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Topic: Intermediate circular orbit

	Wikinfo \| Orbit
		As an object orbits another object, periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited; apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is farthest from the object being orbited.
		An open orbit has the shape of a hyperbola (or in the limiting case, a parabola); the bodies approach each other for a while, curve around each other around the time of their closest approach, and then separate again forever.
		The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun in one of the focal points of the ellipse.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=orbit (1890 words)

	Low Earth orbit
		A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earth's surface.
		Orbits lower than this are not stable, and will decay rapidly because of atmospheric drag.
		A low earth orbit is a stepping-stone to travel beyond orbit but it is also very useful for communication satellites because of its proximity to Earth.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lo/Low_earth_orbit.html (192 words)

	Intermediate circular orbit : ICO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Intermediate circular orbit (ICO), also called medium earth orbit (MEO), is used by satellites between the altitudes of low earth orbit (up to 1400 km) and geostationary orbit (ca.
		ICO was also the name of a proposed communications constellation for satellite telephony, originally developed by Inmarsat and spun off.
		In the wake of the financial failure of the Iridium satellite constellation, ICO also entered bankruptcy protection and delayed launching its satellites.
	www.termsdefined.net /ic/ico.html (403 words)

	SOS Background Info - Orbits and Energy
		A Keplerian orbit is a closed ellipse, where the pericenter and apocenter distances are determined by the energy and angular momentum of the orbit.
		Orbits form a rosette, in which a star will eventually pass through every point on an annulus whose inner and outer radii are the pericenter and apocenter distances determined by the energy and angular momentum of the orbit.
		Just as a closed circular orbit can be thought of as the "parent" orbit of loops, these closed boxlets act as parents of a broader family of boxlets.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /JavaLab/SOSweb/backOE.html (546 words)

	Planetary orbit Summary
		The third factor is the inclination of the orbit, or the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of Earth's orbit.
		First, he found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one focus.
		The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.
	www.bookrags.com /Planetary_orbit (4861 words)

	Glossary
		A geosynchronous orbit is a geocentric orbit that has the same orbital period as the sidereal (stellar referenced) rotation period of the Earth.
		Orbits higher than this are subject to early electronic failure because of intense radiation and charge accumulation.
		Parking orbits: Temporary Earth orbits during which space vehicles are checked out and their trajectories carefully measured to determine the amount and time of increase in velocity required to send them into a final orbit or into space in the desired direction.
	www.csa.com /discoveryguides/planetary/gloss.php (1161 words)

	FAQ
		A geosynchronous orbit is a geocentric orbit that has the same orbital period as the sidereal rotation period of the Earth.
		Orbits with an inclination less than 90 degrees are "prograde" or "direct" (their groundtracks move in the easterly direction, in the direction of Earth's rotation), while orbits with an inclination greater than 90 degrees are "retrograde" (their groundtracks move in the westerly direction, against the direction of Earth's rotation).
		Intermediate circular orbit (ICO), also called medium earth orbit (MEO), is used by satellites between the altitudes of low earth orbit (up to 1400 km) and geosynchronous orbit (35,790 km).
	www.n2yo.com /faq.php (609 words)

	Footprints by Dish Size - Definition of Geostationary (Geosynchronous), Polar, LEO, HEO, MEO, Sun Synchronous Orbits, ...
		More technically, a geostationary orbit is a circular prograde orbit in the equatorial plane with an orbital period equal to that of the earth; this is achieved with an orbital radius of 6.6107 (equatorial) earth radii, or an orbital height of 35786 km.
		If the orbit is in the equatorial plane, and if rotation is in the same direction as the Earth, (rotating at the same angular velocity as the Earth) and it overflies the same point on the globe permanently then the satellite is termed geostationary.
		Radarsat is in orbit 798 kilometres above the Earth, at an angle of inclination of 98.6 degrees to the equator as it circles the globe from north pole to south pole.
	www.geo-orbit.org /sizepgs/geodef.html (6827 words)

	Synchronous Orbit
		Intermediate distances go with intermediate periods, and somewhere between those two extremes is a distance where the orbital period is 24 hours.
		A satellite orbiting above the equator at that distance keeps its position above the same spot on the ground; hence this is known as the synchronous orbit, from the Greek syn--same, chronos--time.
		Such an orbit is useful first and foremost for communication satellites, because a ground station linked to the satellite will always be in touch with it, as long as its antenna points to a fixed spot on the sky.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wsynch.html (553 words)

