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Topic: Internal fertilization

	Mode of fertilization and parental care in anurans
		In general, it is hypothesized that maternal care should be concentrated in taxa with internal fertilization, and paternal care should be concentrated in taxa with external fertilization.
		Studies have supported this relationship; however, new comparative techniques and new data on parental care and the frequency of internal fertilization in anurans suggest that the relationship should be re-evaluated.
		The observed and expected numbers of transitions from external fertilization and no parental care to external fertilization and male parental care or to internal fertilization and female parental care are not qualitatively different.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/2248.htm (249 words)

	Breeder's Net
		Internal bearers develop the embryo in various ways within the body of the female fish and are the "true livebearers." The egg is retained within the internal recesses of the female’s reproductive tract during development.
		The eggs of ovoviviparous fish are fertilized within the female and are retained by the female through hatching and development and she then gives birth to well formed juveniles, also known as "aplacentral viviparity." Although the female retains the embryos during the entire time of development, there is no transfer of nutrients to the young.
		External brooders pass the eggs from the reproductive tract of the female, usually at the time of fertilization, and then transfer the fertilized eggs to an area on the external surface of the female or male, which may be enclosed in a cavity or a pouch, for incubation.
	advancedaquarist.com /issues/june2002/breeder.htm (2693 words)

	External fertilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		External fertilization is a form of fertilization in which a sperm cell is united with an egg cell external to the body of the female.
		This is distinct from internal fertilization where the union of the egg and sperm occur inside the female after insemination through copulation.
		Many aquatic animals reproduce by external fertilization, including fish, whose females spawn ova which are fertilized by the sperm that male fish secrete into the water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/External_fertilization (215 words)

	Diversity of Amphibia
		Fertilization is internal, and adult females have spermathecae in the cloaca.
		Fertilization is internal; adult females have spermathecae in the cloaca, and adult males possess six sets of cloacal glands.
		Fertilization is internal; adult females have spermathecae in the cloaca, and adult males possess five sets of cloacal glands.
	oneweb.utc.edu /~Thomas-Wilson/Diversity_of_Amphibia.html (3134 words)

	Stepsedu-The Exclusive site for a X Grader
		Fertilization in frogs and toads is external, as it is in fishes, most water creatures and lower plants (e.g.
		Fertilization in mammals, birds, reptiles and insects is internal.
		That is to say, the sperms are shed directly into the female’s body where they fertilize the egg before these are laid as in birds and reptiles whereas in mammals the cell develops into an embryo within the female body.
	www.stepsedu.com /bio/bpheno_3.htm (191 words)

	The evolution of copulatory organs, internal fertilization, placentae and viviparity in killifishes ...
		The molecular phylogeny was used to reconstruct the evolution of major life-history traits such as internal fertilization, copulatory organs, livebearing and placentas.
		Internal fertilization, modifications of the male's anal fin to form a copulatory organ, and viviparity probably evolved independently three times in cyprinodontiform fishes: in the subfamilies Goodeinae, Anablepinae and Poeciliinae (sensu Parenti 198 1).
		The evolution of copulatory organs, internal fertilization, placentae and viviparity in killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) inferred from a DNA phylogeny of the tyrosine kinase gene X-src.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/1831.htm (345 words)

	Copulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copulation is the union of the external sexual organs of two sexually reproducing animal organisms for insemination and for subsequent internal fertilization, which is fertilization of ova inside organisms.
		The two organisms may be of opposite sexes or hermaphroditic, as is the case with, for example, snails.
		One example of animals which reproduce through internal fertilization are insects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copulation (292 words)

	[No title]
		Internal fertilization is an adaptation to terrestrial life that enables sperm to reach an egg in a dry environment.
		The role of the ducts and chambers is to conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus.
		The haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum fuse in fertilization.
	www.laredo.edu /science/rviswanath/Biol1407/46_LectureOutline.doc (5125 words)

	Fortnightly Club of Redlands
		This fertilization of the eggs by the sperms seems to be internal fertilization.
		She carries the fertilized eggs around with her for ten months, until they finally are hatched." While the sperms are placed by the male inside the female, in the lobster, as in the mole crab, fertilization is external.
		It has attempted to show that internal fertilization is a more efficient method of conserving sperm and eggs than is the random scattering, as in the case of some of the sea creatures.
	www.redlandsfortnightly.org /papers/vroman70.htm (4534 words)

	ZOO 138 Modes of Reproduction
		Internal fertilization takes place within thefemale's reproductive tract and that means that the sperm must betransferred into the female's reproductive tract in some way.
		Nowusually internal fertilization is achieved because the male hassome kind of a specialized organ that he inserts into thefemale's reproductive tract and transmits the sperm in that way.There are, among the vertebrate animals, a variety of differentways in which that is achieved.
		So what thisterm refers to is that at the moment that this female becomesphysically separated from her prospective young, what we seecoming out of her reproductive tract is an egg so this is anegg-bearing species or an oviparous species.
	www.csupomona.edu /~dfhoyt/classes/zoo138/old_transcripts/OLD_MODES.HTML (3950 words)

