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Topic: Interference drag

	Drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For a solid object moving through a fluid or gas, drag is the sum of all the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces in the direction of the external fluid flow.
		Beyond these two kinds of drag there is a third kind of drag, called wave drag, that occurs when the solid object is moving through the fluid at or near the speed of sound in that fluid.
		The overall drag of an object is characterized by a dimensionless number called the drag coefficient, and is calculated using the drag equation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Drag (196 words)

	Interference drag - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In aerodynamics, interference drag is a component of parasitic drag which is caused by vortices.
		Thus, the primary method of reducing interference drag is eliminating sharp angles by adding fairings which smooth out any sharp angles on the aircraft.
		As with other components of parasitic drag, interference drag follows the drag equation and rises with the square of the velocity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interference_drag (128 words)

	Drag
		Because skin friction drag is an interaction between a solid (the airplane surface) and a gas (the air), the magnitude of skin friction drag depends on the properties of both the solid and the gas.
		Generally, interference drag will add to the component drags but in a few cases, for example, adding tip tanks to a wing, total drag will be less than the sum of the two component drags because of the reduction of induced drag.
		Interference drag can be minimized by proper fairing and filleting, which induces smooth mixing of air past the components.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Theories_of_Flight/drag/TH4.htm (1273 words)

	thrust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Form drag is caused by the frontal area of the airplane components being exposed to the airstream.
		This drag is caused by the form of the plate, and is the reason streamlining is necessary to increased airplane efficiency and speed.
		Interference drag is caused by interference of the airflow between adjacent parts of the airplane such as the intersection of wings and tail sections with the fuselage.
	avstop.com /AC/thrust.html (669 words)

	Interference Drag, Aerodynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Interference is the effect of an aerodynamic component on another: wing-body, wing-nacelle (Fig.
		Interference occurs when the sum of the drag forces of the single components is larger that the drag of the composite system.
		In general, interference is a reciprocal effect, although in some cases (such as supersonic flows) it can be unidirectional (downstream propagation only.) Interference at supersonic speeds can be excessively high.
	aerodyn.org /Drag/idrag.html (302 words)

	Aerodynamic Drag, Viscous, Wave, Interference, Lift-Induced
		Drag due to lift is the result of the downwash (vertical flow) and to the strength of the vortices produced at some particular locations (wing tips or other sharp edges) of many lifting systems.
		Interference is the effect of the presence of one body on the aerodynamics of a second body.
		The interference drag is a system drag that is present even in absence of viscous effects (ideal fluid) and non lifting conditions.
	aerodyn.org /Drag/drag.html (798 words)

	Multiple Lifting Surfaces
		One common example of multiple surface interference is the interaction of a wing and a tail surface.
		From the biplane equation the ratio of the drag of 2 wings with a given total lift and maximum span to a single wing with the same total lift and span is:
		Thus, for minimum drag with zero gap, the combined loading is elliptical and the span efficiency is 1.0.
	www.desktopaero.com /appliedaero/configuration/multiplesurfaces.html (540 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		BACKGROUND ART Induced drag on the lifting surfaces, which is generated on the tips thereof due to pressure difference between their lower and upper surfaces, represents a significant problem especially with highly loaded lifting surfaces where the ratio between aircraft weight and wing surface area is high.
		However, the problems of interference drag between the rod and the winglets, the rod and the wing, and the problem of rod drag itself still remained.
		Significantly reduce induced drag on the tips of airlifting surfaces at high attack angles and thereby: Provide for the high aerodynamic efficiency on the tips of airlifting surfaces Minimize induced and interference drag by means of the new shape of airlifting surfaces tips.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/86856.031023&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5968 words)

	Drag - level 3
		Drag is the resistance an airplane experiences in moving forward through the air.
		Since drag is a force directly opposed to the motion of the airfoil and, as the work of overcoming it is performed by the engine, it is desirable to have it as small as possible, to afford the engine to be more efficient.
		The drag on the downgoing aileron is known as aileron drag and if not corrected for in the design of the aileron, tends to cause a yaw in the opposite direction to which the bank is applied.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/drag3.htm (1627 words)

	Aerodynamic Drag at High Speeds
		The drag characteristics at low speeds are strongly affected by the laminar separation and by viscous skin friction, according to a physics explained in the low speed chapter.
		Drag reduction at low speeds is a very open problem in aerodynamics, that only recently has become object of analysis, mainly spurred by technological advances in solar powered flight, high altitude flight, unmanned vehicles, model airplains, and more.
		A case of particular interest is that of the airfoil section, whose transonic drag rise is dependent on the angle of attack.
	aerodyn.org /Drag/speed-drag.html (1308 words)

