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	International Brigades - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Brigades were Republican military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries who traveled to Spain, to fight for the democratic government in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.
		The first International Brigade, the XIth Brigade (numbered XI, next to the ten mixed brigades of the Spanish regular army), under command of "General" Emilio Kléber, was engaged during the Battle of Madrid, occupying its positions on 8 November 1936.
		Even though the International Brigades did not win the battle by themselves, nor significantly change the situation, they certainly did provide an example by their determined fighting, and improved the morale of the population by demonstrating the concern of other nations in the fight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Brigades (3783 words)

	International Medical Brigades
		The brigade is made up of 21 health professionals: epidemiologists, especialists, nurses who were taken to the zones of epidemic alert on the same day.
		The brigade was taken inmediately to Posoltega, El Viejo, Condega, San Juan de Limay and Nueva Segovia.
		Some of the members of the brigade have already been in Nicaragua during Hurricane Joan in 1988 they all insisted that they are trained to work in adversity ever since during medical school.
	members.tripod.com /nicsocial/Brigadas.htm (575 words)

	[No title]
		Early in the 1960's Amnesty International discovered that if citizens were to write letters on behalf of threatened individuals or imprisoned individuals that these letters were the symbolic representation of the concern of the international community for the health or the human rights of this individual who has unjustly been imprisoned.
		What has been discovered in the practice of this international accompaniment is that the presence of internationals appears to have some deterrent effect on the people who are thinking about attacking, imprisoning, killing, or having political activists disappear.
		Peace Brigades is very careful to be non-partisan, to work with the diplomatic community, and to askew overt kinds of activities that demonstrate solidarity or partisanship with one side or another.
	www.beyondintractability.org /audio/10277 (1760 words)

	Freedom fighters or Comintern army? The International Brigades in Spain
		The significance of the International Brigades' intervention in the civil war becomes clearer when the relatively small number of troops involved, their lack of military experience or sufficient training, the specific logistical problems involved in organising such a multinational force and the failings of their commanders are all taken into account.
		The International Brigades did not save Madrid, as was subsequently made out by the Communists, for the militia and population had checked the main fascist advance the day before, but their bravery and example proved an important morale booster for the beleaguered Republican forces.
		The legacy of the International Brigades is contradictory.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /isj84/durgan.htm (9609 words)

	EJP \| News \| Western Europe \| International Brigades survivors in emotional return to Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		She worked with French Brigades leader Andre Marty at their headquarters in the southeastern city of Albacete before going on to fight in the French Resistance, which would earn her a spell in a concentration camp.
		The Abraham Lincoln Brigade comprised 2,800 fighters, of whom 900 died in the conflict.
		The deeds of the foreign volunteers, inside and outside the International Brigades, were brought to a wider audience by the likes of Ernest Hemingway and Frank Capa, Andre Malraux and George Orwell.
	www.ejpress.org /article/11092 (717 words)

	PBI Colombia Project Home
		Peace Brigades International (PBI) is an NGO (non-governmental organisation) which maintains international observer/ accompaniment teams in areas of conflict at the request of local organisations.
		International accompaniment is a way of transforming the conflict, where third parties can help create the conditions necessary to find solutions.
		This international support is made up of a wide range of institutions,members of parliaments, NGOs, church organisations, civil servants andmembers of the diplomatic community, who have expressed their support for the work of PBI Colombia.
	www.peacebrigades.org /colombia.html (356 words)

	Amigos de Cuba: International Work Brigades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These brigades are made up of groups of volunteer workers, students, retired young-at-heart men and women, professionals, and young people from different walks of life from all over the world.
		Following his example, the volunteer work brigade is the most effective way of showing Cuba our solidarity and support against the unjust economic, trade and financial blockade by the U.S.A. The work varies according to the province and the agricultural work needed at the time of the arrival.
		The brigade provides a unique opportunity to experience the Cuban Revolution without the blinders of tourism, while also allowing all Cubans to see that they are not alone.
	www.nscuba.org /Amigos (3176 words)

	Daniel N. Clark : Home (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From August 23-27, 1982, the Second International Consultation on Peace Brigades was held in Bergen, The Netherlands, together with the first meeting of the International Council of PBI, and the initial meeting of the directorate of the newly formed PBI corporation.
		It was agreed that applicants for the brigade were to satisfy certain PBI criteria, such as minimum age, familiarity with Spanish, and experience with nonviolent action, and to be approved by PBI as well as the local steering committee.
		In part, difficulties arose from the lack of opportunity by project staff to visit the brigade while it was being organized and prepared, and from an apparent lack of clarity by the steering committee as to its duties in relation to the brigade.
	www.danielclark.zoomshare.com.cob-web.org:8888 (14537 words)

