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Topic: Intensified CCDs

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	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy - Concepts in Digital Imaging - Electron ...
		The intensified CCD (ICCD) camera system is presently the most commonly employed imaging method for low-light techniques such as time-resolved fluorescence experiments, ratio imaging of ion-sensitive fluorochromes, single molecule fluorescence, and other dynamic studies in living cells.
		The electron multiplying CCD incorporates a structural enhancement to amplify the captured signal before the charge is transferred to the on-chip amplifier, which has the effect of reducing the read noise, relative to signal, by the value of the multiplication gain factor.
		Electron multiplying CCD cameras are able to detect even single-photon events when the on-chip multiplication is utilized to elevate the signal above the read noise level, and it must be recognized that any level of unsuppressed dark current is significant since it is subject to being multiplied along with the signal.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/digitalimaging/concepts/emccds.html (3619 words)

	Intensified charge-coupled device - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An intensified charged-coupled device (ICCD) is a CCD that is fiber-optically connected to a micro-channel plate (MCP) to increase the sensitivity.
		In ICCD Cameras a photo-cathode in front of the MCP converts photons to electrons which are multiplied by the MCP.
		After the MCP a phosphor screen converts the electrons back to photons which are fiber-optically guided to the CCD.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intensified_charge-coupled_device (130 words)

	Instrument Description
		Spectrograph A used an unintensified CCD and has been found to be too insensitive to be useful for airglow observations.
		The CCDs in spectrographs B - E are coupled to image intensifier tubes and have two gratings each, so that two spectra are imaged on each detector.
		The resolution is determined by the width of the entrance slit.
	vega.lpl.arizona.edu /glo/insthard.html (637 words)

	Electron-multiplying CCD - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD, also known as an L3Vision CCD, L3CCD or Impactron CCD) is a charge-coupled device in which a gain register is placed between the shift register and the output amplifier.
		Reading a signal from a CCD gives a noise background, typically a few electrons.
		However, as with ICCDs, the gain that is applied in the gain register is stochastic and the exact gain that has been applied to a pixel's charge is impossible to know.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron-multiplying_CCD (598 words)

	Imaging Research Inc.: Fluorescence Imaging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The intensifier amplifies incident illumination by an adjustable factor.
		For extremely dim specimens, multistage intensifiers are available, and are often used in photon counting applications.
		This is convenient but dangerous, unless intensifier response has been demonstrated to be linear across a range of amplification factors.
	www.imagingresearch.com /applications/Fluorescence.asp (3004 words)

	Intensified CCDs Detect Single-Photon Emission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, image intensifiers were a solution with a penalty: While offering optical gains in the range of 10,000 or more, image intensifiers suffer from a low quantum efficiency, typically 10 to 15 percent, meaning that the intensified CCD simply did not sense most photons.
		The new (fourth) generation image intensifiers are based on gallium arsenide photocathode technology and small-diameter microchannel plates, and as such offer quantum efficiencies approaching 40 percent with resolutions comparable to that of CCDs.
		Moerner was among the first scientists to acquire one of Princeton Instruments intensified CCD cameras and is expected in the near future to release his newest findings on molecular motion and observations on gels used to separate proteins.
	www.photonics.com /content/spectra/1997/April/tech/78329.aspx (631 words)

	LTTP: Section 1 - Detectors
		Stacked CCDs to extend X-ray quantum efficiency (QE) at high photon energies which is currently limited by the stopping power of the depletion layer.
		High pixel count CCDs and IR arrays: Wide field astronomy is a priority in the PPARC programme for support of Gemini programmes and surveys.
		Improved efficiency intensifier photocathode technology is required to produce fast high-resolution images to enable the measurement of small-scale structure in the thermosphere and aurora.
	www.pparc.ac.uk /In/Ts/lttp_section1.asp?Tx=1 (2242 words)

	Electron Multiplication CCDs Offer a Flexible Solution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A recent advance in CCD technology is the introduction of electron multiplication or charge carrier multiplication CCDs.
		For applications that are time-sensitive or that suffer from phototoxicity, such as live-cell or ion imaging, the ability to amplify the signal by maintaining a low exposure time is beneficial.
		Traditionally, this has been accomplished by using intensified CCD cameras, which also amplify signal but at the cost of image degradation and reduced dynamic range caused by various noise sources...
	www.photonics.com /content/spectra/2004/June/features/66656.aspx (360 words)

