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Topic: Interglacial

In the News (Thu 26 Nov 09)

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Hugh Jackman

	Interglacials
		Whilst Ice Ages have tended to last for up to 100,000 years, the intervening interglacial periods have usually been much shorter in duration, at around 10,000 years in length.
		Today, the Earth's climate is again within an interglacial period, although the orbital theory of climate change, which explains the glacial-interglacial transitions, predicts that we may be coming towards its end.
		Whether global warming will only postpone the end of the current interglacial or lead to a completely new climatic regime is very hard to predict.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Climate_Change/Older/Interglacials.html (193 words)

	Interglacial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Interglacial is a geological interval of warmer global average temperature that separates glacials, or ice ages.
		During the interglacials, the climate warmed and the tundra receded to the north following the ice sheets.
		Interglacials are a useful tool for anthropologists, as they can be used as a dating method for homonid fossils.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interglacial (214 words)

	[No title]
		Over 100,000 years ago, during an interglacial period known as the Eemian, a climate event lasting only several hundred years was chronicled in climate records from the deep-sea sediments of the Atlantic Ocean and from lake sediments of Northern Europe.
		Until then, the climate of the last interglacial was thought to be stable and similar to that of the Holocene.
		The Holocene and Intra-Eemian cold events (refer to figure) are similar in that they both occur after the interglacial peak, and they signal the beginning of a trend towards colder conditions, which, thousands of years later, resulted in the beginning of a glacial period.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/eismaslin.html (1758 words)

	VEGETATION AND PALEOCLIMATE OF THE LAST INTERGLACIAL PERIOD, CENTRAL ALASKA
		The last interglacial period is of considerable interest to both paleoclimatologists and climate modellers because it is thought to be the last time global climates were significantly warmer than present, and is a possible analog for future warm climates.
		We consider "possible" last interglacial deposits to be those with infinite radiocarbon ages and in a stratigraphic position that permits a last-interglacial correlation (i.e., overlain by dated deposits of last-glacial age).
		The overall picture that emerges for Alaska and Yukon during the peak warmth of the last interglacial is a region with warmer-than-present summers, an absence of permafrost in the interior, and probably greater precipitation in the interior.
	esp.cr.usgs.gov /info/lite/alaska/alaska.html (4120 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming - The Data
		We are in the current "Holocene" interglacial which began about 10,000 years ago.
		In contrast to the Holocene, we have far fewer records from the Eemian interglacial because it took place about 125,000 years ago.
		Negative values mean that the last interglacial ocean was colder than today.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/globalwarming/interglacial.html (240 words)

	[No title]
		Quaternary research, volume 2, number 3, 1972 is devoted to the topic "The end of the present interglacial", and is thus a very useful source for these discussions.
		After C^14 and O^18/O^16 dating, people realised the truth, ah ha!: (1) T oscillated between interglacial max and glacial min more regularly, about 50kyr period (2) glacial and interglacials relatively short (10-30kyr each) (3) except for core stage 3, max's were about equal as were mins (4) interglacial maxes were less than 10kyr long.
		Interglacials (he likes to say, "Hypsithermals", meaning temperature peaks, but obviously no-one else could remember it) he estimates as 10% of the last 425kyr.
	www.wmconnolley.org.uk /sci/iceage/quat_res_1972.html (1464 words)

	Glacial and Postglacial Vegetation, by Paul B. Sears
		This leads him to consider the warm Pleistocene flora found by Berry in North Carolina to be interglacial or at most intraglacial, rather than a proof that the influence of the ice did not extend far south of its limits.
		The whole problem of displacement of vegetation at the maximum advance of the ice is so significant that it warrants a careful study of all of the scattered and discontinuous peat deposits south of the glacial limits.
		Passing from the question of glacial to that of interglacial climate, we are confronted with an embarrassing confusion as to the number, character and correlation of these interglacial stages.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/SEAR1935.htm (4930 words)

	Ocean & Climate Change Institute - Funded Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because past changes during interglacial times may have been relatively small, we used the support from the Institute to make progress on honing the methods as well as developing new records.
		Preliminary data were generated for the most recent interglacial interval, the Holocene, as well as for the two most prominent past interglacial intervals of the last half million years, Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5) and MIS 11.
		For two of the sites, we measured naturally occurring uranium, protactinium, and thorium in the sediments, since the 231Pa/230Th ratio is a promising measure of the residence time of seawater in the basin, and thus inversely related to the rate of deepwater production and export.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/occi/research/research01_mcmanus.htm (598 words)

	Title
		These data suggest that winter water temperatures near Loreto were ~3 C warmer during the last interglacial.
		During the last interglacial, sea-level was ~6 m higher than today.
		Annual growth rates in Porites are a function of temperature and because density bands are deposited during the cold winter months, the distance between successive bands records the annual growth rate.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /ceam/philgeodaze2001.html (565 words)

