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Topic: Intermolecular force

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London forces

Van der Waals force

Covalent bond

Dipole

Chemical bond

Lone pair

Delocalised electron

Hydride

Molecule

Polymer

Surface tension

Aromatic hydrocarbon

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	Canon Science Lab \| What is Nanotechnology?
		Intermolecular force is created by the balance of forces that come into play as the result of the electrical properties of adjacent molecules or atoms.
		Intermolecular force suddenly diminishes when the separation of these molecules or atoms increases beyond this distance.
		Because intermolecular forces arise between any substances, they are often used to bind substances at the nano level.
	www.canon.com /technology/s_labo/nano/002/03/002.html (206 words)

	Olympus - Dust Reduction
		There are two main types of dust that have the potential to damage photos: Dust particles that adhere through electric force and dust particles that adhere through intermolecular force.
		This kind of dust is attracted by intermolecular force.
		force and such molecules adhere strongly due to their ability to get closer to the adhesion surface, making it harder for dust reduction systems to remove the dust completely.
	www.olympus-europa.com /consumer/dslr_7051.htm (1037 words)

	Intermolecular Forces
		dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular force (one hundredth-one thousandth the strength of a covalent bond), hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular force (about one-tenth the strength of a covalent bond).
		Since melting or boiling result from a progressive weakening of the attractive forces between the covalent molecules, the stronger the intermolecular force is, the more energy is required to melt the solid or boil the liquid.
		If only dispersion forces are present, then the more electrons the molecule has (and consequently the more mass it has) the stronger the dispersion forces will be, so the higher the melting and boiling points will be.
	www.ausetute.com.au /intermof.html (880 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces that act between molecules or between widely separated regions of a macromolecule.
		These forces can be cohesive between like molecules (for example, surface tension) or adhesive between unlike molecules (for example, capillary action).
		Especially in the older literature, intermolecular interactions are regularly assumed to be isotropic (e.g., the potential is described in Lennard-Jones form, which depends only on distance).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=intermolecular_force (1353 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Intermolecular force
		Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces which act between molecules.
		This is an interactions that occurs between charged species, like charges will have a repulsive force while opposite charges will have an attractive force.
		Also called London forces or Van der Waals forces, these involve the attraction between temporaily induced dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/in/Intermolecular_force (279 words)

	intermolecular bonding - van der Waals forces
		Intermolecular attractions are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule.
		The forces of attraction which hold an individual molecule together (for example, the covalent bonds) are known as intramolecular attractions.
		Helium's intermolecular attractions are even weaker - the molecules won't stick together to form a liquid until the temperature drops to 4 K (-269°C).
	www.chemguide.co.uk /atoms/bonding/vdw.html (1496 words)

	Intermolecular Forces
		At this point, the solid melts to form a liquid in which intermolecular bonds are constantly broken and reformed as the molecules move through the liquid.
		He was trying to develop a model that would explain the behavior of liquids by including terms that reflected the size of the atoms or molecules in the liquid and the strength of the bonds between these atoms or molecules.
		Because of the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles, there is a small dipole-dipole force of attraction between adjacent HCl molecules.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/intermol/intermol.html (1020 words)

	General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Liquids: What are van der Waals forces?
		Intermolecular forces are feeble; but without them, life as we know it would be impossible.
		Intermolecular forces are responsible for many properties of molecular compounds, including crystal structures (e.
		However, they are usually weaker than the permanent forces that they are usually only invoked to explain intermolecular forces between nonpolar molecules or noble gas atoms.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/liquids/faq/h-bonding-vs-london-forces.shtml (836 words)