	Cascade FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A frame-transfer architecture allows simultaneous readout and exposure of the CCD (i.e., while a frame is being read out, the next frame is being exposed).
		Another way to define this term is "the factor by which the shot noise of the signal is increased." Preliminary measurements show that when a CCD is operated at moderate on-chip multiplication gain levels, the excess-noise factor is around 1.4.
		The basic Cascade:512B (or Cascade:512F) is a dual-amplifier model that has both an "on-chip multiplication gain" amplifier and a "traditional" amplifier, thereby providing the performance capabilities of both an intensified CCD and a standard CCD in one camera.
	www.photomet.com /faqs_cascade.html (713 words)

	Army Technology - Photonis-DEP - Imaging Sensors for Night Vision
		The XR5™ image intensifier enables the user to be more effective during his missions thanks to the integrated proprietary Auto-Gating unit (IRIS), which optimizes the image when the image intensifier is exposed to rapid changing light levels (urban combat and close combat operations) and during day-night-day transitions.
		Its wide spectral sensitivity range makes that a perfect picture is obtained, regardless of the area in which area the user operates his equipment (foliage, on water, snow, desert, rocky and barren land).
		In 1999, we introduced a new high performance 25mm inverter tube for the American VVS driving sights family, this is also used in the medium machine gun weapon sight PVS-4 and the crew-served weapon sight TVS-5.
	www.army-technology.com /contractors/surveillance/photonis/index.html (819 words)

	Speckle Imaging of Binary Stars with Large-Format CCDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		We have developed a new approach that uses a large format CCD not only to detect the incident photons but also to record many speckle patterns before the chip is read out.
		This approach effectively uses the large area of the CCD as a physical ``memory cache'' of previous speckle data frames.
		The method is described, and binary star observations from the University of Toronto Southern Observatory 60-cm telescope and the Wisconsin-Indiana-Yale-NOAO (WIYN) 3.5-m telescope are presented.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v29n5/aas191/abs/S044002.html (143 words)

	Photometrics Cascade_FAQs
		Cascade is an innovative line of CCD cameras featuring a technology called on-chip multiplication gain.
		The electrons generated in each pixel (by incoming photons) are multiplied via a low-noise, impact-ionization process.
		ICCD cameras use an external image intensifier coupled to a standard CCD via a lens or fiber.
	www.roperscientific.com /faqs_cascade.html (826 words)

	Intensified CCD cameras for defense and homeland security from JAI PULNiX
		Intensified CCD cameras for defense and homeland security from JAI PULNiX
		These monochrome, interlaced cameras are available with Gen II, Gen III, or Gen III Ultra Intensifiers, and offer EIA or CCIR standard resolutions.
		“AG” models are automatically gated, while “DN” versions use fixed gain intensifiers which are designed for use in applications where little or no operator interface is required (such as RPV's, unmanned covert installations, etc.).
	www.pulnix.com /Defense/ICCD.php?source=d (143 words)

	SPIE Electronic Imaging
		This course will describe the capabilities of visible charge-coupled device (CCDs) and other similar solid state imagers (CIDs, active pixel sensors) and illustrate their use with examples spanning a diverse range from commercial scanning to satellite imaging.
		This foundation is then used to discuss and illustrate the use of CCDs and solid state sensors for specific applications.
		Intended Audience: Engineers, scientists, students, and managers who are interested in utilizing CCD and solid state sensor technology in advanced imaging applications.
	www.filmo.com /imaging.htm (1634 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Spectra and images of short-lived or rapidly changing events were obtained simultaneously.
		The use of two dimensional intensified CCDs as focal-plane detectors resulted in a state-of-the-art, highly miniaturized instrument capable of spectral and spatial mapping of targets.
		Although it was designed for specific scientific objectives (e.g., the study of shuttle glow), its versatility allowed the AIS to be used for numerous other experiments such as studies of airglow or aurora.
	ceos.neonet.nl /metadata/dif/AIS.xml (254 words)

	UVSTAR Instrument Overview
		Their holographical ly fabricated concave gratings are aberration corrected, and image on a flat focal surface over the area of the detector.
		The detectors are intensified CCDs similar to those used in earlier University of Arizona Shuttle instruments.
		The CCDs are 1152 × 298 pixel arrays (dispersion × spatial dimensions), and the readout format can be controlled electronically.
	vega.lpl.arizona.edu /glo/uvsthq1.html (890 words)

	Digital Camera captures low level fluorescence images., Nikon, Inc. Instrument Grou (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It incorporates back-illuminated, frame transferred CCD, producing 30 full frames per second at 10 MHz to record specimen data at high temporal frequency and high dynamic range using 16-bit digitizer.
		Camera is suited for single molecule fluorescence, high-speed calcium imaging, and live cell fluorescent protein imaging.
		Jul 26, 2006 - CCD Camera works in hand-scanned decoding applications.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/485355/rss (1090 words)

