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Topic: Intellectual virtues

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	SUMMA THEOLOGICA: The difference between moral and intellectual virtues (Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 58)
		Consequently, since virtue is a habit perfecting man in view of his doing good actions, it would follow that it is only in the reason, so that there would be none but intellectual virtues.
		It is in this sense that it is reckoned with the moral virtues.
		Therefore intellectual virtue, which is a perfection of the reason, does not depend on moral virtue, which is a perfection of the appetitive faculty; and can be without it.
	www.newadvent.org /summa/2058.htm (3383 words)

	Virtue Epistemology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Virtue epistemology is a collection of recent approaches to epistemology that give epistemic or intellectual virtue concepts an important and fundamental role.
		Virtue reliabilists are concerned with traits that are a critical means to intellectual well-being or “flourishing” and virtue responsibilists with traits that are both a means to and are partly constitutive of intellectual flourishing.
		Code also claims that the structure of the intellectual virtues and their role in the intellectual life are such that an adequate conception of these things is unlikely to be achieved via the standard methodologies of contemporary epistemology.
	www.iep.utm.edu /v/VirtueEp.htm (6365 words)

	20th WCP: What is Virtue Epistemology?
		To establish a conceptual focus on the intellectual virtues, one must maintain that the concepts of justified belief and/or knowledge are dependent upon virtue concepts which are not, themselves, dependent upon the concepts of justified belief or knowledge.
		In Virtues of the Mind, Zagzebski announces her intention to construct a "pure virtue epistemology" in which the notions of knowledge and justified belief are analyzed solely in terms of virtue notions.
		In epistemology, a virtue theory is a systematic account of the relationships between belief evaluations, and the virtues and vices and that which is good from an epistemic point of view, that establishes the primacy of the virtues.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Valu/ValuBatt.htm (3964 words)

	[No title]
		Virtue reliabilists are committed to a formal conception of intellectual virtue according to which intellectual virtues are personal qualities that, under certain conditions and with respect to certain propositions, are helpful for reaching the truth and avoiding error.
		It is important to note that while virtue reliabilists have generally avoided discussions of intellectual character in their treatment of intellectual virtue, they have (apparently without realizing it) not done so in their discussions of intellectual vice.
		It is as though virtue reliabilists have recognized that certain traits of intellectual character tend systematically to block access to the truth (and hence are intellectual vices) while failing to acknowledge that others play a systematic and salient role in reaching the truth (and hence are intellectual virtues).
	myweb.lmu.edu /jbaehr/Reliability.PQ.doc (7336 words)

	[No title]
		Virtue epistemology is a collection of recent approaches to epistemology that give epistemic or intellectual virtue concepts an important and fundamental role.
		Virtue reliabilists conceive of intellectual virtues as stable and reliable cognitive faculties or powers and cite vision, introspection, memory, and the like as paradigm cases of intellectual virtue.
		Intellectual virtue may be defined as a habit perfecting the intellect to elicit with readiness acts that are good in reference to their proper object, namely, truth.
	www.lycos.com /info/virtue.html (760 words)

	Virtue Epistemology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Just as all moral virtues can be understood in terms of a general motivation for the good, all intellectual virtues may be understood in terms of a general motivation for knowledge and other kinds of high-quality cognitive contact with reality.
		Intellectual courage is the virtue according to which a person is motivated to be perservering in her own ideas, and is reliably successful at doing this.
		As with the moral virtues, it is possible for a conflict among the intellectual virtues to arise.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/epistemology-virtue (8079 words)

	Summa Theologica
		Therefore, the theological virtues are not distinct from the moral and intellectual virtues.
		Therefore the theological virtues are not distinct from the intellectual virtues.
		For thus charity is the mother and the root of all the virtues, inasmuch as it is the form of them all, as we shall state further on (SS, Question [23], Article [8]).
	www.ccel.org /a/aquinas/summa/FS/FS062.html (2348 words)

