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Topic: Internal resistance

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	1999 Darwin Award: Resistance is Futile
		Internal resistance is resistance to electrical power flow that exists inside any power source.
		The voltage drop is due to the internal resistance of the battery.
		The reason is the resistance of the human body itself.
	www.darwinawards.com /darwin/darwin1999-50.html (1133 words)

	Output impedance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The output impedance, source impedance, or internal impedance of an electronic device is the opposition exhibited by its output terminals to the flow of an alternating current (AC) of a particular frequency as a result of resistance, inductance and capacitance.
		The impedance at DC (frequency of 0) is the same as the resistance component of the impedance and is termed output resistance.
		Internal resistance is a concept that helps us model the complex chemical reactions that occur inside a battery.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internal_resistance (547 words)

	Battery Education
		Internal resistance, known as impedance, determines the performance and runtime of a battery.
		The aging of the battery cells contributes, primarily, to the increase in resistance, not usage.
		The internal resistance of the Li‑ion batteries cannot be improved with cycling (recharging).
	www.batteryeducation.com (1154 words)

	EMF and Internal Resistance
		Since the internal resistance r and the load resistor R are in series the same current, I, passes through both resistors.
		In the circuit shown in Fig.13 a 6 V battery with an internal resistance of 0.2 Ω is connected to a 0.4 Ω load resistor.
		In the circuit shown in Fig.15 a battery with an EMF of 6 V and an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is connected to a 4 Ω load resistor.
	www.crocodile-clips.com /absorb/AP5/sample/020301.html (2923 words)

	Battery Performance Characteristics - How to specify and test a battery
		The internal impedance is affected by the physical characteristics of the electrolyte, the smaller the granular size of the electrolyte material the lower the impedance.
		The internal resistance of a galvanic cell is temperature dependent, decreasing as the temperature rises due to the increase in electron mobility.
		The internal resistance of most cell chemistries also tends to increase significantly towards the end of the discharge cycle as the active chemicals are converted to their discharged state and hence are effectively used up.
	www.axeonpower.com /performance.htm (2609 words)

	output resistance and damping factor
		With the transformer it is the Ohm's resistance of the copper coil and the saturation of the magnetic core.
		A static internal resistance meant, the resistance is constant for all load conditions.
		The output resistance and the open loop of an amplifier depends essentially on the frequency, temperature and the load.
	www.amplifier.cd /Tutorial/Innenwiderstand/output_resistance.htm (1547 words)

	NJIT - Experiment No.4 - Internal Impedance of Instruments; Influence of Instruments on Circuits
		Measurements of internal resistances of digital and analog voltmeters, ammeters, and the output resistance of a voltage source (a waveform generator).
		Measure the internal resistance of the digital voltmeters at your bench in the DC mode on two different ranges by setting the DC power supply first to a low voltage (no more than 1 V) and then to a higher voltage (over 20 V).
		Without the load resistor the source internal resistance has no effect on the measurement, if the internal resistance of the meter is high (you already know that it is!).
	web.njit.edu /~gilhc/EE291/EE291IV.htm (1397 words)

	Internal Parasites
		Sometimes resistance is defined as: "the failure to reduce faecal egg counts by at least 95%", but it has been proven that detection of resistance by FEC sometimes is not discovered until the resistance levels have reached 50% of the worm population.
		Resistance was first discovered in bezimidazole 1979 and has since then gradually increased, and topped 66% resistance in samples sent to health laboratories in 1993.
		Internal parasites increase the demand for nutrients, but the cell damage to the gut denies the uptake of nutrients.
	www.ceresfarm.co.nz /internalparasites.htm (4000 words)

	Battery Capacity and Internal Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		To clearly illustrate the effect of the magnitude of the internal resistance on the apparent capacity of a battery, two additional experiments were performed.
		The estimated internal resistance for the nickel metal hydride battery is 0.13 ohms and that of the Radio Shack alkaline battery is 0.31 ohms.
		The average current for these batteries when 1.6 ohms is used as the resistive load is about 700 milliamps which calculates to a 0.09 volt drop for the nickel metal hydride battery and 0.22 volt drop for the Radio Shack alkaline battery.
	home.att.net /~mikemelni1/battery3.html (198 words)