	[No title]
		The experts in CCD, ICCD, EMCCD and InGaAs cameras; monochromators, spectrographs, optical coatings and subassemblies...When you simply need results.
		Princeton Instruments/Acton is the world's leading provider of high-performance solutions to the imaging, x-ray, spectroscopy, security and laser optics markets.
		New...PIXIS: 2048 series of front and back illuminated cameras is based on e2v technologies CCD 42-40 -2048x2048 format sensors with large 27.6 mm x 27.6 mm imaging area.
	www.piacton.com (203 words)

	Breaking News: Nikon's EMCCD Monochrome Digital Camera Captures Low Level Fluorescence Images
		The DQC-FS continues Nikon tradition of imaging innovation by amplifying low-light-level signals above the CCD read noise by employing unique electron multiplying CCD technology.
		By incorporating this technology, the DQC-FS achieves, in an all solid-state sensor, the single-photon detection sensitivity typical of intensified or electron-bombarded CCDs at much lower cost and at a higher resolution than is characteristic of conventional intensified CCDs.
		Incorporating a back-illuminated, frame transferred CCD, the camera produces a frame rate of 30 full frames per second at 10MHz to deliver an outstanding ability to record specimen data at high temporal frequency and high dynamic range using a 16-bit digitizer.
	www.genengnews.com /news/bnitem.aspx?name=1595042 (542 words)

	Boston Electronics - What Is TCSPC
		Furthermore, all detected photons contribute to the result of the measurement.
		There is no loss due to ‘gating’ as in ‘Boxcar’ devices or gated image intensified CCDs.
		The sensitivity of the SPC method is limited mainly by the dark count rate of the detector.
	www.boselec.com /products/sigtcspcwhat.html (898 words)

	Delft Electronic Products B.V. (DEP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The product range for defense applications is based on first, second, second + and Super Gen. Image Intensifier technology.
		The Tempe, Ariz.-based business is renamed Delft Electronic Products, Inc., and placed under the direction of Jon Goodwin, an executive with the former Litton Electro-Optical Systems.
		Delft Electronic Products B.V. (DEP) is founded as a subsidiary of Oldelft N.V. and starts production of the first generation image intensifier.
	companies.infobasepub.com /detail_pages/400.html (169 words)

	Undergraduate Astronomy at Appalachian State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The on-campus Rankin Science Observatory (RSO) is located on the roof of the Rankin Science building and is used by students in the Introductory Astronomy and Observational Astronomy courses, as well as for work in senior seminar.
		The new GoTo Lab Facility will offer Meade 10-inch GoTo telescopes, with STV Intensified CCDs.
		Advanced students use the new DFM Engineering 16- inch telescope in the dome, with SBIG CCD and SBIG spectrograph.
	www.acs.appstate.edu /dept/physics/caton/AstronomyPgm/Undergrad.htm (190 words)

	SIA News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The resulting focused narrow beam, which is a technically ideal match for longer zoom lenses, delivers +800 ft (~240 m) of active-infrared night vision when combined with day/night CCD cameras.
		Extreme CCTV, which pioneered the development of active-infrared illuminators for CCTV security and holds several patents on its designs, has incorporated the several research developments from its night vision labs into the SuperLED, ensuring a life expectancy exceeding five years.
		“Homeland Security specialists will use intensified CCDs and zoom lenses to acquire surveillance from the 2000 ft mark (~600 m).”
	www.siaonline.org /SIA_news_view.asp?id=337807908 (233 words)

	Army Technology - Low light level detectors and Photonis-DEP image intensifiers
		Photonis-DEP image intensifiers, low light level detectors, photon counters, intensified CCDs (ICCD) and intensified CMOS (ICMOS) are certified to NEN-EN ISO 9001:2000.
		This image is to illustrate the Photonis-DEP company profile.
		Copyright 2006 SPG Media Limited a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC
	army-technology.com /contractors/surveillance/photonis/photonis4.html (78 words)

	Space Telescope History Project: Part 4, L-O
		Lane recalls association with Large Space Telescope (1971-72), involving tracking moving targets and solar calibration.
		Discusses CCDs used on Galileo and those on ST. Recalls return to JPL, work on Voyager and ST Announcement of Opportunity (1975-76).
		8 Differences between CCD used on Galileo and that used on ST 9 Return to JPL; discussion of adjustment to move
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/sthp-p4.html (7440 words)

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