	Low Earth orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Orbits lower than this are stable and will decay rapidly because of drag.
		Objects in low earth orbit encounter atmospheric in the thermosphere (approximately 80-500 km up) or exosphere (approximately 500 km and up) depending orbit height.
		A low earth orbit is a stepping-stone travel beyond orbit but it is also useful for communication satellites because of its proximity to Earth.
	www.freeglossary.com /Low_Earth_orbit (424 words)

	Celestial Mechanics
		The orbit of the moon is an example, since it is subject to perturbations by the earth's spheroidal shape and the sun that make its orbit vary in a very complicated way.
		The orientation of the orbital plane is specified by the longitude of the ascending node, 58.86004°, and the inclination i = 162.24220°.
		Finally, the orientation of the orbit in its plane is given by the argument of perihelion, 111.8656°, measured from the ascending node in the direction of movement.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/orbits.htm (10768 words)

	Help: Orbit generator
		The orbit inclination is the angle between the orbital plane and the equatorial plane, measured at the ascending node in the direction of orbital motion.
		The orbit inclination is derived from the altitude.
		It is defined as a circular orbit at 90,000 km altitude and inclination 0°.
	www.spenvis.oma.be /spenvis/help/models/sapre.html (1726 words)

	Qwika - similar:Telstar
		A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth between the atmosphere and the Van Allen radiation belt, with a low angle of inclination.
		Orbits lower than this are not stable an...
		A geostationary orbit is a circular orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0º latitude).
	www.qwika.com /rels/Telstar (1442 words)

	Lloyd's satellite constellations - Overview - ICO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		ICO is slow off the mark, having successfully launched a single satellite that secures the frequency license while the rest are in limbo, incomplete somewhere on the ground.
		The second launch of an ICO satellite was delayed until October 2000, and the satellite was finally launched on 19 June 2001.
		ICO filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on Friday 27 August 1999.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/L.Wood/constellations/ico.html (493 words)

	Circular orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two bodies with a slight difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter with circular orbits.
		circular orbit is an elliptic orbit with the eccentricity equal to 0.
		a geostationary orbit, requires a larger delta-v than an escape orbit, although the latter implies getting arbitrarily far away and having more energy than needed for the orbital speed of the circular orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circular_orbit (332 words)

	ODU Center for Advanced Engineering Environments
		It has three payloads: a laser-beam optical payload for communicating with low-Earth orbiting satellites; a mobile payload to provide communication services for European land vehicles/aircraft; and a data-relay payload to prepare for the operational data relay system (courtesy of the European Space Agency).
		The satellite weight is 500 kg and will be launched into low-Earth orbit aboard a J-1 rocket to conduct, in conjunction with ESA’s Artemis, on-orbit demonstrations of pointing, acquisition and tracking technology, and other key technology elements for optical inter-orbit communications (courtesy of the National Space Development Agency of Japan - NASDA).
		Artist’s rendering of the 840 operational interlinked low-Earth orbit satellites, organized into 21 circular orbit planes that are staggered in altitude between 695 and 705 km.
	www.aee.odu.edu /fas.php?id=14 (353 words)

	Orbital Spaceflight by Lannertech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To do this, it must have an altitude higher than 100 km (that is to say, has entered space), and a speed higher than orbital speed, which is usually about 7-8 km/s depending on the altitude.
		The required speed to "go orbital" (to achieve orbit with known methods) requires at least 9.3 km/s (18,000 mph) delta-v, while sub-orbital spacecraft may only fly at about 1.1 km/s to 1.3 km/s (2,500 mph to 3,000 mph).
		There are three main 'bands' of orbit: low Earth orbit, intermediate circular orbit and geostationary orbit.
	www.lannertech.com (299 words)

	ICO - Satellite Intelligence
		The ICO system will comprise ten operational satellites and two in orbit spares operating in intermediate circular orbit at an altitude of 10,355 km.
		ICO Global, previously known as ICO-Teledesic Global Limited, also has agreed with Teledesic Corporation to end their proposed merger to allow both companies the greatest flexibility in the current economic market.
		The satellite orbits have been selected to provide coverage of the entire globe on a continuous basis, while allowing high elevation angles to users, averaging 40-50 degrees.
	www.comlinks.com /satcom/ico.htm (2051 words)

	Explanations for the TwoBodySim Applet
		Secondly, the form of a closed curve in the surface-of-section is characteristic of a precession of the orbit, with the curve showing how the intersection of the elliptic orbit with the screen passes through all distances from the centre between apocentre (largest distance) and pericentre (smallest distance).
		The simulations are done in a normalized way, we use as a unit of length the distance of the initial position of the satellite, and as a unit of velocity the speed for the circular orbit with that radius.
		Our elliptical orbit model with initial speed of 70 percent thus means a true velocity of 21 km/s, and when you'll measure the time for one orbit you'll get about 0.54 time units, which means that the true period for the elliptical orbit will be 197 days.
	astro.u-strasbg.fr /~koppen/body/TwoBodyHelp.html (3358 words)

