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Topic: Intermediate filament

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	Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Intermediate Filaments
		Intermediate filaments are a very broad class of fibrous proteins that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the cytoskeleton.
		Intermediate filaments are also involved in formation of the nuclear lamina, a net-like meshwork array that lines the inner nuclear membrane and governs the shape of the nucleus.
		Because intermediate filaments are very abundant in cells that are often subjected to high mechanical stress in vivo, it appears that their primary role is to provide physical strength to cells and tissues.
	micro.magnet.fsu.edu /cells/intermediatefilaments/intermediatefilaments.html (773 words)

	Cytoskeleton III: Intermediate Filaments
		As their name intermediate filament implies they have a typical diameter (about 10 nm) that is larger than actin filaments (8nm) and smaller than microtubules (25 nm); that is, they were the last filament to be discovered and had a size in between the first two.
		Intermediate filaments are grouped into about half a dozen different classes depending on their general structure and relatedness to each other.
		Probably the most abundant intermediate filament proteins in animals are the keratins, which are common in epithelial tissue like skin and gut, and which make up hair, nails, animal fur, etc. However, the intermediate filament protein found in the most different kinds of cells are the vimentins.
	www.lclark.edu /~reiness/cellbio/lectures/lect21.htm (683 words)

	Intermediate Filaments
		Intermediate filaments are one of three types of cytoskeletal elements.
		Intermediate filaments are distributed in a number of cell types, including: Vimentin in fibroblasts, endothelial cells and leukocytes; desmin in muscle; glial fibrillary acidic factor in astrocytes and other types of glia, and peripherin in peripheral nerve fibers.
		In the case of the Intermediate filaments, FRAP allows one to detect incorporation of labeled tetramers into a bleached spot in the cytoskeleton.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm (1248 words)

	Intermediate filament - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intermediate filaments have a diameter between that of actin (microfilaments) and microtubules.
		Neurofilaments - the type IV family of intermediate filaments that is found in high concentrations along the axons of vertebrate neurons.
		Keratin filaments in epithelial cells link to desmosomes through plakoglobin, desmoplakin, desmogleins and desmocollins; desmin filaments are connected in a similar way in heart muscle cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intermediate_filament (746 words)

	Filament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Filaments, like stamens in plants, are critical for transporting nutrients, sex cells, and other complex molecules and structures from one place to another in the organism.
		Another type of filament is the flagellum, a whiplike organelle that unicellular and some multicellular organisms use to move around.
		No matter what the structure of the filament, it will perform one of only a few functions: it provides motility for the cell, it transports food and waste products through the cell, and it provides a way for the cell to communicate outside and inside itself.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Filament (243 words)

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		Intermediate filament proteins have a common structural core of 300-330 residues, which are flanked by extra amino- and carboxy terminal domains.
		The formation of such a precise structure is central to the nativity and thus function of all intermediate filament proteins in vivo and in vitro.
		Whether the intermediate filament proteins are the cause or consequence of the diseased state remains to be clarified.
	www.cytoskeleton.com /products/if/aboutif.html (2580 words)

	Coulombe Laboratory at JHU/Intermediate Filament
		Intermediate filament (IF) genes encodes proteins that can self-assemble into flexible, non-polar filaments having an average diameter of 10-12 nm.
		Intermediate filaments genes are expressed in a cell type, and in some instances, in a differentiation-specific fashion.
		Individual filaments are 10-11 nm in diameter and several microns in length (this image shows keratin IFs reconstituted in vitro).
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /coulombelabpage/intermediate.htm (645 words)

	CELL BIOLOGY: ON INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEINS
		Intermediate filament proteins have long been considered unique to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, in contrast to microfilaments and microtubules, which have prokaryotic ancestors.
		Intermediate filament proteins are also cleaved by caspases during apoptosis at a conserved motif, and mutations that alter the degradation of keratins during apoptosis have been identified within this motif.(4,5)
		The intracellular cytoskeleton is apparently constructed from 3 classes of protein filaments: actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sa041210-4.htm (1216 words)