	Exceptional record of mid-Pleistocene vertebrates helps differentiate climatic from anthropogenic ecosystem ...
		Inferred climatic intervals are shown as gray for interglacials and white for glacials.
		Levels 6, 5, and 4 represent a climatic interval that is substantially cooler and moister than the interglacial represented by levels 3, 2, and 1.
		The drop in richness from cool to interglacial times is particularly dramatic given that sample sizes are so much larger for the interglacial (see text and the sample-size listings in Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/25/9297 (3885 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Felis et al. 2004 Interglacial Fossil Coral Data
		The last interglacial period (about 125,000 years ago) is thought to have been at least as warm as the present climate.
		Today, climate in the northern Red Sea is sensitive to the North Atlantic Oscillation, a climate oscillation that strongly influences winter temperatures and precipitation in the North Atlantic region.
		From our coral records and simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model, we conclude that a tendency towards the high-index state of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last interglacial period, which is consistent with European proxy records, contributed to the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Middle East.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/pubs/felis2004/felis2004.html (266 words)

	Conclusions & Bibliography
		The hominid-pongid split coincides with the beginning of an unnamed interglacial flood and A. ramidus appeared more than a half million years later when the flood receded.
		All these events are consistent with a series of interglacial island isolations, resulting in either speciations or sub-speciations or simply morphologic change).
		Compared to our arboreal ancestry, human morphology is consistent with a lifestyle in which the entire population spent most of its time in warm sea water, much of it chest- to neck-deep, and under conditions where wading deeper was a Darwinian asset.
	www.interglacial.org /conseq4.htm (1828 words)

	Last Interglacial: Timing and Environment (LITE)
		The overall project objectives are to: (1) determine the precise timing of the last interglacial period, (2) reconstruct the last interglacial climate of the U.S., including Alaska, and (3) compare the paleoclimate, derived from the geologic record, of the last interglacial with several AGCM reconstructions of this paleoclimate.
		Climate of the continental interior of the U.S. and Alaska is reconstructed from transects of last interglacial soils found in thick loess sections that occur across modern temperature and precipitation gradients.
		The last interglacial period is the most recent warm interval that may have been significantly warmer than today's climate; therefore, it is a critical time period for testing of AGCMs.
	esp.cr.usgs.gov /info/lite (612 words)

	Glossary &c.
		The Altonian short interglacial occurring during the middle of Wisconsinan, followed by Woodfordian.
		Upper or Late Pleistocene from the beginning of the Riss-Würm Interglacial Episode to the beginning of the Holocene (about 12kya, the end of the Würm Glaciation).
		The interglacial episode between the Kansan and the Illinoian glacial episodes.
	www.interglacial.org /conseq3.htm (1071 words)

	Rough draft in progress
		The Eemian interglacial (Fig.1) seems to have begun around 130,000 years ago with a rapid global warming (of uncertain duration) taking the earth out of an extreme glacial phase, into conditions generally warmer than those of today (ref.).
		This suggests that in fact neither of the two ice cores is correct during most of the Eemian Interglacial, and that the only reason they show evidence of instability is that the oldest ice layers at the base of the ice sheet have become churned up as it flowed over the uneven bedrock beneath.
		The Eemian interglacial seems to have ended in a sudden cooling event about 110,000 years ago (though the chronology is uncertain), recorded from Ice cores, ocean sediment cores and pollen records from across Eurasia.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /projects/qen/transit2.html (8294 words)

	Sudden climate changes in the recent geological record
		The last interglacial (also called the Eemian) has often been seen as a close counterpart of the present interglacial: sea surface temperatures were similar, and sea level was possibly somewhat higher (e.g., Imbrie and Imbrie, 1992).
		Studies of an Alaskan site (the Eve Interglaciation Forest Bed) suggest, however, that the Devil's Hole record may be in error and that the warming definitely postdated 140 kyr, because the tephra underlying this bed was dated at 140 kyr.
		This is rather worrying, for we are presently in the midst of an interglacial phase not greatly unlike the Eemian.
	www.esd.ornl.gov /ern/qen/transit.html (14285 words)

	Ausable Press: Interglacial, New and Selected Poems and Aphorisms
		Although his diction and musical ear are clearly contemporary and American, Richardson’s sensibility is both lyric (in the classical sense) and philosophical, bringing to mind poets as dissimilar as Wallace Stevens and the Romantics.
		What makes the book especially satisfying is the way in which it shows Richardson's poetic resources steadily expanding and deepening, while remaining in the service of a set of themes and attitudes that are uniquely his own.
		Interglacial: New and Selected Poems and Aphorisms does what midcareer summaries are supposed to do: demonstrates early promise, development, and new direction (sixty pages of new work is enough to fill its own slim volume).
	www.ausablepress.org /c_richard2.html (978 words)

	Similarity of vegetation dynamics during interglacial periods -- Cheddadi et al. 102 (39): 13939 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Similarity of vegetation dynamics during interglacial periods -- Cheddadi et al.
		The three dashed areas represent the beginning of each interglacial (increase of BAG 12 and decrease of BAG 6), the end of each climatic optimum (increase of BAG 10 and decrease of BAG 12), and the end of each interglacial (decrease of BAG 10 and increase of BAG 6).
		The results are very stable among the periods: the first axis accounts for between 65% and 70% of the variance and mostly opposes BAG 6 to BAG 12.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/39/13939 (2992 words)