	Aquinas' Account of the Virtues
		The virtue of courage (which concerns the emotions of fear and confidence) is one of the virtues that perfects the irascible appetite.
		Among the secondary virtues that are connected to temperance and that pertain to the concupiscible appetite are abstinence, sobriety, chastity, and virginity; cf.
		Among the secondary virtues that are connected to courage and that pertain to the irascible appetite are magnificence, magnanimity, patience, and perseverance; cf.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~drefcins/233AquinasVirtues.html (4096 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Virtue
		As a moral virtue it is not to be taken precisely for what is designated as final perseverance, that special gift of the predestined by which one is found in the state of grace at the moment of death.
		Faith is an infused virtue, by which the intellect is perfected by a supernatural light, in virtue of which, under a supernatural movement of the will, it assents firmly to the supernatural truths of Revelation, not on the motive of intrinsic evidence, but on the sole ground of the infallible authority of God revealing.
		With regard to the intellectual virtues, their golden mean is truth or conformity to reality, whilst excess consists in false affirmation, and defect in false negation.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15472a.htm (3885 words)

	Knowledge, Belief, and Character:
		This focus on the intellectual virtues and their role in epistemic evaluation also introduces a kind of parity into the approach to ethical and epistemic normativity, a parity that some see as present at least potentially in the classical outlook.
		Virtuous character is then defined in terms of successful and stable dispositions to form belief." Another of our contributors, Christopher Hookway, also captures this reversal well when he writes, "Justified beliefs are those that issue from the responsible inquiries of virtuous inquirers.
		The kinds of virtues responsibilists focus on are akin to those that Richard Paul, Director of the Foundation for Critical Thinking, defines and discusses in chapter 13: the virtues of intellectual humility, courage, empathy, integrity, perseverance, fair-mindedness, and faith in reason.
	www.scsr.nevada.edu /~axtell/introduction.html (6138 words)

	the virtues
		On the other hand those virtues which perfect the appetitive faculty, do not entirely exclude the false, for it is possible to act in accordance with justice or temperance, while having a false opinion about what one is doing.
		Art is a virtue, an intellectual virtue; and is to to be regarded as a facility to do or make or put into practice that which is at first intellectual.
		It is of course one of the moral virtues and is therefore modified by prudence along with Fortitude and Temperance.Interestingly five virtues annex to justice
	members.tripod.com /~uncljoedoc/virtues.htm (953 words)

	Treatise on Virtues
		Thomas here distinguishes the intellectual virtues (broad sense: aptitudes) according to their objects: Intellectus has as its object what is knowable per se as a principle; scientia has as its objects conclusions demonstrated from what is known per se; sapientia has as its objects the highest causes and judges with respect to all sciences.
		Faith is an intellectual virtue by which supernatural principles are given to us, viz., speculative and practical principles which are grasped by a certain divine light illuminating our intellects--just as natural speculative and practical principles are known to us by the natural light of reason.
		The other, acquired, virtues are virtues only in a certain respect and not unqualifiedly; for they order a human being well with respect to the ultimate end in some particular kind of action, but not with respect to the ultimate end in an unqualified way" (65,2).
	www.nd.edu /~afreddos/courses/406/virtue.htm (4892 words)

	Summa Theologica
		We shall speak (1) of the difference between them and intellectual virtues; (2) of their distinction, one from another, in respect of their proper matter; (3) of the difference between the chief or cardinal virtues and the others.
		Reply to Objection 4: Right reason which is in accord with prudence is included in the definition of moral virtue, not as part of its essence, but as something belonging by way of participation to all the moral virtues, in so far as they are all under the direction of prudence.
		Reply to Objection 2: A man may be virtuous without having full use of reason as to everything, provided he have it with regard to those things which have to be done virtuously.
	www.ccel.org /a/aquinas/summa/FS/FS058.html (3435 words)

	Practicing Intellectual Virtue
		A return to the Intellectual Virtues is overdue, if not in the name of civility, then for the sake of self-defense.
		Intellectual simplicity means using ideas and language as tools of communication, not of social status.
		The intellectual virtues is meant to give you control of arguments, not to be used as a prudish rule book that strips color from your conversations.
	www.liberator.net /articles/McElroyWendy/practicing.html (868 words)

	The Road Not Taken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It would have been virtually impossible for Hutchins to be unfamiliar with Babbitt's ideas on these matters.
		Assuming that Hutchins was aware of similarities between his own prescriptions and Babbitt's, it is possible that he downplayed them in order to avoid the bitter and inaccurate denunciations that had been heaped on the late Harvard professor.
		Virtually all of the reforms instituted by Hutchins at Chicago have been dismantled, and the educational anarchy deplored by both Babbitt and Hutchins has worsened exponentially, with effects that pervade the entire society and culture.
	www.nhinet.org /babhutch.htm (3711 words)

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