	UCSC Biomedical Research Faculty - Andrew Chisholm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Intermediate filaments are expressed in many other tissues where their functions are, in general, less well known.
		Although intermediate filaments have been described for over 20 years, they are poorly understood, when compared to actin or tubulin, the other major components of the cytoskeleton.
		Thus, the functions of intermediate filaments in nematodes may be fundamentally analogous to their roles in humans.
	biomedical.ucsc.edu /Chisholm.html (734 words)

	Intermediate Filaments
		Intermediate filaments, also called "thick filaments" are important components of the cell's cytoskeletal system.
		They are distinguished from "thin filaments" by their size (8-10 nm) and the fact that thin filaments are motile.
		Each intermediate filament consists of an alpha helical rod domain which connects the amino (head) and carboxyl (tail) teminals.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/filam.htm (226 words)

	Chemotactic Peptide-induced Changes of Intermediate Filament Organization in Neutrophils during Granule Secretion: Role ...
		Intermediate filaments organized at 30 s and were localized within areas of the cell devoid of granules at 1 min and 2.5 min.
		Parysek, L.M., and Eckert, B.S. Vimentin filaments in spreading, randomly locomoting, and f-met-leu-phe-treated neutrophils.
		Pryzwansky, K.B., Wyatt, T.A., and Lincoln, T.M. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase is targeted to intermediate filaments and phosphorylates vimentin in A23187-stimulated human neutrophils.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/9/10/2933 (6538 words)

	The Cytoskeleton
		These cytoplasmic fibers average 10 nm in diameter (and thus are "intermediate" in size between actin filaments (8 nm) and microtubules (25 nm)(as well as of the thick filaments of skeletal muscle fibers).
		There are several types of intermediate filament, each constructed from one or more proteins characteristic of it.
		For example, the nucleus in epithelial cells is held within the cell by a basketlike network of intermediate filaments made of keratins.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Cytoskeleton.html (1666 words)

	Motile Properties of Vimentin Intermediate Filament Networks in Living Cells -- Yoon et al. 143 (1): 147 -- The Journal ...
		Intermediate filaments of the vimentin-type and the cytokeratin-type are distributed differently during mitosis.
		Intermediate filament proteins in nonfilamentous structures: transient disintegration and inclusion of subunit proteins in granular aggregates.
		Self-assembly of bovine epidermal keratin filaments in vitro.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/143/1/147 (6154 words)

	[Pathology Graduate Program] Ronald Liem, PhD
		Overexpression and mutations of the neuronal intermediate filament proteins leads to neuronal degeneration, showing that malfunctions in neuronal intermediate filaments can be responsible for neurodegenerative diseases.
		The diversity of neuronal intermediate filaments in different areas of the nervous system, point to the possibility that each of these proteins interacts specifically with other components of the cytoskeleton.
		We have shown that dystonin specifically interacts with the neuronal intermediate filament protein, peripherin, which is found predominantly in sensory neurons.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/pathology/previous/pbio0017.html (524 words)

	The Intermediate Filament Protein Peripherin Is the Specific Interaction Partner of Mouse BPAG1-n (Dystonin) in Neurons ...
		The mouse dystonia musculorum gene is a neural isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1.
		Assembly of type IV neuronal intermediate filaments in nonneuronal cells in the absence of preexisting cytoplasmic intermediate filaments.
		Ontogeny of the neuronal intermediate filament protein, peripherin, in the mouse embryo.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/144/3/435 (6709 words)

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		These filament proteins contain a rod domain, which assembles in pairs to form a dimeric coil.
		In humans, three-quarters of all filament proteins are made of the protein keratin (Lane et al., Current Opinion in Gen. and Dev.
		Heterogeneity in keratin proteins can have direct effects on the tensile strength, flexibility, and dynamics of the intermediate filaments, which means that even subtle heterogeneity in intermediate filament proteins can influence the external features of the hair or skin.
	www.dermaplusproducts.com /technology4.htm (765 words)

	Vimentin
		Intermediate filaments (IFs) are particularly prominent in the cytoplasm of cells that are subject to mechanical stress.
		Unlike actin and tubulin, which are globular proteins, the many types of IF protein monomers are all highly elongated fibrous molecules that have an N-terminal head, a central rod domain and a C-terminal tail.
		Figure 1: A model of intermediate filament assembly as it proceeds by longitudinal annealing of unit-lenght filaments (top) through their loose ends (middle), followed by compactions of the segmented immature filaments (bottom).
	www.scripps.edu /~stoffler/proj/Vimentin/vimentin.html (148 words)

