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	Interacting boson model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Interacting Boson Model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons (proton s or neutron s) pair up, essentially acting as a single particle with boson properties, with integral spin of 0, 2 or 4.
		Interacting Boson Model, A Free Publication An Introduction to the Interacting Boson Model of the Atomic Nucleus, by Walter Pfeifer.
		Model Flight A virtual model flying club for model flight enthusiasts of all levels where you can read about or share experiences of aspects and activities of the model flight world.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Interacting_boson_model.html (577 words)

	Shell model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the nuclear physics, the nuclear shell model is a model of the atomic nucleus.
		It is analogous to the atomic shell model that is more familiar to those who have studied basic physics.
		Recall that in the atomic shell model, the electrons populate shells, and once a shell is filled, there is a significant drop in the binding energy for the next electron added.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shell_model (331 words)

	Boson - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gauge bosons are elementary particles which act as the carriers of the fundamental forces such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the pions and gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and the graviton of the gravitational force.
		This explains the spectrum of fl-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of superfluid helium-4 and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter.
		Because bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, it is much harder to form stable structures with bosons than with fermions.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /boson.htm (377 words)

	gefen.htm
		A very successful one is called the shell model, where it every nucleon is moving in some average potentia well due to its interaction with all other nucleons.
		The strong and short-ranged interaction between free protons and neutrons cannot be used for that.
		It is possible to use shell model states only with a "tamed" or effective interaction which,however, is extremely difficult to obtain from the free nucleon interaction.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /physics/staff/Talmi.htm (347 words)

	Interacting boson model -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Interacting Boson Model (IBM) is a model in (The branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei) nuclear physics in which
		The IBM-I treats both types of (A constituent (proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus) nucleons the same.
		The IBM-II treats (A stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron) protons and (An elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus) neutrons separately.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/in/interacting_boson_model.htm (218 words)

	Goldstone boson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In particle physics, Goldstone bosons are hypothetical bosons that appear in supersymmetric models.
		Goldstone Bosons These notes review the effective lagrangian treatment of Goldstone and pseudo-Goldstone bosons, taking examples from high-energy/nuclear and condensed-matter physics.
		Percepts and Concepts Laboratory Researching the interactions between perception and cognition.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Goldstone_boson.html (202 words)

	Level density fluctuations in the generalized interacting boson model. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Level density fluctuations are calculated within the generalized interacting boson model proposed for even-even nuclei, in dependence on the truncation parameter kappa.
		For the case kappa =2 corresponding to the SU(3) dynamical symmetry of the interacting boson model the fluctuation pattern is close to Poissonian.
		For cases kappa not=2, including the anharmonic vibrator model for which kappa = infinity, a rapid transition to the fluctuation pattern close to GOE is obtained.
	mahazu.hazu.hr /~paar/Abstracts/59.htm (149 words)

	Francesco Iachello
		The most celebrated of these models is the Interacting Boson Model of the atomic nucleus, introduced in 1974 by Arima and Iachello, in which the fundamental constituents are correlated pairs of protons and neutrons treated as bosons [1].
		This model, together with the Nuclear Shell Model and the Liquid Drop Model, forms the basis for the description of all nuclear phenomena.
		One of the most important models which exploits the concept of supersymmetry is the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model of the nucleus, in which the fundamental constituents are correlated pairs (bosons) together with unpaired protons and neutrons (fermions).
	www.yale.edu /physics/research/iachello.html (631 words)

	Interacting boson model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Interacting Boson Model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons (protons or neutrons) pair up essentially acting as a particle with boson properties with integral spin of 0 2 or 4.
		Interacting Boson Models of Nuclear Structure (Oxford Studies in Nuclear Physics)
		The Interacting Boson Model (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics)
	www.freeglossary.com /The_Interacting_Boson_Model (143 words)

	Research Group Pietralla - Researchproject: PROTON-NEUTRON MIXED-SYMMETRY STATES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The numbers of bosons are conventionally taken to be half the number of valence particles or holes, whichever is smaller.
		The isospin formalism can be straight-forwardly applied on the boson level, i.e., the bosons are considered as "elementary particles" that form an isospin doublet with projections +1/2 (proton boson) or -1/2 (neutron boson).
		Boson states, that contain at least one-pair of bosons which is antisymmetric under the exchange of boson isospin labels, possess non-maximum values of the F-spin quantum number, F < N/2, and are called "mixed-symmetry states (MSS's)".
	www.ikp.uni-koeln.de /~pietrall/f1index.html (578 words)

