International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

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Topic: International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

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	CDDIS Programs
		The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) was created in 1988 by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
		Fiducial Laboratories for an International Natural Science Network (FLINN) -- a global permanent network of space geodetic stations with approximately 1000 km spacing which integrate GPS, VLBI, SLR, and LLR technology to monitor plate motion and deformation, to monitor Earth rotation, and to define and maintain a terrestrial reference frame.
		The primary objective of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) is to provide a service to support, through Satellite and Lunar Laser Ranging data and related products, geodetic and geophysical research activities as well as IERS products important to the maintenance of an accurate International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).
	cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov /programs.html

	Abteilung Geodäsie
		The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) was established in 1987 by the International Astronomical Union and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and began its operation on 1 January 1988.
		For the determination of orbits of the GPS navigation satellites, the derivation of up-to-date coordinates in the European Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89, the computation of static and variable parameters of the Earth’s gravity field, and for the performance of coordinate transformations into uniform reference systems efficient computation and communication techniques are employed.
		The German Gravity Reference Network 1994, DSGN94, comprising measurements of absolute gravity on 30 stations, is provided and maintained by the BKG as a frame structure for the acquisition of terrestrial gravity data.
	www.ifag.de /Geodaesie/Geodaesie_engl.htm

	ITRF - GPS
		The ITRF is established by the Terrestrial Reference Frame Section of the Central Bureau (CB) of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS).
		The standard model used in the combination procedure is based on Euclidien similarity with 7 parameters, which is the general form of transformation between 2 terrestrial reference systems:
		In order to define a terrestrial reference frame, in a specific data analysis, four datum components (orientation, origin, scale and time evolution) should be clearly defined.
	schubert.ign.fr /CIAG/WITRF/ITRF-GPS.html

	Nat' Academies Press, International Network of Global Fiducial Stations: Science and Implementation Issues (1991)
		It replaces the International Polar Motion Service (IPMS) and the earth rotation section of the Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH); the activities of BIH on time are continued at Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).
		IERS should provide the information necessary to define a Conventional Terrestrial Reference System and a Conventional Celestial Reference System and relate them as well as their frames to each other and to other reference systems used in the determination of the earth orientation parameters.
		The Directing Board is composed of representatives of: the International Astronomical Union, the International Association of Geodesy/International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services, the Central Bureau, and each of the Coordinating Centers.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309045436/html/123.html

	International Terrestrial Reference System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS).
		An International Terrestrial Reference Frame ( ITRF) is a realization of the IERS.
		New ITRF solutions are produced every few years, using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to realize the IERS as precisely as possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_Frame

	International Earth Rotation Service - IERS
		IERS was given the missions to define and maintain a terrestrial reference system based on the most precise space geodesy techniques at this time, to define and maintain a celestial reference system based on the directions of extragalactic radio sources and its tie to other celestial reference frames, and to monitor the Earth's orientation, i.e.
		Maintaining the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) based on VLBI-derived directions of extragalactic radio sources, and of the tie of the Hipparcos galactic reference frame, as will be recommended by the IAU Working Group on Reference Frames to the 1997 IAU General Assembly.
		According to the Terms of Reference of the service, "the Directing Board exercises general control over the activities of the service, including modifications to the organisation and participation that would be appropriate to maintain efficiency and reliability, while taking full advantage of the advances in technology and in theory".
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~iag/Travaux_99/sec5_iers.htm

	EUREF Permanent GPS Network - Data & Products - Products
		More information about the International Terrestrial Reference System can be obtained from the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service).
		This guarantees the consistency between the reference frame used for the orbits (which are kept fixed for all EUREF computations) and the constraints on the coordinates.
		The switch from one realization to its successor (for example from ITRF94 to ITRF96) is done simultaneously with the update of the reference frame used for the compution of the IGS orbits.
	www.epncb.oma.be /_dataproducts/products

	Sixth DoD Astrometry Forum - Abstracts
		The orientation of the ICRF was made consistent with prior realizations of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) and is consistent with the dynamical reference frame of planetary ephemerides and the FK5 frame at their respective levels of accuracy.
		Celestial navigation remains the only alternative to GPS that is linked to a global external reference frame.
		The vulnerabilities of the GPS system are now well quantified and amelioration of the risk of GPS denial has become a major focus of R&D and operations planning within DoD.
	ad.usno.navy.mil /forum/abstracts.html

	EUREF Permanent GPS Network
		EUREFs multi-year network submissions to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service assures the integration of the EPN tracking stations in the successive realisations of the International Terrestrial Reference System, which is the basis for the European Reference System.
		Taking into account that more than 30 European countries are actively involved, EUREF created the necessary structure for several institutes to cooperate, share resources, develop and pursue standards, and make tracking and auxiliary data, as well as products of various kinds, publicly available.
		he IAG subcommission EUREF which is responsible for the maintenance of the European Reference System (ETRS89) took in 1995 the initiative to coordinate the activities related to existing local permanent GPS networks in Europe.
	www.epncb.oma.be