	Life Cycle Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Fertilization of the mature eggs by male sperm may take place within the female coral polyp (internal fertilization) or may be external, occurring in the water column.
		A coral that releases all of its gametes into the water so that fertilization occurs externally is known as a broadcaster. Internal fertilization is achieved by only the male gametes of the species being liberated from the polyps.
		If fertilization was internal the planula will develop within the maternal polyp (known as brooding) and will later be released into the water column.
	www.coexploration.org /bbsr/coral/html/body_life_cycle_story.html (680 words)

	Egg (biology) Summary
		In many animals, external fertilization is a much-less controlled process, for example, in the case of corals, sea urchins and numerous other kinds of marine invertebrates, in which the sexes shed huge numbers of gametes to the water at about the same time, so that the ova and sperm meet somewhat by chance.
		The internally fertilized eggs are later laid in the water and develop externally, representing oviparity.
		Usually after fertilization, the bird egg is laid by the female and is incubated for a time that varies according to the species; then a single young hatches from each egg.
	www.bookrags.com /Egg_(biology) (1581 words)

	CHAPTER 46 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Internal fertilization is an adaptation to terrestrial life that enables sperm to reach an egg in a dry environment.
		Internal fertilization requires sophisticated reproductive systems, including copulatory organs that deliver sperm and receptacles for their storage and transport to ripe eggs.
		The role of the ducts and chambers is to conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus.
	www.nmc.edu /~ftank/116s05/Ch46WordLectureOutline.htm (4434 words)

	[No title]
		In internal fertilization, the sperms are delivered into the body of the female.
		The fusion of gametes is called fertilization and produces the first cell of the new individual, the zygote.
		Internal fertilization is an adaptation to life on land.
	www.cbu.edu /~esalgado/BIOL112/Freeman/Ch45.doc (1763 words)

	[No title]
		In seahorses, it's the male that is responsible for incubating fertilized embryos.
		Fertilized eggs are retained and develop within the female's ovary or uterus.
		Depending on whether fertilization is internal or external and which type of embryonic development occurs, bony fishes may release eggs or sperm, larvae, or even sexually mature adult fishes.
	www.seaworld.org /infobooks/BonyFish/reproduction.html (1230 words)

	A
		Fertilization is the union (joining) of the egg and sperm nuclei.
		The fusion of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus is known as fertilization.
		Fertilization generally occurs when the egg is in the upper portion of the oviduct.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/davidschutz/livingEnv/notessexualrepro.htm (2379 words)

	Reproductive System
		In external fertilization, used by many aquatic invertebrates, eggs and sperm are simultaneously shed into the water, and the sperm swim through the water to fertilze the egg.
		In internal fertilization, the eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female, and then are covered with eggshells and/or remain within the body of the female during their development.
		If an egg is not fertilized and does not implant, the corpus luteum disintegrates and when it stops producing progesterone, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio105/reproduc.htm (2386 words)

	26
		Fertilization: The gametes unite by a process called fertilization, this is possible by the act of mating or copulation.
		In case the fertilization is internal, the egg cells are protected and hence so many are not required.
		Less are produced in case of internal development, as chances of survival are nearly complete and assured (as in mammals).
	www.nos.org /bio12/b4h26.1.htm (1841 words)

	Amphibia
		Eggs are fertilized as they pass through the cloaca and are usually deposited singly, in clumps, or in strings.
		Fertilization is almost always external, and eggs and larvae are typically aquatic.
		Fertilization is usually external, and because the developing eggs lack any resistant covering, development is tied to moist habitats, usually water.
	www.snow.edu /~allans/biology1320/amphibia.html (2312 words)

	Sperm competition in fish
		With internal fertilization, it is assumed that the importance of sperm competition is dramatically reduced as an intrasexual selective force, because males that copulate will be selected to economize in gametic expenditure2.
		Among species with external fertilization, female traits, such as the number and size of ova or the way in which they are apportioned, may influence the quantities and properties of sperm53.
		This is because of: (1) the existence of external and internal fertilization in closely related taxa; (2) the great flexibility of reproductive behaviour; and (3) the almost ubiquitous existence of parasitic male reproductive tactics.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ecology/sperm_competition_in_fish.htm (5156 words)

	Sperm Storage, Internal Fertilization, and Embryonic Dispersal in Vent and Seep Tubeworms (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae: ...
		Sperm Storage, Internal Fertilization, and Embryonic Dispersal in Vent and Seep Tubeworms (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae: Vestimentifera) -- Hilário et al.
		Percentage of fertilized eggs (mean ± 1 SD) of Lamellibrachia luymesi after a 24-h in situ deployment at various distances from a large bush of conspecifics.
		Pennington, J. The ecology of fertilization of echinoid eggs: the consequences of sperm dilution, adult aggregation, and synchronous spawning.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/208/1/20 (3872 words)

	lc25repro
		Fertilization is the fusion of egg and sperm.
		Most terrestrial animals - and some aquatic animals - rely on internal fertilization in which the female retains the egg(s) within her body and receives sperm from the male.
		Internal fertilization increases the probability that sperm and egg will meet successfully.
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /shankland/lc25repr.htm (1232 words)

	reproduction and development
		Internal fertilization occurs inside the body of the female.
		All terrestrial animals utilize internal fertilization, whereas most aquatic animals with the exception or marine mammals and some sharks utilize external fertilization.
		The presence of water is the major factor in whether internal or external fertilization is utilized.
	mysite.verizon.net /vzepz6a9/biorefweb/reprodev.html (895 words)

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