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Topic: Interlanguage

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	ESL: Interlanguage
		Interlanguage is the type of language produced by second- and foreign- language learners who are in the process of learning a language.
		Interlanguage is neither the system of the native language nor the system of the target language, but instead falls between the two; it is a system based upon the best attempt of learners to provide order and structure to the linguistic stimuli surrounding them.
		Selinker(1972) coined the term ‘interlanguage’ to refer to the systematic knowledge of an L2 which is independent of both these learner’s L1 and the target language.
	members.tripod.com /~Duermueller/interlanguage.html (867 words)

	Interlanguage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An interlanguage is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language who has not become fully proficient yet, but is only approximating the target language: preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing the target language and creating innovations.
		Interlanguage is based on the theory that there is a "psychological structure latent in the brain" which is activated when one attempts to learn a second language.
		Larry Selinker proposed the theory of interlanguage in 1972, noting that in a given situation the utterances produced by the learner are different from those native speakers would produce had they attempted to convey the same meaning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interlanguage (301 words)

	Rupert M J Atkinson D11336512
		As in L1 acquisition, L2 interlanguage is systematic since learners go through similar experiences of internalising grammar according to their own, yet imperfect, understanding and forming sentences accordingly.
		Evidence of improvement is available in the extent to which a learner’s interlanguage changes over time as simplified grammatical errors disappear only to be replaced by more complicated ones.
		Interlanguage is a process which learners must pass through on their journey towards fluency and strictly correcting every error heard will do little to benefit the students.
	www.angelfire.com /trek/along_english/essays/interlanguage.htm (869 words)

	TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CODE SWITCHING
		Before a focus on interlanguage and code-switching is done, it is important to summarize what we know about language in its broadest and most varied forms, that is, in its monolingual, bilingual, multilingual forms, and all the stages of each.
		Interlanguage is the result of the interaction among the many language acquisition device factors in any two (or three in multilingual situations) languages developing more or less simultaneously.
		Interlanguage may be viewed as an adaptive strategy in which the speaker tries to speak the interlocutor's L1 although he has little proficiency in it.
	www.ncela.gwu.edu /pubs/jeilms/vol14/duran.htm (4204 words)

	LLT Vol5Num3 Murphy: The Emergence of Texture
		Growing interlanguage textual sophistication is a function of the increased ability of the second language learner to experiment with the marked members of sets.
		There seems to be a lot of interlanguage data that -- whatever the original purpose of their elicitation -- reveal a tendency on the part of all learners to impose on the target language a certain structural clarity, transparency, or … explicitness.
		Another way of putting this is to say that low-level interlanguage texts are distinguished by their relative lack of cohesion; low-level interlanguage texts demonstrate a limited range of facility and concern with the significant relations among cohesive ties within the text.
	llt.msu.edu /vol5num3/murphy/default.html (11417 words)

	Philip Monahan - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		Interlanguage can be defined as a second language that is not at the point of fluency in the target language and retains properties from the native language.
		The aim of this paper is to analyze the interlanguage phonology of native speakers of BP learning English, and to determine the effects of these constraints on BP syllable structure, especially on the coda, on the language learner's pronunciation of the target language.
		Also, the fact that [t] surfaces in the interlanguage, which is deviant from BP, illustrates that the interlanguage can often contain unmarked features that are foreign to the native language, resulting from the richness of the inputs in the target language.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200112/papers/paper_monahan.html (2169 words)

	Interlanguage and Interlanguage Studies - A Report. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Interlanguage may be defined as a separate linguistic system which results from a learner's attempted production of a target language norm.
		Interlanguage studies have concentrated on: (1) the dependence of the native language upon the acquisition of a target language; (2) the acquisition of the target language in developmental sequences; and (3) the types of strategies involved in language learning and language production.
		There exists a parallel between interlanguage and pidgins and creoles, in that their characteristics depend on function within a social setting.
	www.eric.ed.gov /sitemap/html_0900000b8010dbbf.html (166 words)

	TRANS Nr. 14: Elena Arsentyeva (Kazan, Russia and Warsaw, Poland): Interlanguage Relations of English and Russian ...
		Interlanguage comparison, the aim of which is the exposure of phraseological conformities, forms the basis of a number of theoretical and applied trends of modern linguistic research, including the theory and practice of phraseography.
		But the question of determining the factors of interlanguage phraseological conformities as the main concept and the criterion of choosing phraseological equivalents and analogues as the aspect concepts is still at issue.
		On the whole my approach to the problem of interlanguage phraseological conformities/disparities may be regarded as one of the attempts at solving one of the most important and complex problems of comparative phraseological analysis in the field of semasiology and phraseology.
	www.inst.at /trans/14Nr/arsentyeva14.htm (1625 words)

	Interlanguage & Fossilization
		At any one time, the interlanguage may include several competing hypotheses, so that the speaker's language is, in fact, variable, as he tries out first one and then another.
		According to Tarone, we should recognise that the learner is not simply a language learning machine - that is, he does not simply absorb syntax, phonology and lexicon - he is an actor in the social world and is therefore concerned with the pragmatic aspect of language - how to do what, and when.
		Fossilizable linguistic phenomena are linguistic items, rules and subsystems which speakers of a particular NL will tend to keep in their IL relative to a particular TL, no matter what the age of the learner or amount of explanation and instruction he receives in the TL.
	www.timothyjpmason.com /WebPages/LangTeach/Licence/CM/OldLectures/L8_Interlanguage.htm (2491 words)