	International Earth Rotation And Reference Systems Service
		The organization formally changed their name to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service on April 2, 2002 while electing to retain the acronym IERS.
		Topics: International Earth Rotation And Reference Systems Service...
		The International Earth Rotation Service ( IERS) is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards.
	www.masterliness.com /a/IERS.htm

	Data and Archive Centers
		The mission of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) is to provide timely and accurate data on the Earth's rotation and to maintain the International Celestial Reference Frame and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame.
		In order to support the emerging Space Science Data Services information systems infrastructure, we propose to develop an interdisciplinary data location and integration service for space science.
		Searching the references by authors' names and keywords from the titles offers a possibility to retrieve the data from each of the 3300 papers directly.
	www.cv.nrao.edu /fits/www/yp_center.html

	IERS Rapid Service/Prediction Center for Earth Orientation
		The IERS Rapid Service/Prediction Center is the product center of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service responsible for providing Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) on a rapid turnaround basis.
		Service International de la Rotation de la Terre et des Systemes de Reference
		The mission of the USNO includes determining the positions and motions of celestial bodies, measuring the Earth's rotation and orientation, maintaining the master clock for the U.S., and disseminating precise time (atomic and astronomical).
	maia.usno.navy.mil

	Resolutions of the 24th International Astronomical Union General Assembly
		that IAU Division I maintain the Working Group on Celestial Reference Systems formed from Division I members to consult with the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) regarding the maintenance of the ICRS,
		that this study be undertaken in cooperation with the appropriate groups of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R), the International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), and relevant navigational agencies.
		The position of the CEO can be computed from the IAU 2000A model for precession and nutation of the CIP and from the current values of the offset of the CIP from the pole of the ICRF at J2000.0 using the development provided by Capitaine et al.
	danof.obspm.fr /IAU_resolutions/Resol-UAI.htm (3047 words)

	Rotation (disambiguation)
		The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service monitors the Earth's rotation.
		In baseball pitching, the rotation is the group of starting pitchers for a team, and the order in which they pitch.
		The term rotation can be used in several way and includes various topics.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/rotation__disambiguation_ (314 words)

	EUREF Permanent GPS Network - Data & Products - Products
		More information about the International Terrestrial Reference System can be obtained from the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service).
		This guarantees the consistency between the reference frame used for the orbits (which are kept fixed for all EUREF computations) and the constraints on the coordinates.
		The switch from one realization to its successor (for example from ITRF94 to ITRF96) is done simultaneously with the update of the reference frame used for the compution of the IGS orbits.
	www.epncb.oma.be /_dataproducts/products (314 words)

	rotation
		International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
		One consequence of the rotation of a planet is the phenomenon of precession.
		Rotation is the movement of a body in such a way that any given point of that body remains at a constant distance from some other fixed point.
	www.fact-library.com /rotation.html (344 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results
		The International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) is an interdisciplinary service that provides celestial reference frame, terrestrial reference frame, Earth orientation data and permanent information on the Earth& fluid layer IERS conventions.
		The main objectives of the IERS are to serve the astronomical, geodetic and geophysical communities by providing the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) and its realization, the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).
		The service provides Earth orientation parameters for terrestrial and space navigation and positioning, satellite orbit determination and also astronomical and geophysical research.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psibrowse.pl?toplevel=earth&limit=0&subject=526.1 (344 words)

	2005 extended by one second The Register
		The decision as to whether a leap second is needed - and the criterion is that universal timekeeping should be within 0.9 seconds of the Earth's rotation- is decided by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service.
		Scientists have extended 2005 by one second - the first time in seven years that changes in the Earth's rotation have necessitated a "leap second", Reuters reports.
		Although leap seconds could, if required, be deducted (a "negative leap second"), they have always been added "reflecting the Earth's general slowing trend due to tidal braking".
	www.theregister.co.uk /2005/12/29/leap_second (254 words)

	International DORIS Service - Data Centers
		The International Earth rotation and Reference frames Service (IERS) has been established since 1988 jointly by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).
		The IERS mission is to provide to the worldwide scientific and technical community reference values for Earth orientation parameters and reference realizations of internationally accepted celestial and terrestrial reference systems.
		The IERS is in charge to realize, use and promote the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) as defined by the IUGG resolution No 2 adopted in Vienna,1991.
	ids.cls.fr /html/data_centers.html (254 words)

	EUREF Permanent GPS Network
		EUREFs multi-year network submissions to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service assures the integration of the EPN tracking stations in the successive realisations of the International Terrestrial Reference System, which is the basis for the European Reference System.
		Taking into account that more than 30 European countries are actively involved, EUREF created the necessary structure for several institutes to cooperate, share resources, develop and pursue standards, and make tracking and auxiliary data, as well as products of various kinds, publicly available.
		The European permanent tracking stations involved in the EPN provide in near real time high quality GPS data to Local and Regional Data Centres.
	www.epncb.oma.be (254 words)