	Matching of cells with Apex internal resistance meter. - RC Groups
		Internal resistance is important too, but is not an indication of identical capacity.
		The internal resistance of the 1700's are such that they will sometimes burn up at these currents if they are not zapped well.
		The extra weight is more than offset by the lower internal resistance or abilty to deliver max current in 20 seconds for unlimited, or 30 seconds for 7 cell.
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/showthread.php?t=69930 (1478 words)

	Chapter 9: Internal Battery Resistance
		Internal resistance values have been reduced by a factor of two and three after servicing the affected batteries with the recondition cycle of a Cadex 7000 Series battery analyzer.
		The terms ‘internal resistance’ and ‘impedance’ are often intermixed when addressing the electrical conductivity of a battery.
		The differences are as follows: The internal resistance views the conductor from a purely resistive value, or ohmic resistance.
	www.buchmann.ca /Chap9-page3.asp (724 words)

	6. The Secrets of Battery Runtime 2
		To a large extent, the internal resistance, also known as impedance, determines the performance and runtime of a battery.
		High internal resistance curtails the flow of energy from the battery to the equipment.
		The internal resistance of the Li-ion batteries cannot be improved with cycling.
	www.technick.net /public/code/cp_dpage.php?aiocp_dp=guide_bpw2_c06_03 (862 words)

	Battery - 8 - Internal Resistance
		This includes the resistance of the terminals, connecting links, -and the framework upon which the active materials are pasted.
		It is true, in general, that the resistance of the electrolyte is about half of the total resistance of the cell.
		The change in resistance of the positive plate is especially marked near the end of a discharge.
	www.powerstream.com /1922/battery_1922_WITTE/batteryfiles/chapter08.htm (839 words)

	Alert - Internal resistance mystery - RC Groups
		Another surprise is that the dynamic resistance remain pretty constant on the 1C to 6C range.
		My guess is that the reason for the higher apparent resistance, shown as the slope of your plots, at the 1 minute time versus the 10 minute time is due to a measurement timing issue.
		Your test approach is valid and can be a much better predictor of sustained-load cell voltage than AC impedance is. However, the effective internal resistance numbers generated by this type of measurement method are significantly dependent on the test parameters, especially voltage measurement points, load level durations, and temperature effects.
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/showthread.php?t=90869 (1328 words)

	Source resistance
		In the schematic, the internal resistance is indicated by an additional resistor in series with the battery.
		The battery, with its internal resistance, is enclosed within the dotted lines of the schematic diagram.
		The effect of the source resistance on the power output of a dc source may be shown by an analysis of the circuit in figure 3-36.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book1/chapter3/1-21.htm (361 words)

	Battery construction : BATTERIES AND POWER SYSTEMS
		The chemical reaction inside the cell may still be providing exactly 10 volts, but voltage is dropped across that internal resistance as electrons flow through the battery, which reduces the amount of voltage available at the battery terminals to the load.
		Typically, batteries are placed in applications where their internal resistance is negligible compared to that of the circuit load (where their short-circuit current far exceeds their usual load current), and so the performance is very close to that of an ideal voltage source.
		The equivalent internal resistance of this battery of 5 cells is 1/5 that of each individual cell.
	www.allaboutcircuits.com /vol_1/chpt_11/2.html (941 words)

	PHYS345 Real Batteries and Battery Testers
		The internal resistance r is included to account for power dissipation which is not recoverable within the battery when current is flowing.
		Since the internal resistance of a fresh battery is typically one ohm or less, the voltage drop across the internal resistance will be insignificant when the terminal voltage is measured with a good voltmeter.
		Internal resistance of a battery may also increase dramatically if an attempt is made to extract the energy of the battery too quickly via large currents.
	www.physics.udel.edu /~watson/phys345/class/04-battery-testers.html (496 words)

	SmartGauge Electronics - An effect similar to Peukert's effect during charging
		The internal resistance of the battery due to the resistance at the interface between the lead plates and the electrolyte and the internal resistance of the battery due to the actual resistance of the electrolyte itself.
		The zig-zag represents the internal resistance of the battery.
		Due to the internal resistance of the battery, the battery dissipated 0.8 watts.
	www.smartgauge.co.uk /peukert_chg.html (1827 words)

	Internal battery resistance
		Measured in milliohms, the internal resistance is the gatekeeper that, to a large extent, determines the runtime.
		The internal resistance varied widely and measured a low 155 mOhm for nickel-cadmium, a high 778 mOhm for nickel-metal-hydride and a moderate 320 mOhm for lithium-ion.
		The internal resistance varies with the state-of-charge of the battery.
	www.batteryuniversity.com /partone-22.htm (989 words)

