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Topic: Intercropping

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	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Reasons for the increased crop yield in intercropping systems may be summarised as follows: efficient use of solar radiation, unilateral benefits in crop growth and/or reproduction, reduction in the parent autotoxic effects of certain crops, favourable changes in the incidence of pests and diseases, and potential compensatory growth from vagaries of the environment.
		The effects of population and intercropping on soybean during the third growing season are shown in (Table 1a.) There was a pronounced increase in yield as the plant density increased within the sole crop as compared to the intercrop.
		Intercropping caused almost one half in the reduction of yield within the first and third season while during the fourth season the reduction was not as high (see Table 1a).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?ft01001 (2124 words)

	Intercropping - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep-rooted crop with a shallow-rooted crop, or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade.
		The goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land, by making use of space that would otherwise be wasted with a single crop.
		Intercropping of compatible plants also encourages biodiversity, by providing a habitat for a variety of insects and soil organisms that would not be present in a single crop environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intercropping (208 words)

	Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. (SA Summer 1993 (v5n4)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In intercropping systems where a main crop was intersown with a "smother" crop species, weed biomass in the intercrop was lower in 47 cases and higher in 4 cases than in the main crop grown alone (as a sole crop); a variable response was observed in 3 cases.
		When intercrops were composed of two or more main crops, weed biomass in the intercrop was lower than in all of the component sole crops in 12 cases, intermediate between component sole crops in 10 cases, and higher than all sole crops in 2 cases.
		Finally, the weed-related impacts of combining crop rotation and intercropping strategies should be assessed through careful study of extant, complex farming systems and the design and testing of new integrated approaches.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /NEWSLTR/v5n4/sa-13.htm (852 words)

	Intercropping Principles and Production Practices
		Because of limited harvest options with that type of intercropping, farmers are left with the options of hand harvesting, grazing crops in the field with animals, or harvesting the mixture for on-farm animal feed.
		For summer feed, a mixture of milo planted on 18-inch rows is intercropped with a row of fl-eyed peas planted six inches to either side of each sorghum row, using a drill with partitions in the seedbox.
		Intercropping has been important in the U.S. and other countries and continues to be an important practice in developing nations.
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/intercrop.html (7081 words)

	Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased production
		Intercropping perspective in arable systems and the potential area for intercrops in organic farming is large considering the possible economic benefits and future legal requirement in feed and food industry.
		Intercropping is of special relevance and importance in future organic farming systems, because it offers a number of significant enhancements of both the net productivity of organic farming and the ecosystems in farming regions as a result of the increased diversity of the cropping system.
		Intercropping can also be regarded as a practice to increase the production of less stable crops such as grain legumes and hereby contribute to lowering the protein deficit in EU at lower risk for the farmer.
	www.intercrop.dk /General.htm (1252 words)

	INTERCROPPING
		Planting intercrops that feature staggered maturity dates or development periods takes advantage of variations in peak resource demand for nutrients, water, and sunlight.
		Throughout Mesoamerica, a common intercrop of corn, beans, and squash is traditionally grown.
		Intercropping is sometimes called interplanting, and a special form of interplanting is called companion planting.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/stross/ant322m_files/intercropping.htm (961 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Soybean yield in the intercrop increased with growth stage of soybean prior to intercropping with cassava.
		Intercrop competition, according to Palaniappan (1985), occurs essentially in a response of one species to the environment as modified by the presence of another species.
		Positive yield advantage in cassava due to introducing it into the intercrop at 2, 4 and 6 WAP, measured by land equivalent ratios, could be ascribed to complementary N transfer from soybean to cassava especially at the end of soybean cycle.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?cs96052 (2196 words)

	Intercropping cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla); effect on biomass yield and ...
		Intercropping with Flemingia generally increased biomass yield (6.3% and 19.2% of DM yield, 86.4% and 20.7% of CP yield of cassava for root and cassava for foliage, respectively) compared to cassava planted in monoculture.
		Intercropping led to an increase in yield of DM and CP.
		There was no effect of intercropping on the growth and yield of the maize in the first year, but there was a significant effect on biomass yield of maize in the second year, especially in the plots that were planted with Flemingia or cassava intercropped with Flemingia.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd17/1/dzun17006.htm (3498 words)

	Intercropping Pea With Oilseeds Under Irrigation
		Intercropping peas and canola is a common practice for some pea growers in Saskatchewan.
		Total yields of the intercrop combinations were greater than for peas alone for all three pea varieties (Figure 1).
		Yields of intercropped oilseeds were greatest when sown with the semi-leafless Radley pea and least when sown with the long-vined Victoria pea.
	www.agr.gc.ca /pfra/csidc/csidcft9_e.htm (667 words)