	EUREF Permanent GPS Network
		EUREFs multi-year network submissions to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service assures the integration of the EPN tracking stations in the successive realisations of the International Terrestrial Reference System, which is the basis for the European Reference System.
		EPN analysis centres routinely analyse the data from this network and deliver to the GPS community precise coordinates for all stations involved in the network.
		Since the EPN is the European densification of the IGS network, a complete harmonisation of standards between the global and European network is put forward.
	www.epncb.oma.be (254 words)

	IERS Rapid Service/Prediction Center for Earth Orientation
		The IERS Rapid Service/Prediction Center is the product center of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service responsible for providing Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) on a rapid turnaround basis.
		IERS Bulletin B is prepared by the IERS Earth Orientation Center based at the Paris Observatory and is updated monthly.
		IERS Bulletin A -- Rapid Service/Prediction of Earth Orientation
	maia.usno.navy.mil (254 words)

	IAU / Descartes Prize
		The "IAU 2000 model" was formally adopted by the IAU in July 2000 and by the IUGG in July 2003 and the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) is now implementing it in all astrometric and geodetic techniques.
		The IAU/IUGG "Nutation" Working group was established in 1994 with the aim to come up with an improved model relating the precession and nutation of the Earth to the sophisticated non-rigid Earth.
		The IAU has the pleasure to announce that the "European Descartes Prize" was received in 2003 by the group "Nutation" that formed the European part of a joint Working Group of IAU and IUGG called "Non-rigid Earth Nutation Theory".
	www.iau.org /IAU/News/descartes.html (254 words)

	The International Celestial Reference Frame
		ICRS Product Center of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS).
		l'Observatoire de Paris and the U.S. Naval Observatory) of the IERS and the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry ( IVS), in coordination with the IAU Working Group on Reference Systems.
		IERS) with the responsibility of monitoring the International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) and maintaining its current realization, the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF).
	rorf.usno.navy.mil /ICRF (254 words)

	International Atomic Time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		UT1 is computed by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).
		Civil time in various regions around the Earth generally differs from UTC according to the time zone; mostly the increments are in whole hours, but in a few regions, such as India, parts of French Polynesia, and parts of Newfoundland, half-hour increments are used.
		The highest precision realization of TAI times can only be determined retrospectively, as the timescale is defined by periodic comparisons among its participating atomic clocks, under the auspices of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/International_Atomic_Time (498 words)

	G8.01.info.htm
		VLBI plays a key role in the establishment of the inertial reference frame and provides the most efficient means to determine and monitor the Earth orientation and rotation parameters.
		The present session is to highlight new achievements of the VLBI-technique in the frame of the International VLBI Service and in the wake of the recently implemented MKIV VLBI system.
		VLBI also produces precise station positions and velocities without involving the gravity field of the Earth.
	www.copernicus.org /EGS/egsga/nice01/programme/G8.01.info.htm (135 words)

	SCHALTSEKUNDE
		Schaltsekunden werden in Deutschland von der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt festgelegt, die allerdings dazu nur die international vom International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) festgelegten Schaltsekunden übernimmt.
		Da die Verlangsamung der Erdrotation unregelmäßig ist, ist eine Vorhersage, ob eine Schaltsekunde notwendig wird, nur auf kurze Frist im Voraus möglich.
		Zwischen Januar 1970 und November 2001 wurde vom IERS 22 Mal die Anweisung gegeben, eine Schaltsekunde einzufügen. Die bisher letzte Schaltsekunde war am 31.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/S/Schaltsekunde (135 words)

	Coordinated Universal Time
		These leap seconds areinserted on the advice of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) (http://hpiers.obspm.fr)to ensure that, on average over the years, the Sun is overhead within 0.9seconds of 12:00:00 UTC on the meridian of Greenwich.
		A practical scale of time for world-wide use has twoessential elements: a realization of the unit of time and a continuous temporalreference.
		The National GPS NetworkResource from the UK Government intended for GPS-equipped surveyors, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) developers who work with Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping.
	www.taaclock.fsnet.co.uk /atomic-clock/atomic_time.htm (435 words)

	Hutton Commentaries - Article Summaries
		At The Hutton Commentaries (THC) we track the Chandler wobble for the sole purpose of determining whether or not the north pole of Earth's rotational axis is beginning to move beyond the usual limits that have been observed by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) over the last 106 years or so.
		Future movement of the plotted position of the Chandler wobble, beyond the boundary of the limiting circle given on the pole-position plotting diagram, will be evidence of the beginning of the pole shift predicted in the Cayce readings.
		We look instead for the beginnings of seriously unusual changes in the track, those changes that suggest the movement of the pole may be becoming of a type signaling a sudden pole shift.
	www.huttoncommentaries.com /Summaries.htm (7825 words)

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