	Amazon.com: Interglacial: New and Selected Poems & Aphorisms: Books: James Richardson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As the painting attempts to define the relationship between the basics of color and shape, James Richardson's Interglacial makes attempts at defining essence poetically, in particular the aphorisms in 'Encyclopedia of the Stones' are a wonderful attempt at providing insight into the essence of stones.
		Interglacial: New And Selected Poems & Aphorisms is a 253-page compendium of writings by prize winning poet James Richardson.
		Spellbound: And what of the child Bad Magic/clanged shut in a bluebird,/who sat half-lit in the re-leafing arbor,/listening for his old name in the family hubbub,/who meant to cry out...but seedflash, a hummer of wings.../couldn't hold to his dream,/small and quick as a spark, of having been/a child once?
	www.amazon.com /Interglacial-New-Selected-Poems-Aphorisms/dp/1931337217 (1398 words)

	Middle Pleistocene Stratigraphy, Kotzebue Sound Region
		Extensive glaciation of Kotzebue Sound approximately 350 ka BP (marine oxygen isotope stage 10) was initiated during the waning stages of one of the warmest interglacial intervals in the last one million years (marine oxygen isotope stage 11; 410 ka).
		Coastal bluffs surrounding Kotzebue Sound, Hotham Inlet, and Selawik Lake provide excellent exposures of interglacial marine sediments overlain by prodeltaic glaciomarine sediments, representing the onset of extensive glaciation in the western Brooks Range when sea level may have been 23 meters above present along the coast of western Alaska.
		Glaciofluvial outwash and subglacial diamicts overlying the glaciomarine unit were deposited as eustatic sea level progressively dropped and glacial ice advanced into Kotzebue Sound, forming Baldwin Peninsula, an extensive terminal push-moraine.
	www.geo.umass.edu /projects/chukotka/pleisto.html (903 words)

	Ice age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 350 to 260 million years ago, during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods, associated with the Karoo Ice Age.
		The colder periods are called 'glacial periods', the warmer periods 'interglacials', such as the Eemian interglacial era.
		There appears to be a conventional wisdom that "the typical interglacial period lasts ~12,000 years" but this is hard to substantiate from the evidence of ice core records.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice_Age (3208 words)

	Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe -- Müller et al. 33 (6): 449 -- Geology
		Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe -- Müller et al.
		Cyclic climate fluctuations during the last interglacial in central Europe
		interglacial, the trigger of the Eemian climate variability
	geology.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/33/6/449 (266 words)

	PALEOCLIMATE:The Last Interglacial -- Kukla 287 (5455): 987 -- Science
		In contrast, the climate during the last interglacial is often portrayed as more variable.
		But, as Kukla discusses in this Perspective, evidence for a more stable last interglacial is emerging.
		The last interglacial period on the Pacific Coast of North America: Timing and paleoclimate.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/287/5455/987 (272 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Eemian interglacial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Eemian interglacial" at HighBeam.
		(Greenland ice sheet studied for indications of climate instability during last interglacial period)
		(evidence indicates temperature changes during the last interglacial period were dramatic) (Brief Article)
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Eemian+interglacial (169 words)

	Smith Professors Document Unusual Interglacial Sea-Level Change
		Smith College professors Allen Curran and Brian White have documented a sea-level change resulting from a "little ice age," which occurred during an interglacial period in the Pleistocene Period.
		According to White, who presented the trio's findings at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America held last month in Salt Lake City, "This is evidence that rapid sea-level changes occurred, yielding proof of rapid changes in global ice volume and temperatures.
		The three scientists note that their discovery of an unexpected "little ice age" during the interglacial period is further evidence that ancient climate models are much more complex than previously thought.
	www.smith.edu /newsoffice/releases/glacial.html (185 words)

	Eemian interglacial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two ice core temperature records; the Eemian is at a depth of about 1500-1800 meters in the lower graph
		The Eemian interglacial era (known as the Sangamon interglacial in North America, the Ipswichian interglacial in the UK, and the Riss-Würm interglacial in the Alps) is the second-to-latest interglacial era of the Ice Age.
		Changes in orbital parameters from today (greater obliquity and eccentricity, and perihelion), known as the Milankovitch cycle, probably led to greater seasonal temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere, although global annual means temperatures were probably similar to those of the Holocene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eem (544 words)

	The Believer - James Richardson's INTERGLACIAL
		The three-decade process of this new-and-selected is so instructively lucid, the book is an exemplar of the form.
		Reading Interglacial is like reading the notes of a patient inventor who searches with unwavering focus for a form that best serves a voice.
		The penultimate aphorism in Vectors 2.0: “There is no last line we don’t have to go beyond.” And so even more time shall bring forth the forms beyond that Richardson invents next.
	www.believermag.com /issues/200506/?read=review_richardson (401 words)

	Glaciers
		The shape of the earth's orbit favors an interglacial.
		The earth's axial tilt reached a maximum about 9,000 years ago and was increasing for 20,000 years before that.
		Global warming due to fossil fuels may be catastrophic in many ways, but will probably not much affect these longer-term cycles.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/glacial.htm (898 words)

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