	Richards 1983 (Intercropping)
		All in all, perhaps the greatest significance is the scope intercropping offers for a range of combinations to match individual needs and preferences, local conditions, and changing circumstances within each season and from season to season.
		Maize yields in an experimental study of cowpea/maize intercropping in western Nigeria were more than double those from an equivalent number of stands of monocropped maize with improvement in cowpea yields as well (Table 2).
		Monocropped grains gave slightly better returns to labor than grains in intercrops, but in this case the variability of the results appears to be smaller than in the case of the monocropped farms (coefficients of variation, 9% and 16% respectively).
	artsci.wustl.edu /~anthro/articles/richards_83.html (855 words)

	University of Manitoba: Natural Systems Agriculture: Intercropping Annual Crops
		Overyielding occurs when the yield produced by an intercrop is larger than the yield produced by the component crops grown in monoculture on the same total land area.
		The objective of this study was to grow several important annual crops (wheat, canola, and field peas) as intercrops and to evaluate the benefits of growing these crops as intercrops as compared to monocrops.
		Intercropping systems are also more challenging to manage than pure stands, especially at harvest time.
	www.umanitoba.ca /outreach/naturalagriculture/print/intercrop.html (819 words)

	GRDC - Ground Cover Issue 54 - Intercropping eye-opener
		At the heart of the scheme is a system of intercropping that produces two grain crops to give lucerne-based perennial pasture time to establish.
		An inspection of an intercropped wheat paddock in early December turned up some lucerne plants showing the effect of the suppression, with fresh strong growth alongside very sick looking stems.
		By comparison, he says that district yields for intercropped cereal paddocks in the past have ranged as high as 3.5t/ ha of barley and 2.5t/ha of wheat.
	www.grdc.com.au /growers/gc/gc54/farm.htm (1092 words)

	Intercropping - Phase II
		In Swaziland, cereals, legumes, and cucurbits (gourds) are usually intercropped with maize, the chief crop and principal food.
		It was noted that intercropped maize gave considerably higher yields than maize grown in a pure stand, up to 46% higher depending on the treatment (two rows maize, one row pumpkin).
		Pumpkin yields were highest in a pure stand and depressed by 60% when intercropped with two rows of maize to one row of pumpkin.
	idrc.org /en/ev-83068-201_820013-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html (481 words)

	Biodiversity & intercropping alternatives to GE biotech monoculture : Indybay
		Intercropping is when several different plants are grown together in the same location, usually benefiting one another through symbiosis.
		With the intercropping method, the yams were planted near the long flat leaves of the sisal plant for protection.
		While modern biotech scientists call traditional intercropping methods primitive and claim it as backwards, this linear thinking assumes that the opposite direction, forwards, means that genetic engineering is the only option to solve Africa’s famine.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2004/02/17/16706131.php (2231 words)

	Intercropping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cabbage-Tomato intercropping is reported to reduce infestation of Diamond-back moth in the cabbage.
		Intercropping vegetables with marigolds is an effective way to manage root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.).
		Marigolds as an intercrop suppress populations of root-knot nematodes.
	www.ipmthailand.org /en/Components/intercropping.htm (261 words)

	Save Garden Space with Intercropping, Intersowing, and Catch Crops
		Intercropping, intersowing or planting a catch crop are ways of saving valuable garden space in your home garden.
		Intercropping is when you plant two different crops in the same row to save valuable garden space.
		Intercropping is when you plant a fast growing vegetable, such as green beans, around or under a taller, slow growing vegetable, like sweet corn.
	www.gardenandhearth.com /GardenCooking/Intersowing-Intercropping.htm (459 words)

	Intercropping
		University and farmer researchers have seen that in stress years, the yield benefits of strip intercropping are less evident, as competition between crops dominates over the complementary use of resources.
		Corn yields were usually higher in strip intercropping, because corn on the borders of strips received extra sunlight.
		Soybean yields were not materially reduced by strip intercropping, probably because soybeans made use of extra resources after harvest of neighboring small grains.
	www.pfi.iastate.edu /OFR/RT_strip_intercropping.htm (309 words)

	The effect of density and intercropping with maize on early leaf spot of peanuts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The effect of density and intercropping with maize on early leaf spot of peanuts.
		The results of this study indicate that intercropping does have an effect on severity of peanut early leaf spot.
		They further suggest that the reduction in severity is due to a decrease in host plant density and not to the presence of a non-host intercrop.
	www.apsnet.org /meetings/abstract/1999/p99ma574.htm (200 words)

