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Topic: Intermediate Range Nuclear Force

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	Nuclear force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The nuclear force has been at the heart of nuclear physics ever since the field was born in 1932 with the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.
		The traditional goal of nuclear physics is to understand the properties of atomic nuclei in terms of the 'bare' interaction between pairs of nucleons, or nucleon-nucleon (NN) forces.
		Nuclear potentials can be local or global: local potentials are limited to a narrow energy range and/or a narrow nuclear mass range, while global potentials, which have more parameters and are usually less accurate, are functions of the energy and the nuclear mass and can therefore be used in a wider range of applications.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_force (1069 words)

	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union signed in Washington, D.C. on December 8, 1987 by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.
		The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers (300-3,400 miles).
		The longer range, greater accuracy, mobility and striking power of the new missile was perceived to alter the security of Western Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty (591 words)

	List of treaties - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League.
		Ottawa and Chippewa Indians cede to the United States the northwest portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
		Specifies the treatment of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_treaties (3975 words)

	Chinese nuclear forces, 2003 \| thebulletin.org
		Its range is estimated at 8,000 kilometers, and its circular error probable (CEP), or accuracy, at 300--600 meters for its single warhead.
		Several low-yield nuclear tests in the late 1970s--and a large military exercise in June 1982 that simulated the use of nonstrategic nuclear weapons--suggest that China may have developed them.
		The vague profile of a tactical nuclear arsenal may partly reflect China's countervalue doctrine, which is based on a retaliatory force rather than a counterforce strategy.
	www.thebulletin.org /article_nn.php?art_ofn=nd03norris (2386 words)

	MillerandLarsen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Indeed, one could argue that while strategic nuclear and conventional arms control treaties have resolved much of the central drama during the Cold War, there remains one area left uncovered by treaty constraints or reductions—the thousands of residual nonstrategic, theater, tactical, or battlefield nuclear weapons remaining on the territory of the former superpowers.
		This range was validated by draft language for the 2003 Department of Defense authorization bill, in which the Senate Armed Services Committee estimated that Russia had from seven to twelve thousand such warheads.
		To be rational, nuclear force postures ought to be derived from national and military strategy goals, not from arms control or disarmament negotiations with other nations.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2004/Spring/art3-sp04.htm (9394 words)

	PSR: Nuclear Arms Control in a Summit Setting
		The INF Treaty requires elimination of all LRINF missiles (ranges between 1,000 and 5,500 kilometers) by June 1, 1991 and All SRINF (ranges between 500 and 1,000 kilometers) missiles within 18 months.
		He calls on the United States and Russia to reduce their strategic nuclear arsenals to 2,000 to 2,500 warheads each, to begin talks on a fissile material cutoff agreement, and to de-target strategic nuclear missiles aimed at each other's territory.
		"Nuclear warheads for air defense missiles shall be withdrawn from the troops and concentrated in central bases, and a portion of them shall be eliminated.
	www.psr.org /home.cfm?id=pressroom22 (1849 words)

	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - INF (1987) \| Nuclear Arms Control Treaties \| atomicarchive.com
		Bilateral ratified treaty between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., which required the elimination of all missiles with ranges between 625 and 3,500 miles by June 1, 1991, and all missiles with ranges between 300 and 625 miles within 18 months.
		The INF treaty is the first nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings.
		The SS-20s 5,000 kilometer range permitted it to cover targets in Western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and, from bases in the eastern Soviet Union, most of Asia, Southeast Asia, and Alaska.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Treaties/Treaty15.shtml (405 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Ask Us - Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty
		The "ban" you speak of is the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty between the United States and Soviet Union signed in 1987.
		For this reason, the US disposed of its force of ground-based Tomahawks and the only versions of the missile remaining in service are launched from Navy surface ships and submarines.
		The legal ramifications of this treaty were first addressed in late 2000 and early 2001 when the US Air Force and Central Intelligence Agency decided to arm RQ-1 Predator reconnaissance drones with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, a missile also carried by the AH-64 Apache and used to destroy armored vehicles.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /question/history/q0058.shtml (401 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - intermediate range ballistic missile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILE [intermediate range ballistic missile] see guided missile.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "intermediate range ballistic missile" at HighBeam.
		India tests new version of intermediate range missile, Pakistan criticizes move
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-intermedRBM.asp (188 words)