	Klymkowsky Publications
		A whole-mount immunocytochemical analysis of the expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in Xenopus.
		Vimentin and keratin intermediate filament systems in culture PtK2 epithelial cells are interrelated.
		EMBO J. Klymkowsky, M.W. Intermediate filaments in 3T3 cells collapse after the intracellular injection of a monoclonal anti-intermediate filament antibody.
	spot.colorado.edu /~klym/publication80s.htm (277 words)

	Association of syncoilin and desmin: linking intermediate filament proteins to the dystrophin-associated protein ...
		A mutation in Af4 is predicted to cause cerebellar ataxia and cataracts in the robotic mouse.
		We recently identified a novel protein called syncoilin, a putative intermediate filament protein that interacts with alpha-dystrobrevin, a member of the dystrophin-associated protein complex.
		However, it is possible that syncoilin is involved in the anchoring of the desmin intermediate filament network at the sarcolemma and the neuromuscular junction.
	www.mrcfgu.ox.ac.uk /research/davies-bibliography/Poon2002 (356 words)

	The Endo-Lysosomal Sorting Machinery Interacts with the Intermediate Filament Cytoskeleton -- Styers et al. 15 (12): ...
		Intermediate filaments specifically bind only when AP-3 is present (compare lanes 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9).
		In the absence of intermediate filaments, AP-3 was
		Gao, Y., and Sztul, E. A novel interaction of the Golgi complex with the vimentin intermediate filament cytoskeleton.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/12/5369 (7094 words)

	Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Intermediate Filament Protein Expression in ...
		Intermediate filament bundles have 15 nm immunogold and 5 nm immunogold labeling (arrowheads) for CK8.13 and GFAP, respectively.
		Intermediate filament proteins extracted from cultured neonatal rat hepatocytes (h, lane 13) and a crude extract from mouse brain cortex (b, lane 14) were used as controls.
		The percentage variability of intermediate filament protein levels in early and late cultures was compared for different cytokeratins (CK18, CK19, and CK8.13: CK7 and CK8), Vim, and GFAP.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/40/9/2062 (5902 words)

	Targeted Deletion of the Lens Fiber Cell-Specific Intermediate Filament Protein Filensin -- Alizadeh et al. 44 (12): ...
		A juvenile-onset, progressive cataract locus on chromosome 3q21–q22 is associated with a missense mutation in the beaded filament structural protein-2.
		Characterization of a mutation in the lens-specific CP49, in the 129 strain.
		Filensin and phakinin form a novel type of beaded intermediate filaments and coassemble de novo in cultured cells.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/12/5252 (4721 words)

	Syncoilin, a Novel Member of the Intermediate Filament Superfamily That Interacts with alpha -Dystrobrevin in Skeletal ...
		The subdivisions of the intermediate filament helical rod into helical "domains" (38) are shown.
		filaments, resulting in fragility of the myofibrils (54).
		V intermediate filament proteins of the nuclear lamina, a lattice
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/9/6645 (6273 words)

	Spatiotemporal Analysis of Flow-Induced Intermediate Filament Displacement in Living Endothelial Cells -- Helmke et al. ...
		Visualization of the 10-nm filament vimentin rings in vascular endothelial cells in situ: close resemblance to vimentin cytoskeletons found in monolayers in vitro.
		Dynamic properties of intermediate filaments in cultured endothelial cells: the effects of controlled fluid shear stress.
		Intermediate filament networks: organization and possible functions of a diverse group of cytoskeletal elements.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/80/1/184 (5613 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Confocal Gallery - Rat Brain Tissue Sections
		After the specimen was fixed, permeabilized, and blocked with 10-percent normal goat serum, it was treated with a cocktail of mouse anti-vimentin and rabbit anti-GFAP primary antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (IgG) conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 568, respectively.
		The intermediate filament protein vimentin was also targeted in the tissue section with a mouse anti-vimentin antibody detected with a goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488.
		In addition, the intermediate filament protein vimentin was targeted with an anti-vimentin primary antibody visualized with a secondary antibody conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488.
	www.olympusconfocal.com /gallery/ratbrain/hypothalamus.html (848 words)

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