	Pilot's Web The Aviators' Journal - More About Lift and Drag
		To minimize the parasite drag it is desired to design in airfoil shape all aircraft parts such as struts, wheel fairing, etc. The two major contributors to parasite drag are the form drag and the skin-friction drag.
		Induced drag is inversely proportional to the speed (velocity) of the air.
		Such interference is achieved by constructing a wing tip the is either diverting the higher pressure under the wing upward or downward.
	www.pilotsweb.com /principle/liftdrag.htm (1511 words)

	How to evaluate an airplane’s performance and the Winggrid
		This gives for example an increase of resultant profile drag for a relative span of the winggrid of 0.2 of total halfspan and with an overlap of 0.6 very near the original profile drag of the main wing profile alone.
		Interference drag for such cases is caused by development of a horseshoe-vortex at the basis of the profile.
		Interference drag due to horseshoe-vortex beeing created at the intersection of the winggrid endplates/endstripes with the main wing and with the blades.
	www.winggrid.ch /design.htm (1962 words)

	Reducing Parasite Drag
		By reducing parasite drag the aircraft can be made to fly faster for no increase in cost, or to fly at the previous speed for reduced cost.
		Pressure drag from the wing can be reduced by keeping the wing span as short as possible and using the thinnest possible wing.
		High wings avoid interference drag more than low wings, but low wings usually sell better and besides, it is difficult to retract the gear on a high wing.
	selair.selkirk.bc.ca /aerodynamics1/Drag/Page5.html (1017 words)

	Aerodynamic Drag of B Altitude Designs of Varying Fineness Ratios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		DATCOM drag calculations utilizing an all-turbulent body boundary layer were found to be highly representative of the performance (within 5%) of the 0.45 and 0.525 inch designs, but less accurate (18% error) for the 0.64 inch design.
		Balancing the lower than observed drag of this partially-laminar flow is induced drag from the models flying at an angle of attack due to inevitable in-flight disturbances.
		Drag coefficient data from the B2 flights was not subjected to further analysis, aside from the presentation in Table 6, due to the low quantity and quality of the data.
	www.wizvax.net /jvincent/RandD/balt/balt.html (6116 words)

	AERADE subject listing for BODIES - Drag
		The wave drag of a forebody or afterbody of elliptical cross section is less than for the corresponding body of circular cross section and the same cross-sectional area distribution.
		The largely empirical data are presented in the form of a foredrag coefficient as a function of freestream Mach number (between 1 and 5) and cone semi-vertex angle (between 5 and 60 degrees) for values of blunting ratio, radius of nose blunting to radius of cone, of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0.
		The method is found to predict the drag coefficient to 0.015 for 90 per cent of the data and, when used with ESDU 76033 which gives values of base drag coefficient, predicts the overall drag coefficient to within 0.025 for 90 per cent of the data.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/esdu/ES61.html (2860 words)

	Calipso: Aircraft: Physics {A simple description of Airplane Physics and terms.}
		The drag created by a plane's movement through air is called parasite drag because it has no other purpose except to slow the plane down.
		On a plane form drag would be the plane itself-the fuselage, wings, engines, antennas, and all the other parts that come in contact with the wind.
		Interference drag comes from the areas of the plane that are not aerodynamically efficient.
	www.gocalipso.com /aircraft/aircraftphysc.php (972 words)

	Personal Aircraft Drag Reduction {Review} (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the rest of the book emphasizes reduction of parasite drag, this section necessarily considers the contribution of induced drag to the total drag of an airplane, both to give a complete picture and to give the reader an idea of the relative gains from reducing one or the other type of drag.
		This is followed by a compendium of laminar flow wing experimental data, prefaced with a discussion of the significance of Reynolds number and a comparison of theoretical airfoil drag prediction to wind tunnel results.
		Trim drag (the induced drag of the stabilizer or fin) is considered here only briefly.
	www89.pair.com /techinfo/Books/bookrev.htm (1604 words)

	Engine Placement
		This problem is even greater with respect to wing-pylon-nacelle interference and requires nacelle locations to be sufficiently forward and low to avoid drag increases from high local velocities and especially premature occurrence of local supersonic velocities.
		The pylons should be as short as possible to minimize drag but long enough to avoid aerodynamic interference between fuselage, pylon and nacelle.
		To minimize this interference without excessive pylon length, the nacelle cowl should be designed to minimize local velocities on the inboard size of the nacelle.
	adg.stanford.edu /aa241/propulsion/engineplacement.html (1819 words)

	[No title]
		Drag is the influence of a speed sensor's internal magnet on the target.
		If drag is of great concern, we also offer modulated carrier (RF) sensors which have absolutely no drag and are ideally suited for low flow applications or where maximum turndown ratios are desired.
		The "focusing tip" is a term used to describe the constriction of the magnetic field to produce a longer, narrower sensing field at the front (sensing end) of the sensor, thereby allowing greater air gap, sensing distance and increased signal strength.
	www.motionsensors.com /faq.html (929 words)