	Van der Waals Force - nCyclopedia
		The Van der Waals force is the force to which the gecko's unique ability to cling to smooth surfaces is attributed.
		London forces, named after the German physicist Fritz London, are weak intermolecular forces that arise from the attractive force between transient dipoles (or better multipoles) in otherwise nonpolar molecules.
		The London-Van der Waals force is related to the Casimir effect for dielectric media, the former the microscopic description of the latter bulk property.
	nanotitan.com /nCyclopedia/vanderwaalsForce.htm (579 words)

	intermolecularforces
		Intramolecular forces are the forces that keep the atoms in a compound stuck to each other - in other words, they're just chemical bonds.
		Intermolecular forces, on the other hand, are the forces that hold two covalent molecules to one another.
		Van der Waals forces are the weakest of the three intermolecular forces.
	misterguch.brinkster.net /intermolecularforces.html (1357 words)

	Journal of Theoretics
		This force is universal and dependent upon the volume of interaction.
		The intensity of that intermolecular force depends of intermolecular distance and nature of the particles.
		For calculation of intermolecular force (7) and intermolecular distance (6), data (heat of vaporization and boiling temperature) for elements of the periodic system are used.
	www.journaloftheoretics.com /Articles/2-5/Prebeg.htm (655 words)

	Intermolecular force: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Hydrogen bonds give water its unique properties, which allowed life to develop on earth; hydrogen bonds are also the intermolecular force that binds together the two strands in a molecule of DNA
		Dipole-Dipole interactions are the forces that occur between two molecules with permanent dipoles.
		This polarization can be induced either by a polar molecule or by the repulsion of negatively charged electron clouds in nonpolar molecules.
	www.encyclopedian.com /in/Intermolecular-force.html (292 words)

	Bambooweb: Intermolecular force
		Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces which act between molecules or between widely separated regions of a macromolecule.
		Hydrogen bonds are also the intermolecular force that bind together the two strands in a molecule of DNA.
		Also called London forces or Van der Waals forces, these involve the attraction between temporarily induced dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/i/n/Intermolecular_force.html (271 words)

	Untitled Document
		Intermolecular forces are between molecules and are weak (0.1 - 40 kJ/mol).
		Intermolecular forces are less directional compared to covalent bonds and operate over a longer range compared to covalent bonds.
		To determine which type(s) of intermolecular attractive forces occur for a particular substance the most important characteristic to determine for the substance is its polarity.
	intro.chem.okstate.edu /1515SP01/Lecture/Chapter12/Lec2201.html (2390 words)

	Intermolecular force - Definition, explanation
		These are fundamentally electrostatic interactions (ionic interactions, hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole interactions) or electrodynamic interactions (van der Waals/London forces).
		The critical difference between hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions is that the hydrogen is partially transfered to the second molecule - the second molecule's lone pair of electrons forms a covalent bond and the pair becomes somewhat like:
		Also called London forces, instantaneous dipole effects or Van der Waals forces, these involve the attraction between temporarily induced dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/i/in/intermolecular_force.php (490 words)

	[No title]
		Dipole-induced dipole force: is similar to that of an ion-induced dipole force.
		London Forces are about one-tenth of force of most dipole interactions and are the weakest of all the electrical forces that act between atoms or molecules.
		These forces help to explain why non-polar substances such as noble gases and the halogens condense into liquids and then freeze into solids when the temperature is lowered sufficiently.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/chemnotes/4.5.doc (1871 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 9 : Overview (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Forces of attraction can be overcome by increasing temperature and thus the kinetic energy (movement) of the particles.
		The stronger the force of attraction, the higher the temperature must be to reach the melting point.
		When the adhesive forces are stronger than the cohesive forces, the substance creeps up the sides of the container, forming a curved surface called a meniscus.
	wwnorton.com /chemistry/overview/ch9.htm (1233 words)

	Friction and drag
		This results in intermolecular forces which have a component tangential to the surface (the force of static friction).
		She pulls on the strap with a 35N force, and the frictional force on the suitcase is 20N.
		This force always points in a direction opposite to the direction of the velocity of the object, but, unlike friction, its magnitude depends on the speed of the object.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /phys135d/modules/m5/Friction.htm (1530 words)

