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Topic: Internal impedance

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Nominal impedance

Decibel

Loudspeaker

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	Output impedance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The output impedance, source impedance, or internal impedance of an electronic device is the opposition exhibited by its output terminals to the flow of an alternating current (AC) of a particular frequency as a result of resistance, induction and capacitance.
		The impedance at DC (frequency of 0) is the same as the resistance component of the impedance and is termed output resistance.
		It is important to realize that no real device (battery, generator, amplifier) is a perfect source; all have an internal impedance, though this may have negligible effect, depending on the load.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Output_impedance (544 words)

	Nominal watt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nominal wattage is used to simplify the measurement of the efficiency of a loudspeaker.
		The impedance of a loudspeaker varies with frequency.
		This permits a loudspeaker to be used with an amplifier having a low internal impedance and a flat frequency response is realised for the combined amplifier/loudspeaker system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nominal_watt (391 words)

	Chapter 6: The Secrets of Battery Runtime
		To a large extent, the internal resistance, also known as impedance, determines the performance and runtime of a battery.
		High internal resistance curtails the flow of energy from the battery to the equipment.
		The internal resistance of the Li-ion batteries cannot be improved with cycling.
	www.buchmann.ca /Chap6-page3.asp (718 words)

	ELECTRIC CIRCUITS EXPERIMENT 0 (DEMO)
		Internal impedance The maximum current drain is required to insure that the battery can supply the instantaneous current required for an application.
		In addition, the internal impedance has to be accounted for in some circuit applications(e.g.
		The internal impedance of 0.423ohms was within the expected range of 0.05 to 100 ohms.
	www.tcnj.edu /~rawicz/e212e0.html (661 words)

	AllRefer.com - impedance (Electrical Engineering) - Encyclopedia
		impedance, in electricity, measure in ohms of the degree to which an electric circuit resists the flow of electric current when a voltage is impressed across its terminals.
		Impedance is expressed as the ratio of the voltage impressed across a pair of terminals to the current flow between those terminals.
		When a circuit is supplied with alternating current, the impedance is affected by the inductance and capacitance in the circuit.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/impedanc.html (361 words)

	Choosing the best IP probe for impedance test
		All TDRs used for impedance measurement have an internal impedance of 50 Ohms as does the internal connection to the front panel and the coaxial cable that leads to the probe.
		Because impedance measurements are based on the first reflection returning to the TDR it follows that when measuring short traces the probe impedance should match that of the trace under test.
		Internally the IPD 100 is comprised of two uncoupled 50 Ohms lines so it works as a pair of IP 50s, with careful coupon design you can mix single ended and differential tests by selecting the appropriate test method and test channel on the CITS.
	www.polarinstruments.com /support/cits/AP128.html (819 words)

	Output impedance -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Depending on perspective, this impedance appears in series with a perfect voltage source, or in parallel with a perfect current source (see: (additional info and facts about Thevenin's theorem) Thevenin's theorem, (additional info and facts about Norton's theorem) Norton's theorem).
		This is called (additional info and facts about impedance bridging) impedance bridging or voltage bridging.
		This is called (additional info and facts about impedance matching) impedance matching or a matched connection.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ou/output_impedance.htm (574 words)

	Understanding Impedance
		The output voltage from the source is developed across the input impedance of the destination (often called the load impedance, or simply the load), and therefore the signal voltage is passed from source to destination.
		The impedance of a headphone is determined by the design of its voice coils — the length and size of wire used, the number of turns around the former, and so on.
		The use of the transformer is principally to translate the effective load impedance between that required by the valves, and that of a practical loudspeaker — a typical valve output circuit requires a load of between 5k(omega) and 10k(omega), whereas a practical loudspeaker presents a nominal impedance of between 4(omega) and 15(omega).
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/jan03/articles/impedanceworkshop.asp (5484 words)

	Laboratory 9 - Introduction to Amplifiers
		These internal impedances are im portant because they define how easily maximum amount of potential may be either transferred into, or out of, the system.
		Using this method we calculated the output impedance of the FG to be approximately 50.6 Ohms.
		Since the internal impedance of the line-out terminal is so much higher than that of the speaker, the majority of the output potential will be dropped across the internal impedance, leaving little to drive the speaker, and thus producing the low volume.
	www.eg.bucknell.edu /~ee222/lab9/Clark (749 words)

	Basic Electronics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The impedance of the primary and secondary are equal (1000 ohms).
		The primary impedance calculates to be 4000 ohms and the secondary to be 1000 ohms.
		Impedance matching is a process whereby the load impedance is made to drop the same amount of voltage and consume the same amount of power as the internal imped ance of the voltage source.
	web.axs.net /jhutton/webstu29.htm (2706 words)

