 8088 to Windows 2000 on a Pentium II Xeon, there are many "non-wintel" platforms in use.
		Microsoft Windows plus Intel - the tacit alliance that dominated desktop computing in the 1990s.
	dict.die.net /wintel (114 words)

	Somebody Still Uses Assembly Language?? \| Linux Journal
		This article is not an attempt to investigate the Intel architecture (a subject for a large volume), but to describe the tools and resources available to do so.
		Virtually all textbooks on the Intel 80x86 architecture assume that the reader is working in a Microsoft environment, usually with the Microsoft Assembler, MASM.
		This is a large manual and of special interest are Parts I and II dealing with application and system programming, respectively.
	www.linuxjournal.com /article/173 (1339 words)

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