	Return to selections:
		inclination with the equator.Inclination, the angle between the orbit of a satellite and the equator, measured at the ascending node.
		, the orbit is known as a retrograde orbit.
		It may be captured by that objects gravity in which it either orbits the planet or lands (sometimes crashes) on the surface.
	www.spacecraftnames.info /i.html (3780 words)

	Enchanted Rendezvous
		It would be much wiser to take "an intermediate step" and go into lunar orbit, where much of the total weight remained behind—the structure of the interplanetary spacecraft, its heavy fuel load for leaving lunar orbit and heading home, and its massive heat shield necessary for a safe reentry into the Earth's atmosphere.
		Nonetheless, Michael’s unpublished paper on the weight advantages of a parking orbit made a fundamentally important contribution: for NASA researchers contemplating lunar missions, it zeroed in on the central theme of rendezvous.
		Robert H. Tolson studied the effects on lunar trajectories of such geometrical constraints as the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit and the oblate shape of the Earth; he also analyzed the influence of the solar gravitational field.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/monograph4/orbit.htm (1017 words)

	PCS Global Mobile Satellites
		The MEO (ICO) satellites are deployed in circular orbits at an altitude of about 10,000 km between the two radiation belts, requiring a typical constellation of about 10p;15 satellites with an average visibility of 1p;2 hr/satellite.
		The Ellipso Concordia subconstellation is circular MEO with six satellites to serve tropical latitudes [20].
		M-HEO is a constellation of six satellites orbiting in three planes at perigee of 1000 km and apogee of 27,000 km.
	www.comsoc.org /ci/private/1996/sept/abrishamkar.html (3448 words)

	NASA - Mars Orbiting Cameras Debut As NASA Craft Adjusts Orbit
		On Wednesday, a short burn of intermediate sized thrusters while the orbiter was at the most distant point nudged the spacecraft to pass from approximately 70 miles (112 kilometers) to within 66 miles (107 kilometers) of Mars' surface.
		After hundreds of passes through the upper atmosphere, the drag will gradually reduce the far point of the orbit until the spacecraft is in a nearly circular orbit every two hours.
		After the spacecraft gets into the proper orbit for its primary science phase, the six science instruments on board will begin their systematic examination of Mars.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2006/apr/HQ_06184_mars_orbiting_camera.html (626 words)

	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Multimedia
		The maneuver raised the portion of the elliptical orbit at which the spacecraft comes nearest to Mars -- the periapsis -- from 216 kilometers (134 miles) above the surface to 320 kilometers (199 miles).
		On August 30, 2006, during its 445th orbit, the spacecraft fired its intermediate thrusters to raise the low point of its orbit and stop dipping into the atmosphere.
		Aerobraking is a process in which engineers utilize the martian atmosphere to slow their craft and ease it into a circular orbit.
	marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov /mro/mission/orbiter_update.html (1926 words)

	Fizzics Fizzle: Intermediate: Mechanics: Circular Motion
		The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path is called the centripetal force.
		You should note that even though the object is moving at constant velocity, it is not in equilibrium because it is changing directions.
		Check out the Orbit Explorer in our games and fun stuff section to see how a body orbits another body.
	library.thinkquest.org /16600/intermediate/circularmotion.shtml (408 words)

	Method and system for determining a position of a target vehicle utilizing two-way ranging - Patent 5969674
		A set of the plurality of satellites within the field of view may be employed simultaneously through two satellites, or sequentially through a single satellite without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
		The positions in space of the ICO communication satellites 14 are known so that the ranges R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 between each of the communication satellites 14 and the traffic controller station 16 is known.
		The message data between the aircraft segment 18 and the ICO ground segment 20 can be combined with the unique ranging code signal in one of several ways.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5969674.html (2900 words)

	Mars_Orbiter
		This is effectively the "science orbit" from which all the work will be done.
		This "aero-braking" technique used friction with the Martian atmosphere to gradually decrease the highest-altitude point of the elliptical orbit from 45,000 kilometers (28,000 miles) to 486 kilometers (302 miles).
		The latest manoeuvre was the mission's biggest burn since the 27-minute firing to slow the spacecraft enough for Mars' gravity to snare it into orbit on March 10th.
	www.paulandliz.org /Mars_Orbiter.htm (948 words)

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