	[Flightgear-flightmodel] Drag on the C-310 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		David: Here's a breakdown on the kinds of drag wea are concerned with (courtesy of McCormick): Induced drag: Drag due to lift (or, more properly, drag resulting from the trailing vortices of a lifting surface while it is avtually lifting).
		Profile drag: Usually means the total of the skin friction and the form drag for a 2D airfoil section.
		Base drag: contribution to the pressure drag attributed to the blunt aft end of a body.
	seneca.me.umn.edu /pipermail/flightgear-flightmodel/2001-December/000607.html (553 words)

	Interference
		When the light from the two sources is projected on a screen, an interference pattern is observed.
		To explain the origin of the interference pattern, consider the distance traveled from the two sources.
		This is a classic example of interference effects in light waves.
	members.tripod.com /~vsg/interfer.htm (241 words)

	Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
		Furthermore, integration of the engine and the nacelle—which incorporates the air inlet, the engine, and the exhaust nozzle—can be a source of significant interference drag problems.
		Reduction of interference drag caused by flow interactions in the region of the wing-pylon-nacelle during take-off/climb/ cruise conditions is a complex design problem (Berry, 1994).
		There is an inevitable tradeoff between the higher drag of high bypass ratio engines and the need to minimize interference drag for a given mission fuel burn; a great deal of effort is aimed at achieving an optimum balance.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/specialreports/aviation/093.htm (901 words)

	Interference effects and drag of struts on a monoplane wing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Interference effects and drag of struts on a monoplane wing
		Tests were conducted in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel of the NACA to determine the importance of the interference effects and drag of struts on a monoplane.
		It was found that the interference drag of struts may be as great as the drag of the struts alone.
	naca.larc.nasa.gov /reports/1931/naca-tn-365 (112 words)

	Larrabee Paper
		After proper corrections for support interference and drag and tunnel wall effects had been applied, final results have been found for lift, drag, and pitching moment (coefficients) over a wide range of angles of attack for three configurations: basic model without cylinder, model with exposed cylinder, and model with a simple helmet cowl.
		The important point is that addition of the exposed cylinder doubles the basic drag, but a good cowling only increases it by one third more; that is, a cowled engine has one, third the drag of an exposed engine.
		Note that the line drag coefficient is based in the frontal area of the line (length x diameter).
	geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Galaxy/4707/speed/LarrPapr.htm (550 words)

	Chapter Excerpts
		Therefore, our purpose is to look into the causes and effects of your airplane's parasite drag, and give you a better understanding of what your airplane's parasite aerodynamic drag may be costing you.
		The total drag of your airplane's fuselage assembly depends mostly on the turbulent drag of its parts and on their mutual interference.
		Profile drag per square foot, at 100 mph, in plan-view or side-view, including interference drag, at 100 mph, is roughly
	www.aerodrag.com /ChapterExcerpts.htm (1365 words)

	AERADE subject listing for POWERPLANT/AIRFRAME INTERACTIONS - Propeller powered aircraft, jet powered aircraft
		The corrections to free-air thrust, due to blockage and induced effects, and to propeller-off airframe drag, due to pressure gradients and increased velocities in the streamtube, are tabulated to form a check list of all interference contributions.
		The use of the interference corrections in deducing the excess thrust is explained, and differences between the current approach in the US and the UK are highlighted.
		It applies to smoothly contoured bodies with a tractor propeller at or near the nose or a pusher propeller at or near the tail and the propellers may be counter-rotating.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/esdu/ES70.html (1059 words)

	Induced Drag and the Trefftz Plane
		The total induced drag of a system of lifting surfaces is not changed when the elements are moved in the streamwise direction.
		This implies that the drag of an elliptically-loaded swept wing is the same as that of an unswept wing.
		One of these is the mutual induced drag theorem which states that: The interference drag caused by the downwash of one wing on another is equal to that produced by the second wing on the first, when the surfaces are unstaggered (at the same streamwise location).
	www.desktopaero.com /appliedaero/potential3d/induceddrag.html (832 words)

	IHS ESDU: Data Item AERO B.S.02.03.01
		For viscous form drag, calculation of the inviscid flow about a body shape that includes the displacement thickness of the boundary layer is recommended.
		For wave drag reference is made to the exact solutions that exist for a right-circular cone and are given in the ESDU data.
		The contributions of the forebody, the afterbody and due to interference of the forebody with the afterbody are treated separately in the ESDU data; the data for forebodies and afterbodies are expected to be accurate over a greater range than would be obtained with linearised theory, but the interference drag is based on linearised theory.
	www.esdu.com /graphics/dataitem/abs231c.htm (327 words)

	Drag Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Having gotten past that, there are several other drag components to look at -- skin friction, form drag, and interference drag, as well as cross-sectional area.
		Interference Drag: We did a nice little wind tunnel experiment in school: we measured the drag of a fuselage, and then the wing.
		The interference caused by projecting objects (like wings, landing gear, gear struts, stabs, etc.) can be reduced, usually by the use of fillets.
	www.mindspring.com /~cramskill/dragred.htm (648 words)

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