	Asian EFL Journal: English Language Teaching and Research Articles
		Several studies of the interlanguage of L2 learners of English have evidenced an interim stage in the development of preposition pied-piping and preposition stranding when learners tend to omit the preposition in both interrogatives and relative clauses.
		Researchers have scrutinized second language (L2) learners' interlanguage to see whether their grammars are constrained by UG principles and parameters or not and the results obtained have been mixed.
		Thus, the occurrence of null-prep in L2 questions, as it is observed in the interlanguage of child and adult learners of English as a second language, appears to be an unequivocal instance of wild grammar.
	www.asian-efl-journal.com /december_04_FS&MP&MS.php (6354 words)

	University Writing Center
		Essential to Rutherford's position is the concept of "interlanguage." An "interlanguage" is a structured grammatical system, constructed by the learner, which approximates the grammatical system of the language being acquired.
		In practice, language acquisition theory means that reading and listening to a large amount of comprehensible English is essential to improving a student's English language ability.
		Rutherford's revision of this theory means that highlighting specific points at which the student's interlanguage system is at variance with a native speaker's grammatical system can help that student form a better hypothesis about how that particular part of the system works, and facilitate acquisition of the proper forms.
	www.calstatela.edu /centers/write_cn/eslwrite.htm (625 words)

	Interlanguage and Set Theory
		We also comment on the limitations of set theory applied to interlanguage, and propose some augmentations which are needed in a theory of interlanguage that is to give a satisfactory account of interlanguage data.
		We want to define foreigners' interlanguage or second language in terms of the target language they aspire to master and their first language.
		Let the interlanguage grammar be Gint, and L(Gint) the language generated by the interlanguage grammar, i.e.
	www.ida.liu.se /~g-robek/nodalida93/nodalida93/NODA93-20/NODA93-20.html (1651 words)

	The Language Teacher Online 20.12: Interlanguage Development
		A learner's interlanguage system is "neither the system of the native language nor the system of target language, but instead falls between the two" (Brown, 1994, p.
		It has been hypothesized that one way a learner's interlanguage system develops is when the learner recognizes differences between what she produces and what native speakers produce.
		In other words, when a learner realizes that the way a native speaker says something is not the way she thought it should be said, the learner re-evaluates her beliefs in light of the new evidence.
	jalt-publications.org /tlt/files/96/dec/interlang.html (3150 words)

	interlangfossil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But interlanguage is to be expected when students are actually using the language as if they were in the second/other culture.
		If your students have the opportunity to live with a family in the target culture for a year, where they are forced to communicate daily in the second language, their interlanguage will of course be "heads and tails" ahead of the interlanguage of the other students.
		While students are doing activities which allow them to practice using their interlanguage, what you as a teacher concentrate on, first and foremeost is the "communicative competence" of your students.
	langlab.uta.edu /german/personal/rings/methods/3methods/interlangfossil.htm (3054 words)

	Help:Interlanguage links - Wikia Central
		For example, on Central Wikia, interlanguage links link to pages of the same domain, and all supported languages can be used.
		On the C++ Wikia, interlanguage links link to pages in different sub-domains, and only English and Polish are available.
		Note that interlanguage links is not enabled on all multilingual Wikia, e.g.
	www.wikia.com /wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links (154 words)

	Oxford University Press: Interlanguage Pragmatics: Gabriele Kasper
		As a field of inquiry, interlanguage pragmatics reflects the growing interest in recent years in understanding the social and pragmatic aspects of second language acquisition.
		Interlanguage Pragmatics offers an up-to-date synthesis of current research in the field, documenting from diverse perspectives the development, comprehension, and production of pragmatic knowledge in a second language.
		The first concerns cognitive approaches to interlanguage pragmatic development; the second, interlanguage speech act realization of a variety of speech acts; and the third, discoursal perspectives on interlanguage.
	www.us.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/Linguistics/SemanticsPragmaticsPhilosophyofL/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTA2NjAyOQ== (283 words)

	Konglish: Korean-English Interlanguage
		This page is intended to elucidate the common errors that Koreans make when attempting to acquire English as a second or foreign language, and thus, help my beloved Koreans more efficiently and effectively acquire English.
		Interlanguage is a language created by learners of a second language which is between the target language and the learner's first language (L1).
		I have come to discover that it is a form of interlanguage which is caused by collective faulty teaching in Korea.
	efl.htmlplanet.com /interlanguage.htm (2597 words)

	Group Work, Interlanguage Talk, and Second Language Acquisition
		Provided careful attention is paid to the structure of tasks students work on together, the negotiation work possible in group activity makes it an attractive alternative to the teacber-led, "lockstep" mode and a viable classroom substitute for individual conversations with native speakers.
		An early study of interlanguage talk was carried out by Long, Adams, McLean, and Castahos (1976) in intermediate-level, adult ESL classes in Mexico.
		Her research interests include interlanguage talk, and her most recent publication is an ESL oral communication text.
	www.iei.uiuc.edu /TESOLOnline/texts/LongPorter (7465 words)