	Forage legume-cereal systems: improvement of soil fertility and agricultural production with special reference to ...
		Intercropping is defined as the growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field (Andrews and Kassam, 1976; Sanchez, 1976).
		Effect of intercropping on grain and stover yields (t/ha) and N uptake (kg/ha) of sorghum.
		Planting density: In cereal-forage intercrops it is important that the population of the cereal crop be as close as possible to its maximum monocrop population, and the density of the forage legume should not be so high as to substantially decrease grain yield.
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5488e/x5488e0p.htm (6253 words)

	portland imc - 2003.12.24 - intercropping: alternative to GE monoculture
		Intercropping is when several different plants are grown together in the same location, usually benefiting one another through symbiosis.
		With the intercropping method, the yams were planted near the long flat leaves of the sisal plant for protection.
		While modern biotech scientists call traditional intercropping methods primitive and claim it as backwards, this linear thinking assumes that the opposite direction, forwards, means that genetic engineering is the only option to solve Africa's famine.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2003/12/277174.shtml (2157 words)

	Agroforestry Systems in China - Cultivation and Intercropping with Shrubby Ash
		Ash-crop intercropping farming systems, as in other agro-forestry systems, such as Paulownia-crop intercropping and shelter belt systems in farmland, can improve the microclimate of the farmland and crop growth.
		The air temperature in the intercropping system, compared with the open field, increased by 0.5-0.8ºC in winter and early spring, and decreased by 0.5ºC in summer.
		After many years of observation of intercropping systems, it has been shown that intercropped wheat yields increase by 7-10%, soybeans by 5% and peanuts by 4.7% compared with the monoculture of the same crops.
	archive.idrc.ca /library/document/090916/chap15_e.html (2064 words)

	Double Cropping and Interplanting
		The relationship of intercrop combinations and individual plant populations to incidence and damage by pod borer larvae was established by exponential and power regression models.
		Seed yields of intercrop combinations of BBM and BMM were higher than those of the two crops when grown in monoculture at 133,333 and 266,666 plants per ha.
		Intercropping beans with maize was considered useful as a cultural method for controlling pod borers on common beans and for higher seed yield of the two crops.
	www.nal.usda.gov /afsic/AFSIC_pubs/qb94-51.htm (16763 words)

	The Bioline EPrints Archive - Improving Food production by understanding the effects of Intercropping and Plant ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Inoculated soybean was grown in two combinations; sole and intercropped with sorghum at three levels of population densities; 66, 666; 83, 333 and 111, 111 plants ha-1.
		Intercropping caused decreases in nodule biomass at 21 days after planning (DAP), number of nodules, and nodulation frequency at the 1st, harvest of the 3rd season and at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd harvests of the 4th growing seasons.
		Significant increases in dinitrogen fixing attributes within intercropped stands were demonstrated for nodule position, percent effective nodules, and percent nodulation frequency at the 2nd and 4th harvests of the 3rd growing season.
	bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca /archive/00002249 (372 words)

	Enhancing incomes and competitiveness
		Intercropping of coconut is a way of increasing productivity by planting interspaces of a coconut farm (but does not involve additional area of land).
		Hence, in intercropping of grain crops, root crops, beverage crops and fruit trees with coconut, the square or rectangular arrangement not closer than 10 m should be acceptable, considering the availability of enough sunlight.
		For instance, this improvement in solar radiation of intercrop is translated in increased yield of corn from 2.16 tons (unpruned coconuts) to 3.71 tons/ha (pruned coconuts) in the August-December/93 cropping season at PCA-DRC.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /publications/HTMLPublications/198/ch05.htm (6117 words)

	Agricultural Systems: On-Farm Research
		An intercrop of Harbinger strand medic (Medicago litoralis) was planted in the carrot bed as the center row to deter the rust fly.
		In 1996, themedic intercrop did not grow as well as the previous year, and in most cases the area between the carrot beds was not completely covered by the time carrots were harvested.
		The medic intercrop reduced non-marketable carrot yields by 37% and 19% at Harvests 3 and 4, respectively, however these differences were not significant (Table 2).
	agsyst.wsu.edu /carrot.htm (1239 words)

	The Hindu : Sci Tech / Agriculture : Sustainable coconut based intercropping for more income
		While vegetables and pulse crops fetch good returns as intercrops in coconut gardens in a short span of time, banana can provide income particularly in the initial stages of the coconut plantations, according to him.
		"Usually farmers prefer to grow a variety of intercrops in the coconut gardens as growing coconut alone as a monocrop is not viable, as farmers have to wait a minimum of four years (in the case of dwarf varieties) to realise a good profit," he said.
		Maniyani, a model farmer who is practising the concept of coconut based intercropping for higher income has effectively utilised the interspace in his coconut garden for raising different vegetable and pulses as intercrops.
	www.hindu.com /seta/2006/01/19/stories/2006011900751600.htm (548 words)

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