	Power and Internal Resistance
		Power transfer between a voltage source and an external load is at its most efficient when the resistance of the load matches the internal resistance of the voltage source.
		If the load resistance is too low then most of the power output of the voltage source is dissipated as heat inside the source itself.
		If the load resistance is too high then the current which flows in the circuit is too low to transfer energy to the load at an appreciable rate.
	farside.ph.utexas.edu /teaching/302l/lectures/node62.html (317 words)

	Battery Testing, Test Methods and Procedures
		To determine the internal resistance, first it is necessary to measure the open circuit voltage of the cell.
		The resistance is calculated by ohms law from the voltage difference between the two measurements and the current which is flowing through the cell.
		Using a conventional ohmmeter for measuring the resistance of the cables, contacts and inter-cell links is not satisfactory because the resistance is very low and the resistance of the instrument leads and the contacts causes significant errors.
	www.axeonpower.com /testing.htm (3214 words)

	The Secrets of battery runtime
		A battery with high internal resistance may still perform adequately on a low current appliance such as a flashlight, portable CD player or wall clock.
		The cobalt system tends to increase the internal resistance as part of aging whereas the manganese (spinel) maintains the resistance throughout its life but loses capacity through chemical reaction.
		High internal battery resistance and the equipment itself are not the only cause of premature voltage cut-off - warm temperature also plays a role by lowering the battery voltage.
	www.batteryuniversity.com /parttwo-31.htm (1239 words)

	Concorde Battery Corporation - Aircraft Batteries
		The opposition or resistance to the flow of a direct electric current within a cell or battery; the sum of the ionic and electronic resistance of the cell components.
		This voltage drop is due to the internal resistance of the cell.
		This internal resistance is due to the accumulation of lead sulfate on the plates.
	www.concordebattery.com /glossary.php (3364 words)

	ACES Publications : UNP-0006
		The resistance values of Florida Native and Suffolk in this trial suggest that parasitic resistance may be improved through systematic crossbreeding of these two breeds, and other breeds may be able to be crossbred or backcrossed to the Florida Native to improve their resistance.
		However, since research has shown that genetic resistance of sheep to internal parasites is not able to develop until 5 months of age (Gray et al, 1992), young lambs (1 to 6 months of age) would need to be dewormed.
		Resistance of sheep and goats to helminth infections: a genetic basis.
	www.aces.edu /pubs/docs/U/UNP-0006 (1459 words)

	The Voice of Resistance
		Resistance occurs when the desire to do or be something new or challenging meets an equally strong urge to repel that change.
		You feel fatigued for no apparent reason (resistance is exhausting) or you notice that your calorie intake increases in relation to your level of resistance.
		When you hit on that dream or new-found ambition, the wall of resistance usually rises in direct proportion to the importance of the dream.
	www.metavoice.org /articles/internal-resistance.shtml (586 words)

	Batteries
		Lead acid cells have very low internal resistance, which makes them well-suited for use as a car battery, because very high current can be drawn from the cells to operate the car's starter motor.
		Alkaline cells have higher internal resistance than nickel-cadmium cells; therefore a flash unit takes longer to recycle when alkaline cells are used.
		Cells with low internal resistance (in particular, lead acid and nickel cadmium cells) can be dangerous to work with, because extremely large currents can flow if the cell is shorted externally, since the internal resistance is so low.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~elec201/Book/batteries.html (1559 words)

	Greek Resistance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Greek Resistance is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis Occupation of Greece during World War II.
		The rise of resistance movements in Greece was precipitated by the invasion and occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany (and its allies Italy and Bulgaria) from 1941 to 1944.
		Some in the left-wing resistance claimed the government to be illegitimate, on account of its roots in the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas from 1936 to 1941.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Greek_Resistance (1087 words)

	Electro-Chem-Technic :: Internal Resistance of a Cell
		The internal resistance of most sources of electrical power, such as D.C. "power packs" and batteries, is fixed and cannot be changed.
		The design of these cells allows the internal resistance to be easily changed.
		The circuit for measuring the internal resistance is given below.
	www.ectechnic.co.uk /exp7.html (169 words)

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