	The Interacting Boson Model:052130282X:F. Iachello, A. Arima:eCampus.com
		The interacting boson model was introduced in 1974 as an attempt to describe collective properties of nuclei in a unified way.
		Since 1974, the model has been the subject of many investigations and it has been extended to cover most aspects of nuclear structure.
		It also collects in a single, easily accessible reference all the formulas that have been developed throughout the years to account for collective properties of nuclei.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=052130282X (99 words)

	Kuyucak
		We use the interacting boson model (IBM) with s, d, and g bosons where d and g represent the quadrupole and hexadecapole degrees of freedom.
		Long standing problems associated with the description of moment of inertia and E2 transitions in the IBM were resolved by including the d-boson energy in the Hamiltonian.
		Currently, we are working on introducing octupole bosons in the model so as to be able to describe the excited superdeformed bands which have an octupole nature.
	anusf.anu.edu.au /annual_reports/annual_report97/I-Kuyucak.html (347 words)

	Nucleon-pair states and the interacting boson model. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The authors discuss various aspects of the boson mapping of a microscopic nuclear model; especially the derivation of the interacting boson model (IBM) of Arima and Iachello from the shell model.
		A problem is the poor knowledge of the correct microscopic model and, as a consequence of this, the limited possibility to test mapping procedures for real nuclei.
		The 'renormalization' of IBM parameters due to the coupling between 'collective' and 'non-collective' shell model configurations is discussed as well as recipes to construct complicated microscopic IBM states and the truncation of the boson space.
	mahazu.hazu.hr /~paar/Abstracts/142.htm (177 words)

	Andreas Mielke: Arbeitsgebiete
		The spin-boson model is studied by means of flow equations for Hamiltonians.
		It is shown that the effective interaction between two electrons forming a Cooper pair is attractive in the whole parameter space.
		Interactions not contained in the original Hamiltonian are generated by this unitary transformation.
	www.tphys.uni-heidelberg.de /~mielke/floweq.html (1751 words)

	Shell model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is analogous to the atomic shell model that is more familiar to those have studied basic physics.
		Recall that in the atomic shell the electrons populate shells and once a shell filled there is a significant drop in binding energy for the next electron added.
		This observation that are certain magic numbers of nucleons: 2 8 20 28 82 126 which are more tightly bound the next higher number that are the of the shell model.
	www.freeglossary.com /The_shell_model (395 words)

	FreeScience - Books - Nuclear Physics
		An Introduction to the Interacting Boson Model of the Atomic Nuc
		The angular momentum operator of the interacting boson model.
		An introduction to nuclear theory is given starting from the quantum chromodynamics foundations for quark and gluon fields, then discussing properties of pions and nucleons, interactions between nucleons, structure of the deuteron and light nuclei, and finishing at the description of heavy nuclei.
	www.freescience.info /books.php?id=18 (191 words)

	CPC Licence Alert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is more efficient when dealing with proton-neutron interacting boson model.
		According to the generalized Wigner-Eckart theorem of semisimple compact Lie groups, the CFPs of identical boson system with F spin are factorized as three factors.
		The single angular momentum of boson and the maximal boson number can be set by the user.
	cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk /summaries/ADAH.html (294 words)

	NPI, Theor.Nucl.Phys.
		In the model, the effects of the coherent cluster disintegration and collapses are included in addition to the birth and death processes inspired by the QCD branching and the gluon splitting or fussion [2.8].
		The seniority boson mapping appears to be a convenient tool for deriving the parameters of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) microscopically from the shell model.
		In studies of non-perturbative aspects of the standard model of subnuclear physics, nonminimal interaction of the gluon field with a massive antisymmetric order parameter was shown to yield the vanishing tree-level dielectric function.
	gemma.ujf.cas.cz /overview.html (1687 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The nuclear shell model, dating from 1948, attempts to describe the nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atomic nucleus as sorting themselves into shells much as electrons do in the atom as a whole.
		A further innovation in nuclear theory, the interacting boson model (c1974), holds that nucleons can even pair up within their shells, protons with protons and neutrons with neutrons.
		Extending the interacting boson model further to nuclei with an odd number of both protons and neutrons (a nucleus which would consist, in effect, of many bosons and at least two unpaired fermions) entails another level of difficulty.
	www.infomag.ru:8082 /dbase/B001E/990831-001.txt (633 words)