	Help:Interwiki linking - Wikiversity
		See Interlanguage use case for a discussion of common troubles with this system and other possible implementations.
		The mutual order of interlanguage links is preserved, but otherwise the positions within the wikitext are immaterial, again the same rule as for categories.
		An interlanguage link in the wider sense includes a link to a corresponding page in another language which, for the software, is a regular link, as opposed to one employing the special interlanguage link feeature as described above.
	en.wikiversity.org /wiki/Help:Interwiki_linking (1206 words)

	Help:Interwiki linking - MozillaWiki
		See also Interlanguage use case for a discussion of common troubles with this system and other possible implementations.
		For the same reason pages in the MediaWiki namespace are not very suitable to put an interlanguage link in.
		An interlanguage link in the wider sense includes what, for the software, is a regular link, also an internal one on projects which are shared by different languages: Meta, Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikiquote, see:
	wiki.mozilla.org /Help:Interwiki_linking (1125 words)

	Interlanguage pragmatics; exploring institutional talk Reference & Research Book News - Find Articles
		Bardovi-Harlig and Hartford (both TESOL and applied linguistics, Indiana U.) present a collection of previously unpublished studies introducing interlanguage pragmatics researchers to "institutional talk"--talk that occurs in the course of carrying out an institution's business, usually between an institutional representative and a client.
		The studies are set in a variety of institutions in which both native and non-native speakers participate in the dialogues, including a university writing center, a university physics laboratory, a variety of secondary school classrooms, an employment agency, and a four-star hotel.
		Institutional talk is shown to provide a rich source of authentic discourse data which is also characterized by the highly controlled production tasks yielding comparable language samples necessary for interlanguage pragmatics research.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QLQ/is_2005_Nov/ai_n16014543 (185 words)

	Interlanguage Subjectivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The percentages of the frequencies of different verb types in Interlanguage, however, are closer to those in Persian.
		English (L1=Persian) Interlanguage has got the capacity to be as subjective as any other language.
		Interlanguage subjectivity, however, is remarkably influenced by patterns of subjectivity expression in L1.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/4_2/lotfi_shahrokhi.htm (196 words)

	The interface between interlanguage pragmatics and assessment
		The Interface Between Interlanguage, Pragmatics and Assessment: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual JALT Pan-SIG Conference.
		There is a basic premise in interlanguage pragmatics — that it is not enough just to know the equivalent words and phrases in a second language (L2).
		The pragmatics in the interlanguage pragmatics research agenda: The case of tone.
	www.jalt.org /pansig/2004/HTML/Cohen.htm (3201 words)

	Blair - Interlanguage Parsing
		It includes a brief review of various concepts of parsing and explores some of the most prominent theories of psycholinguistic parsing to arrive at a general framework that generates some interesting hypotheses to be investigated.
		Though English language students are not perfectly fluent, and their speech and writing would not be described as ideal, they, like native English speakers and writers, process and produce words and sentences in a systematic fashion (Corder, 1967 and Selinker, 1972).
		Then I identified, as a candidate for Interlanguage variation, places that non-native speakers had inserted a break, but no native speakers had--where the "natural unit" of fluent speech had been violated.
	www.aichi-gakuin.ac.jp /~jeffreyb/research/parse.html (3570 words)

	LLT Journal: Computer Mediated Communication: A window on L2 Spanish interlanguage by Robert Blake
		One way of provoking students to develop this sense of what still needs to be learned consists in having them attempt communication tasks that require them to negotiate the meaning of the message in order to succeed at exchanging information.
		At the point that one partner notices a gap or suffers some confusion, the pair will suspend the normal flow of the conversation or "push-down," as it were, from the discourse of the task itself in order to resolve their miscommunication (Gass, Mackey, and Pica, 1998, p.
		Well-designed networked tasks promote learners to notice the gaps in their lexical interlanguage in a manner similar to what has been reported in the literature for oral learner/learner discussions.
	llt.msu.edu /vol4num1/blake/default.html (5891 words)

	Amazon.com: interlanguage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		compensate for gaps in their interlanguage sys- tem by means of...
		Communication strategies in the interlanguage of Galician students of English: the influence of learner- and task-related factors (1).: An article from:...
		Interlanguage and Learnability: From Chinese to English (Language Acquisition and Language Disorders) by Virginia Yip (Hardcover - Sep 1995)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=interlanguage&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (582 words)

	Interlanguage Development of Spanish Learners: Comprehension, Production, and Interaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With the growing acceptance of communicative language learning and teaching techniques, pair and group activities have become a major component of the language classroom because they provide students with the opportunity to interact in the target language (TL).
		She concluded that interaction does not positively affect interlanguage development for all learners.
		In these interactions, although not always grammatically accurate as noted by the asterisk (*), the variety of strategies that beginning-level students use to maximize the knowledge of the other learners in their groups becomes apparent.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/cmlr/573/573-Garcia.html (7314 words)

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