	Battery Performance Characteristics - How to specify and test a battery
		The internal impedance is affected by the physical characteristics of the electrolyte, the smaller the granular size of the electrolyte material the lower the impedance.
		The internal resistance of a galvanic cell is temperature dependent, decreasing as the temperature rises due to the increase in electron mobility.
		The internal resistance of most cell chemistries also tends to increase significantly towards the end of the discharge cycle as the active chemicals are converted to their discharged state and hence are effectively used up.
	www.mpoweruk.com /performance.htm (2474 words)

	amplifier specs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The damping factor is the ratio between the load impedance and the amplifier's internal impedance (load impedance divided by internal impedance).
		As if that isn't complicated enough, keep in mind that the impedance graph is different for each driver, the amplifier's internal impedance is also complex, and you have to figure in the impedance contributed by the wires and connectors used in the signal path.
		The internal impedance of an amplifier is usually very small and in the absence of a source signal, it is like a short across the leads of the driver.
	www.wickedcases.com /caraudio/ampspecs.html (3756 words)

	Designing Single-Stage Inverting Feedback Amplifier
		It is usually simpler to add the output impedance of the previous stage to the value of Ri, and treat the input voltage as the unloaded output voltage of the previous stage.
		The output impedance can be ignored, and the second or third set of equations can be used if the gain of the amplifier is large enough and the output impedance is small in comparison to the feedback amplifier resistor values.
		Since the input impedance is desired to be 100k, the value of Ri is chosen to be 100k, because the ideal amplifier equations show the input impedance equal to Ri, and the non-ideal amplifier shows that the input resistance will be greater than Ri, but never less than Ri.
	www.aikenamps.com /FeedbackAmp.htm (4118 words)

	Milbert Amplifiers, Damping Factor
		This is the impedance that the amplifier must "see" when it "looks" at the speaker load and is the rated load impedance usually indicated at the amplifier output terminals.
		If we were going to use the amplifier to drive a constant-resistance load, it wouldn't matter whether the internal impedance was one ohm or 10 ohms or 10, 000 ohms.
		If the internal impedance of the amplifier is too high, the speaker will move the way it wants to move instead of the way the amplifier tells it to move.
	www.milbert.com /articles/DampingFactor.bdc (1530 words)

	Electrical Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The circuit resistance of Twist Capsule circuits is controlled by three features of the design: (1) the internal flex tape trace cross sectional area and length; (2) the internal lead wire size and length; and (3) the external lead wire size and length.
		The current carrying capacity of Twist Capsule circuits is a function of the cross sectional area of external and internal leads and the cross sectional area of the internal flex tape traces.
		Although it is always a good idea to maintain the characteristic impedance of a transmission line along its entire length (which will include the flex capsule), compromise sometimes necessitates that the flex capsule circuit characteristic impedance not be an exact match to the cabling and load external to it.
	www.kaydon.com /electro/Electrical.htm (1324 words)

	Peavey.com :: Impedance in Audio Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perhaps now that you have further insight into complex impedance, you may also agree that when misinformed people try to "out think" the manufacturer of a loudspeaker system, they more often than not have their own foot crushed by the wheel that they are trying to reinvent.
		The loudspeaker load impedance is often referred to as the output impedance of the amplifier; however, it is more correct to call this the amplifier load impedance.
		There is a circuit that measures the small change in output voltage when the load impedance changes, and through a feedback network, the circuitry maintains a constant output voltage as the voltage neither increases or decreases with a change in load impedance.
	www.peavey.com /support/technotes/concepts/impedance_3.cfm (3055 words)

	Entrance Battery Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The connector may also be insulated copper wire, or may be lead for lead-acid cells (where the manufacturer has made the connection between cells in the same multi-cell container).
		The internal losses of a battery standing on open-circuit or on float charge, without considering any losses incidental to any discharge.
		The change in voltage at the terminals of a cell when a specified current is flowing into the cell; it is equal to the difference between the actual cell voltage and the open circuit voltage, exclusive of the internal voltage drop.
	www.cyb.com.au /encyclopedia/default.htm (4569 words)

	Electrical memory effects
		A name input impedance is used in both BJT and MESFET instead of a source impedance in order to avoid misunderstanding in the source terminal of the MESFET.
		In addition, Equations (9)-(10) describe the node impedance outside the transistor, although the impedance seen by the internal distortion generator is the primary object of interest.
		As fundamental and second harmonic impedances play a minor role, the major part of the memory effects is produced by envelope impedances.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514265149/html/x730.html (1107 words)

	WiNRADiO WR-313i Receiver Options
		This is useful for situations when the receiver's own internal oscillator is to be used as a reference for other equipment, or, if an external reference is used, to provide this external reference to other receivers in a daisy-chain arrangement.
		This makes it possible for the receiver to be used as a front-end tuner for HF monitoring systems requiring the capability of digitizing the entire HF band instantaneously; or a front-end for a spectrum analyzer, taking advantage of the receiver's excellent sensitivity and low noise-floor level.
		This output is located at an additional SMA connector, with 50 ohm impedance and 18 dB gain (relative to the receiver's input level).
	www.winradio.com /home/g313i-options.htm (555 words)