	Military Trivia
		European and American leftists who volunteered to fight for Republican Spain were organized into the International Brigades by the Comintern, which for the sake of command-and-control were further broken down into battalions of volunteers who spoke the same language or had the same national background.
		The strange thing was, the International Brigades were organized along the same lines as the Red Army, right down to having commissars, or political officers, assigned to each commander to ensure that any decision made was not just tactically correct but politically correct as well.
		The International Brigades became the shock troops of the Republicans.
	www.angelfire.com /tx4/bustersbattery/militrivia/MILITRIVIA45.html (413 words)

	Welcome to Pax Christi International
		Unilateral actions should be rejected and international solutions are needed to secure a definitive and just peace for the city and for the two peoples and three religions who are its major stakeholders.
		Pax Christi International is calling upon the United Nations to convene an international conference during which the Palestinian and Israeli governments, along with other international interested parties, will begin negotiations to assure the rights of two peoples and three religions to live together in Jerusalem in harmony, respect, mutual acceptance and cooperation.
		In the message, issued 18 August 2006, Pax Christi International is calling for the implementation of all UN Resolutions and the beginning of a new peace process.
	www.paxchristi.net (1408 words)

	International Brigades
		Joseph Stalin agreed and in September 1936 the Comintern began organising the formation of International Brigades.
		The International Brigades and the British volunteers were, numerically, only a small part of the Republican forces, but nearly all had accepted the need for organization and order in civilian life.
		The Brigades is the historic answer of the democratic peoples of the world to protect their democracy, and the urgency of the need for that protection would warrant an even greater response.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SPinternational.htm (5621 words)

	Peace Brigades International/USA
		In addition, PBI has developed the Emergency Response Network, which mobilizes international support in the form of faxes, telexes, and letters directed at government officials when someone we accompany is threatened.
		PBI was conceived in 1981 as an international network to support both local and international initiatives in nonviolent action and reconciliation.
		Peace Brigades International challenges the myth that violent institutions and warfare must dominate human affairs.
	www.wecaretoo.com /Organizations/CA/peace.html (352 words)

	Andrew Parnaby \| Notebook / Carnet \| Labour/Le Travail, 56 \| The History Cooperative
		Indeed many veterans of the International Brigades have written memoirs of their experiences or have contributed their recollections to historians writing about the conflict.
		And although brigade and party officials tried to keep track of aliases in much of the documentation, they found it difficult to translate obscure sounding Scandinavian or Slavic names into Spanish or English; this problem produced endless variations in the ways one individual's name might be spelled.
		Liversedge says International Brigade leadership, recognizing the lack of documentation on Canadians in Spain, assigned Lawson and himself the task of tracking all the Canadians in Spain, including those serving outside the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/56/notebook.html (2008 words)

	International Brigades - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		International Brigades - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		International Brigades, volunteers who went to fight for the Republican government of Spain when the military rose on July 18, 1936, beginning the...
		This report on the withdrawal of the International Brigades appeared in The Times on October 29, 1938.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /International_Brigades.html (171 words)

	Spanish Civil War: The International Brigades
		The Germans practiced, experimented, and validated their ideas about war in the mechanized age. In a way, the Spanish Civil War was the Vietnam of Europe, in that several powerful foreign actors took sides, providing men and material for the war.
		The intellectuals of the International Brigades believed their cause was just, socialism versus Franco’s fascism.
		The International Brigades were disbanded and allowed to leave Spain when Franco's forces, supported heavily by Germany and Italy, were on the verge of victory.
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/spain/intbdes.html (636 words)

	European Europe History - The involvement of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War
		The International Brigades began as an idea in July and August of 1936, but soon its formation became the main work of the Comintern (the body with the responsibility of fostering the world-wide spread of Communism).
		The International Brigades baptism of fire came on the 8th of November 1936, when the XIth and XIIth Brigades went to the Madrid front.
		The Brigades were also present at the Battle of Teruel in early 1938, and the final battle in which they took part was at the Ebro, where 75% of International Brigade members who had crossed the Ebro River were killed.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=22901 (1421 words)

	The Easter Rising and the fight in Spain - Indymedia Ireland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A wreath was jointly laid by International Brigade veteran Jack Edwards and Dolly West Shaer, formerly founding Secretary of Friends of the International Brigades, whose joining forces with the International Brigade Association led to the establishment of the IBMT.
		We are the children, grandchildren, relatives and friends of the International Brigaders who left their native countries 70 years ago in order to fight against fascism, in defence of the democracy of the Spanish Republic and for the rights of Catalunya.
		The members of British Battalion of the 15th International Brigade were internationalists, not only in their defence of the Spanish Republic, but also in their understanding of the national question in both Ireland and Catalunya.
	www.indymedia.ie /article/76009 (3303 words)