	Bonds-vs-Interactions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Intermolecular forces are not encountered in systems that employ ionic bonding.
		One of the intermolecular forces is associated with NONPOLAR structures.
		Because the molecules are polar, the force is either a dipole-dipole attraction or a Hydrogen bond.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/interactions/interactions.html (1237 words)

	Intermolecular Forces
		Intermolecular forces are particularly important in terms how molecules interact and form biological organisms or even life.
		Usually, intermolecular forces are discussed together with The States of Matter, which is linked to a well illustrated web-site.
		Intermolecular forces also play important roles in solutions, a discussion of which is given in Hydration, solvation in water.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol.html (926 words)

	Real Gases and the van der Waals Equation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In particular, the hypotheses dealing with negligible volume and intermolecular forces are clearly approximations and it is not surprising that gases under conditions such as high pressure and low temperature will exhibit behavoirs that violate the ideal gas laws.
		Intermolecular forces are often lumped together and called van der Waals' forces in recognition of his being the first to recognize their existance.
		The magnitude of "a" is reflective of the intermolecular forces between molecules.
	neon.chem.uidaho.edu /~honors/real.html (912 words)

	Intermolecular Forces
		The force between molecules is a physical or intramolecular force.
		The force may be understood by decomposing each of the dipole into two equal but opposite charges and adding up the resulting charge-charge forces.
		Electrostatic forces are defined (categorized) by the symmetry of the partners involved in the interaction.
	www.chem.ufl.edu /~itl/2045/lectures/lec_g.html (966 words)

	Chapter 6: Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Energy; Chemical and Physical Bonding
		Intermolecular forces include the forces that operate between one atom or molecule and another, or between the ion of one substance and the molecules of another.
		The force is zero for an infinite separation, increases as the particles get closer, becomes a maximum when the particles just touch, and becomes strongly repulsive when the centers of the particles are separated by less than one particle diameter, due to interpenetration and repulsion of electron clouds.
		Intermolecular forces operate between, rather than within, the molecules of a covalent substance; the atoms of a monatomic element; or the ions of one substance and the molecules of another.
	www.wpi.edu /Academics/Depts/Chemistry/Courses/General/concept6.html (15952 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 9 : Identifying Intermolecular Forces (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because these forces are due to a temporary dipole formed by the perturbation of the electron cloud, molecules with bigger electron clouds will be more easily and more greatly perturbed.
		Substances with stronger intermolecular forces require higher temperatures to escape that attraction and become a gas (boil).
		The molar mass of bromine is 159.8 g/mol and that for carbon tetrachloride is 153.82 g/mol.
	www.wwnorton.com /chemistry/concepts/chapter9/ch9_1.htm (2326 words)

	The World of Liquid Crystals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The intermolecular forces acting between the molecules are moderately strong.
		These forces are not strong enough to give the substance rigidity, so that this fluid will conform to the shape of its container.
		Surface tension is caused by a balance between cohesive forces between the molecules within the liquid and adhesive forces between these molecules and other types of molecules at the liquid's interface, increasing with the strength of the attractive intermolecular forces.
	invsee.asu.edu /nmodules/liquidmod/forces.html (965 words)

	Intermolecular Forces Copy Right by C. Chieh, UoWaterloo
		Forces binding atoms in a molecule are due to chemical bonding.
		The energy required to break molecules apart is much smaller than a typical bond-energy, but intermolecular forces play important roles in determining the properties of a substance.
		Intermolecular forces are particularly important in how molecules interact and form biological organisms or even life.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c123/intermol2.html (980 words)

	Intermolecular force
		Intermolecular forces are electromagnetic forces which act between molecules.
		Dipole-Dipole interactions are the forces that occur between two molecules with permanent dipoles.
		Also called London forces or Van der Waals forces, these involve the attraction between temporaily induced dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
	www.fact-index.com /i/in/intermolecular_force.html (276 words)

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