	Output Impedance
		The output impedance of an amplifier is very similar to the internal resistance of the power supply above.
		Another difference is that the output impedance of the amplifier will vary with frequency.
		The output impedance of the amplifier is 0.0104 ohms.
	www.bcae1.com /outptimp.htm (1125 words)

	Impedance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Impedance is similar to a dam in a river.
		Impedance Audiometry - The primary purpose of impedance audiometry is to determine the status of the tympanic membrane and middle ear via tympanometry.
		Characteristic impedance is the impedance that a cable would have if the cable were infinitely long.
	supersearching.com /k/impedance.html (737 words)

	Battery testing techniques - Patent 4423379
		A system and method for testing a battery having an internal impedance by generating digital battery parameter values corresponding to the battery parameters at different points in time by means of current, voltage and temperature measurement circuits and an analog-to-digital converter.
		Circuit 110 also includes an operational amplifier 112 connected as a high input impedance voltage follower, resistors 114-116, a potentiometer 117 and an output terminal 119 which produces a voltage proportional to the temperature of the negative terminal of the battery.
		This criteria is contrary to the conventional wisdom taught by the battery art in which low battery internal resistance is deemed to be a virtue in all cases.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4423379.html (5424 words)

	Monster Cable Splitters - Lashen Electronics
		Internal impedance matching network for accurate 75ohm load to all outputs.
		Precise internal impedance matching network distributes 75-ohm load evenly to all outputs for maximum signal strength and a vivid picture.
		Internal impedance matching network for accurate 75¥ load to all outputs.
	www.lashen.com /vendors/monster/monster_cable_splitters.asp (580 words)

	Contact SR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Internal impedance is a measure of how easily a cell will deliver current.
		A low internal impedance cell has a low resistance and if you need to pull a lot of current from the pack, the pack's voltage won't drop causing a crash.
		We’ve listed the internal impedance for all of our packs and cells so that you can better compare them with other brands on the market.
	www.srbatteries.com /Intimp.htm (135 words)

	Internal Force-Based Impedance Control for Cooperating Manipulators - Bonitz, Hsia (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: Internal force-based impedance control for cooperating manipulators controls the motion of the objects being manipulated and the internal force on the objects by enforcing a relationship between the velocity of each manipulator and the internal force on the manipulated objects.
		Each manipulator is directly given the properties of an impedance by the controller, thus, eliminating the need to have both a position and force control loop.
		On Force Tracking Impedance Control with Unknown Environment..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /bonitz96internal.html (563 words)

	NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN
		If the internal output impedance of the DUT is low compared to its specified output impedance and the impedance of the test instrument, the DUT will not require loading.
		If we are measuring the frequency response of a power amp rated at 8 V, and we do not know the internal impedance of the amp, we should load it with an 8 V load.
		All we need to do is set the calibrate switch to the impedance we want to measure, insert the pink noise, set the level to any reference point on the screen that we want, switch to read and look at the response on the RTA (see Figure 4).
	svconline.com /mag/avinstall_not_forgotten (2415 words)

	Multimeter Construction Project
		Because a voltmeter must be placed across a voltage to be measured, and the meter should not affect the measurement, the best voltmeter has a very high internal resistance.
		Because an ammeter must be placed in series with the current to be measured, and the meter should not affect the measurement, the best ammeter has a very low internal resistance.
		To select different resistance ranges, different values for an internal series resistance R are chosen by pressing different buttons on the multimeter.
	www.ee.unb.ca /tervo/ee2791/meters.htm (896 words)

	Interconnect modeling introduction
		For instance, by combined a new effective internal impedance with the current-filament method for extraction we have achieved excellent accuracy with at least a 100 times reduction in computation time.
		The equivalent impedance seen at the bottom surface of triangles is calculated by eq.
		Figure 5: Series impedance per unit length for copper, coplanar bars, calculated from the volume filament and surface ribbon methods using various surface impedance models.
	weewave.mer.utexas.edu /MED_files/MED_research/Intrcncts/Intcnct_ovr_vw/Intro.html (851 words)

	FAQ for F2MC-16LX Family : FUJITSU
		The manual describes that, when the analog input impedance is high, a capacitor of about 0.1µF is attached to the analog input pin.
		At this time, if the impedance of the analog pin is high, sampling time terminates before it returns to the original analog voltage value and the voltage charged to the sample hold circuit is converted to a digital value because it is assumed to be abnormal.
		Influences may be generated by the sampling time and output impedance that vary depending on the internal operation frequency.
	www.fujitsu.com /global/services/microelectronics/product/micom/support/faq/16lx/ad.html (2600 words)

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