	Bortenstein (Casanova): Spain Betrayed (Chap.15) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These International Brigades were made up of different elements, ranging from militants who had passed through bourgeois, Fascist and democratic prisons because of their devotion to the proletariat, to some declassed elements (tramps, old legionaries, etc.).
		This reactionary intervention of the International Brigades merits further analysis in detail, but what interests us now is the problem of the volunteers in its entirety, and its connection with the general orientation of the Popular Front.
		But two battalions of International Brigaders, more than a thousand German and Austrian ex-volunteers, left for Barcelona on the night of 24-25 January, the day before the capture of the Catalan capital, and offered their lives to the Negrín government.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/document/spain2/ch15.htm (3366 words)

	The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 by Myron Momryl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Spanish Civil War and the role of the International Brigades continue to stir deep emotions and passionate debates among surviving veterans and their supporters, including many historians interested in the events leading to the outbreak of the Second World War.
		Their experiences in Spain as members of the International Brigades hardened and deepened their political faith, and there were many casualties among their numbers.
		At the end of 1938, the brigades were withdrawn in the vain hope that the German and Italian units would also be withdrawn from the Franco side.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/793/thegallant.html (784 words)

	[No title]
		For example in Sri Lanka, the Peace Brigades did not work in the North where the Tamils and the Tamil Tigers were fighting the government.
		You got have these individual volunteers nested in their home government that way, then when they get into the country they have got to make really tight connections with their home embassy and their staff so they know what they are doing, and have their support and knowledge.
		They provide a different kind of protection so it has to be nested inside this larger network, it has to be nested inside the international aid community, and then of course you have to maintain regular contact with the local police in the country, with the local government, regional government, and national government offices.
	www.beyondintractability.org /audio/10276 (3046 words)

	Abraham Lincoln Brigade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 vn1.cs.wustl.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Abraham Lincoln Brigade was an organization of United States volunteers supporting or fighting for the anti-fascist Spanish Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War as part of the International Brigade.
		The name "brigade" is something of a misnomer, as there were several American battalions organized under the Fifteenth International Brigade of the Spanish Republican army.
		The International Brigade was withdrawn from battle by the Spanish prime minister in spring of 1938.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade (808 words)

	Peace Brigades International: Winner of the 2001 Martin Ennals Award
		The international Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders has been awarded to Peace Brigades International (PBI) for its work to provide unarmed protection to human rights defenders under threat.
		The international recognition received by PBI through the Award helps to exert pressure on the perpetrators of human rights abuses and to provide a higher level of protection for both human rights defenders and PBI volunteers.
		During the international year of volunteers, those who calmly and knowingly put their lives at risk to protect others should be recognized more than ever".
	www.martinennalsaward.org /en/winners/2001 (454 words)

	NYU Libraries \| Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives-- The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Bibliography
		This document is translation of the original Russian-language guide to the International Brigades Records comprising Fond 545 of the Comintern Archives in Moscow.
		Opis 4: Documents of the former volunteers of the international brigades of the Republican Army Interned in the Concentration Camps of France and North Africa
		The full text of the Guide to the Records of the International Brigades (Comintern Archives, Fond 545) at the Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Recent History (RGASPI), Moscow is available as an MS Word document (110 pages).
	www.nyu.edu /library/bobst/research/tam/alba_mf_index.html (369 words)

	Cuba Solidarity Campaign - Work Brigades
		The International Work Brigade consists of groups from the solidarity organisations of several European countries.
		CSC organises two Brigades a year, one in the Summer and one in the Winter.
		If you wish to apply for a place on the Brigade either download the application form or send an SAE to the Cuba Solidarity Campaign, The Red Rose Club, 129 Seven Sisters Road, London N7 7QG.
	www.cuba-solidarity.org.uk /brigades.htm (277 words)

	international brigades
		It is very hard to say a few words in farewell to the heroes of the International Brigades, both because of what they are and what they represent.
		You came like brothers of ours, like sons of undying Spain; and in the hardest days of the war, when the capital of the Spanish Republic was threatened, it was you, gallant comrades of the International Brigades, who helped to save the city with your fighting enthusiasm, your heroism and your spirit of sacrifice.
		For the first time in the history of the people's struggles, there has been the spectacle, breathtaking in its grandeur, of the formation of the International Brigades to help save a threatened country's freedom and independence, of our Spanish land.
	www.macalester.edu /courses/hist90/two.html (554 words)

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