	Arms control and disarmament (87-13E)
		In 1998, for example, the UNDC was to consider nuclear weapon free zones, the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, and guidelines on conventional arms control/limitation and disarmament.
		The 1995 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Extension Conference had called for the conclusion of a CTBT no later than 1996; when China and France announced that they would sign such a treaty, it was expected that completion of a CTBT would be relatively easy.
		The Treaty, which covers nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5,500 kilometres required the Soviet Union to destroy 1,752 such missiles and the United States to destroy 859, within a period of three years.
	dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca /Collection-R/LoPBdP/CIR/8713-e.htm (7576 words)

	The Short, Happy Life of the Glick-Em
		It was this realization that led to the opening of the more serious Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) talks and an INF treaty that eventually removed an entire class of nuclear arms from the superpower arsenals--a major step in the weakening and ultimate dissolution of the Soviet Union itself.
		NATO's worry was that, in nuclear parlance of the time, the Soviet buildup would "decouple" the defense of Europe from the US strategic nuclear arsenal.
		Those who held this view--including most of the senior leadership of the Air Force and the other military services--thought that an adversary would be less likely to launch a nuclear strike if it believed a US president had retaliatory options short of all-out nuclear response.
	www.afa.org /magazine/July2002/0702glcm.asp (3166 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at a Glance
		The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty required the United States and the Soviet Union to eliminate and permanently forswear all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers.
		The treaty marked the first time the superpowers had agreed to reduce their nuclear arsenals, eliminate an entire category of nuclear weapons, and utilize extensive on-site inspections for verification.
		The SS-20 qualitatively improved Soviet nuclear forces in the European theater by providing a longer-range, multiple-warhead alternative to aging Soviet SS-4 and SS-5 single-warhead missiles.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/INFtreaty.asp (881 words)

	Government's 50 Greatest Endeavors: Increase Arms Control and Disarmament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Underground nuclear tests remained legal primarily because of the extensive inspection privileges required to enforce a ban on them.
		States without nuclear weapons that signed the treaty agreed not to attempt procurement of nuclear weapons.
		In return, they were to receive low-cost access to nuclear power without being charged a share of research and development costs.
	www.brookings.edu /gs/cps/50ge/endeavors/armscontrol.htm (654 words)

	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces [INF] Chronology
		NATO also decides to withdraw 1,000 of the approximately 7,400 tactical nuclear warheads deployed in Europe and to retire an existing nuclear weapon for every new weapon deployed.
		The United States seeks elimination ("global zero") of U.S. and Soviet longer-range intermediate nuclear force (LRINF) missiles and collateral constraints on shorter-range intermediate nuclear force (SRINF) missiles.
		Shultz and Shevardnadze also sign an agreement to establish Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers (NRRCs) in Washington and Moscow to reduce the risk of conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union that might result from accidents, miscalculations, or misinterpretations.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/inf/inf-chron.htm (3170 words)

	Ten Steps to Counter Moscow's Threat to Northern Europe
		Moscow deploys 70 percent of its seabased nuclear forces with the Northern Fleet on 45 submarines.
		NATO's naval forces are outnumbered 4 to 1, its air force 5 to 1, and the ground forces 3 to
		The army's southern mission is to contain, repel, and destroy invading forces in a static defense in cooperation with the navy's coastal artillery units; and armored counterattacks to dislodge enemy formations and to smash advancing columns in the open plains of south Sweden.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg356.cfm (4661 words)

	Intermediate-Range and Short-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
		No later than 12 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each Party shall complete the removal of all its non-deployed shorter-range missiles to elimination facilities and shall retain them at those locations until they are eliminated in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Protocol on Elimination.
		The range capability of a GLBM not listed in Article III of this Treaty shall be considered to be the maximum range to which it has been tested.
		Upon entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, each Party shall notify the other Party, no less than ten days in advance, of the scheduled date and location of the launch of a research and development booster system as described in paragraph 12 of Article VII of this Treaty.
	www.state.gov /t/np/trty/18432.htm (6507 words)

	Tangredi (review of Genest) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		However, up to now there has never been an irrefutable "smoking gun" to prove that press and broadcast journalists (reflecting their own agenda rather than that of the American public) could effectively limit the policy options available to government officials.
		Through content and quantitative analysis backed by after-the-fact interviews, researcher Mark Genest has gone the farthest in demonstrating that at least in the particular case of Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) negotiations between the Reagan administration and the Soviet Union, the media did indeed attempt to force a policy result.
		The press emphasized personality and the political dimension over factual accounts of the negotiations." While such may be growing folk-knowledge in Washington, this book does a sound scholarly service in demonstrating that the political power of the media, even in the absence of public opinion, is very real and can be measured.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1997/spring/bkr4sp97.htm (743 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Hastening an End to the Cold War
		The Soviet system was under pressure from Reagan's defense buildup and deployment of medium-range missiles in Europe, the CIA-backed mujaheddin fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan and Reagan's proposed missile defense system, the Strategic Defense Initiative.
		The Soviet Union was still, however, a nuclear-armed superpower, and it was in nuclear weapons that Reagan and Gorbachev then took important steps toward ending the Cold War.
		But the summit paved the way for the 1987 treaty on intermediate-range nuclear force missiles, the first to actually eliminate a class of nuclear weapons, and a later treaty that limited strategic arms.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A19040-2004Jun5?language=printer (1211 words)