	Oxford University Press
		The fundamental model of nuclear structure is the shell model.
		An alternative approach was proposed in 1974 by A. Arima and F. Iachello, known as the Interacting Boson Model.
		This model, which uses group theoretical techniques in the description of nuclear collective properties, has the advantage of relative simplicity, allowing for detailed calculations of the properties of even medium and heavy nuclei which cannot be reached by the shell model yet.
	www.oup.com /ca/isbn/0-19-851727-0 (287 words)

	The Interacting Boson Model - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Preface; Part I. The Interacting Boson Model -1: 1.
		The interacting boson models -3 and -4; 8.
		The interacting boson models -G, -F, -CM; 9.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=052130282X&print=y (145 words)

	CPC Licence Alert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the interacting boson model [3,4], one of the subgroup chains containing the rotation group is U(6) contained in SU(3) contained in SO(3).
		When writing the U(6) generators as SU(3) tensor operators, their matrix elements can be expressed in terms of the triple-barred matrix elements and the isoscalar factors [5].
		Rosensteel, Analytic formulae for interacting boson model matrix elements in the SU(3) basis, Phys.
	www.cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk /summaries/ADOL.html (725 words)

	Invited Papers of A.B. Balantekin
		Overview of Neutrino-nucleus interactions, to be published in the Proceedings of the Yukawa International Seminar 2001 Physics of Unstable Nuclei, Kyoto, November 2001.
		Interacting Boson Model: Selected Recent Developments, in Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Intersections Between Particle and Nuclear Physics, Lake Louise, D.F. Geesaman, Ed.
		Boson Fermion Symmetries and Dynamical Supersymmetries for Odd-Odd Nuclei (with T. Hubsh and V. Paar) in Proceedings, American Chemical Society Symposium on Recent Advances in the Study of Nuclei Off the Line of Stability, R.A. Meyer and D.S. Brenner, Eds.
	nucth.physics.wisc.edu /~baha/inv.html (1282 words)

	Vladimir Paar - popis publikacija
		R.A.Meyer, K.V.Marsh, D.S.Brenner and V.Paar: Cluster vibrational-field model for 95Mo and levels populated in the decay of 95Tcm,g.
		G.Vanden Berghe and V.Paar: The 142Ce (d,p) 143Ce Reaction and a Quasi- f7/2 Pattern in 143Ce in the Cluster-vibration model.
		G.Kyrchev and V.Paar: Boson extended random phase approximation: New approach to the microscopic substantiation of interacting boson model.
	www.hazu.hr /~paar/publikacije.html (2688 words)

	Research Group Jolie @ INP Cologne
		The experimental structure of 199Au and the interacting boson-fermion model.
		Particle-hole excitations in the interacting boson model (III): the O(5)-SU(3)
		The Interacting Boson-Fermion Model Bose-Fermi Symmetries and Supersymmetries.
	www.ikp.uni-koeln.de /jolie/Publikationen/Eng (2559 words)

	IBFFM Project
		In the framework of IBM two features play a major role in the physics of high-spin states: (i) the breaking of correlated Cooper pairs that build the low-lying part of the spectrum and (ii) the promotion of particles from the closed shells to the valence shells that lead to the large deformations observed experimentally.
		Therefore, in order to describe high-spin states, the model space corresponding to the susccessive breaking of (s,d) pairs was introduced, formed by the set of states with zero, one and two broken pairs in addition to states of the boson condensate.
		The extended interacting boson model with one and two broken fermion pairs will be employed to a systematic investigation of degree of chaoticity that is introduced in E2 and M1 transition intensities by breaking collective pairs.
	mahazu.hazu.hr /~paar/project.html (3487 words)

	NAMBU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This model is based on an analogy with the BCS theory of superconductivity.
		Some features of nuclei, such as the approximate validity of the interacting boson model, appear to be due to a manifestation of spontaneous symmetry breaking due to the nuclear pairing interaction.
		Nambu and Han generalized this idea to strong interactions, and proposed that the force between quarks is carried by gluons.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~moszkows/quarchem/nambu.htm (284 words)

	Citebase - High-spin states in boson models with applications to actinide nuclei
		Authors: Kuyucak, S. Li, S. We use the 1/N expansion formalism in a systematic study of high-spin states in the sd and sdg boson models with emphasis on spin dependence of moment of inertia and E2 transitions.
		We present a study of deformed nuclei in the framework of the sdg interacting boson model utilizing both numerical diagonalization and analytical 1/N expansion techniques.
		The self-consistent cranking method is tested by comparing the cranking calculations in the interacting boson model with the exact results obtained from the SU(3) and O(6) dynamical symmetries and from numerical diagonalization.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:nucl-th/9506002 (585 words)

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