	About DTRA: Historical Documents - On-Site Inspections Under the Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
		President Reagan had submitted the treaty to the U.S. Senate for its advice and consent in late January, and hearings in the Senate and the House of Representatives were scheduled to begin in late February.
		Their assignment was to develop a concept of operations and recommend an organizational structure for implementing the INF Treaty.
		The air crews, responsible for flying the inspectors and escorts to the designated national points of entry, would be managed by the new agency, and would be limited, by provisions in the Treaty, to no more than 200 members.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/infbook/ch2.cfm (531 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: China: Nuclear Capabilities
		According to various reports, the missile was fired by a nuclear submarine off the coast of the port city Qingdao, and landed in a Chinese desert several thousand kilometers away.
		Chinese nuclear forces are thought to be under the control of the Central Military Commission (CMC), which is led by current Chinese Communist Party General Secretary and PRC State President Hu Jintao.
		China is believed to store most of its nuclear warheads and bombs separate from its delivery vehicles, and the warheads and bombs are only mated with the missiles or aircraft during launch preparations.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/China/Nuclear/5569_5636.html (2677 words)

	China
		In particular, Chinese officials state the goal of deploying newer ballistic missiles is to provide China with a strategic nuclear force that is more reliable, survivable, and would bolster China's ability to deter the use of nuclear weapons against the mainland.
		With a range of between 1,860 and 2,480 miles, the DF-3 is China's primary nuclear missile targeted at Russia and India.
		Jane's reports that the range of this second generation nuclear-capable LACM will be 2,000 km while the conventional version may have a range of 1,500 km.
	www.nti.org /db/china/wdsmdat.htm (3219 words)

	Russian General Threatens Redeployment of Mid-Range Nukes
		The daily Nezavisimaya Gazeta quoted Gen. Vladimir Vasilenko, the head of the Russian Defense Ministry's Research Institute, as saying that Russia could consider the redeployment of intermediate-range, nuclear-capable missiles that were scrapped under the 1987 treaty.
		That could leave the possibility that Vasilenko, who occupies a key, politically sensitive planning post in Moscow, was not speaking out of line at all but was floating some kind of trial balloon that could be easily deniable precisely because it was a relatively lower-level officer who was saying it.
		Because they were fired over relatively short ranges and had low trajectories, even today, they would be difficult to hit by new BMD systems.
	www.prisonplanet.com /articles/march2006/030306_b_Redeployment.htm (941 words)

	Statement by the President on Soviet-United States Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Reduction Negotiations
		Yesterday marked the close of the special extended session of negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union on intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF), a part of the nuclear and space talks in Geneva.
		This new Soviet position on shorter range missiles would allow the Soviet Union a continued monopoly of these systems and would leave them free to increase their existing force.
		Since the United States obviously cannot permit such an outcome, we will continue to insist that equal constraints on shorter range INF missiles must be an integral element of an initial INF treaty.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1987/032787d.htm (922 words)

	About DTRA: Historical Documents - On-Site Inspections Under the Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
		The scheduling of missile eliminations was at the discretion, within the time lines prescribed in the treaty, of the respective governments.
		Note: Difference in percentages reflect two treaty disparities: the USSR had more shorter range missiles (SS-23, SS-12) which had to be destroyed within 18 months, and the Soviet SS-20 had 3-warheads per missile.
		Another treaty requirement involved the time period for either party to exercise its right to destroy up to 100 of its missiles by launching them to destruction.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/infbook/ch6a.cfm (553 words)

	The real nuclear threat is to America's bases - CISAC
		Joint force training, mobile communication and control, soldiers capable of individual initiative and precision-guided munitions have been key to US success.
		The nuclear threat to essential US force-projection assets largely counterbalances the advantage provided by US conventional forces, without necessarily consigning whole cities and industrial bases to destruction.
		A great deal is at stake in constraining the missile and nuclear weapons capabilities of North Korea and other rogue states.
	cisac.stanford.edu /news/590 (699 words)

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