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Topic: International Geophysical Year

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	AllRefer.com - International Geophysical Year (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia
		International Geophysical Year (IGY), 18-month period from July, 1957, through Dec., 1958, during a period of maximum sunspot activity, designated for cooperative study of the solar-terrestrial environment by the scientists of 67 nations.
		The major programs of IGY were continued from Jan., 1958, to Jan., 1959, as the International Geophysical Cooperation.
		Also connected to IGY was the International Years of the Quiet Sun, an international cooperative program during 1964 to 1965, that focused on solar-terrestrial phenomena during a quiet sun, or near sunspot minimum.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/IntlGeop.html (420 words)

	The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958
		The International Geophysical Year (IGY), as it was called, was modeled on the International Polar Years of 1882-1883 and 1932-1933 and was intended to allow scientists from around the world to take part in a series of coordinated observations of various geophysical phenomena.
		International organization and funding of the IGY were overseen by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), an independent federation of international scientific unions.
		IGY activities literally spanned the globe from the North to the South Poles.
	www.nas.edu /history/igy (563 words)

	International Geophysical Year - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Geophysical Year or IGY was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958.
		Other significant achievements of the IGY included the discovery of the Van Allen Belts and the discovery of mid-ocean submarine ridges, an important confirmation of plate tectonics.
		The IGY was chosen to occur during a solar maximum, during which some unusual effects of the sun on the Earth might be observed.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Geophysical_Year (274 words)

	International Geophysical Year - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The IGY was the first worldwide scientific effort to involve Antarctica, owing to rapid advances in logistics and technology that enabled these activities to be undertaken on the southern continent.
		It was considered as having potential for geophysical information regarding the impact of its huge ice mass on global weather and the oceans, as well as the nature of the aurora australis and the ionosphere over the ice during the long Antarctic winters.
		The IGY activities in Antarctica contributed significantly to knowledge of the physical character of the earth and its weather, the ionosphere, and outer space.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/science/igy-research.shtml (566 words)

	International Geophysical Year (IGY)
		A comprehensive series of global geophysical activities spanning the period from July 1957 to December 1958 and timed to coincide with the high point of the 11-year cycle of sunspot activity.
		It was proposed by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in 1952 following a suggestion by Lloyd Berkner.
		It was from the IGY rocket and satellite research that the United States developed its space program.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/IGY.html (210 words)

	The International Geophysical Year
		To say that I can summarize these aspects of Chapman's IGY activities is somewhat absurd: I can only record a few things from my own point of view as one of many who watched him at work over the years.
		Thus, in 1926 Chapman used magnetic storm data acquired in the First Polar Year as the basis for his hypothesis on the flow of currents in the upper atmosphere, later developing with Ferraro a theory to explain these current systems.
		Chapman himself was involved in the planning and conduct of the Second Polar Year, and his papers made use of the data of that program.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /chapman/igy.html (537 words)

	IHY - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		IGY led to the establishment of more research stations in the Antarctic, and to the ratification of the Antarctic Treaty in 1961, which promoted peaceful international collaboration and scientific exploration in the Antarctic.
		This resolution celebrating the anniversaries of IPY and IGY in 2007-2008 would endorse the concept of a worldwide campaign for scientific activity and expand the scope of past international science activities to promote interdisciplinary research that incorporates the physical and social sciences to enrich the understanding of diversity in life and environmental patterns on Earth.
		Whereas the year 2007 is the 125th anniversary of the first International Polar Year of 1882-1883, the 75th anniversary of the second International Polar Year of 1932-1933, and the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958;
	ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov /newsroom/IGY_resolution_senate.html (1068 words)

	International GeoPhysical Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Following a suggestion by NAS member Lloyd Berkner, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in 1952 proposed a comprehensive series of global geophysical activities to span the period July 1957-December 1958.
		The International Geophysical Year (IGY), as it was called, was timed to coincide with the high point of the eleven-year cycle of sunspot activity.
		The historical records of the IGY can be found in the Archives of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council; e-mail archives@nas.edu for further information.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/sputnik/igy.html (219 words)

	IGY History
		The IGY was a year and a half of comprehensive global geophysical activities with 67 nations cooperating scientifically.
		The International Council of Scientific Unions, which functioned as an apolitical, nonnationalistic, scientifically oriented entity, oversaw this international scientific endeavor from July 1957 to December 1958.
		Neither the race for the South Pole in the early 1900's nor the age of exploration in the 1930's brought the influx of humanity experienced during the IGY to the ice covered continent.
	www.cmdl.noaa.gov /obop/spo/igy_history.html (485 words)

	Federation and Meteorology, Memories of the Bureau, 1946 to 1962, page 1112 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		It was a successor to the polar years of 1882–83 and 1932–33 and like those years was focussed to a considerable extent on the high latitude regions of the Earth, although in the case of the IGY the program included the whole of the Earth's atmosphere with particular attention directed to high southern latitudes.
		The IGY is generally considered to have originated within a group of international geophysicists, with Sydney Chapman of the ICSU being one of the principal figures.
		The major fields of study of the IGY were solar activity, meteorology, geomagnetism, gravity and seismology, oceanography, glaciers, rockets and satellites.
	www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au /fam/1112.html (447 words)

	INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		By international agreement, a period during which greatly increased observation of worldwide geophysical phenomena is undertaken through the cooperative effort of participating nations.
		July 1957 to December 1958 was the first such year; however, precedent was set by the International Polar Years of 1882 and 1932.Abbreviation IGY.
		Specialty definitions using "INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR": IGY, International Geophysical Cooperation, 1959, International Polar Year, International Year of the Quiet Sun &diams; special world interval ♦ USNC-IGY ♦ world meteorological interval.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/INTERNATIONAL+GEOPHYSICAL+YEAR (921 words)

	MSN Encarta - Archive Article - 1958: Space Satellites
		Archives consist of articles that originally appeared in Collier's Year Book (for events of 1997 and earlier) or as monthly updates in Encarta Yearbook (for events of 1998 and later).
		Aside from its formidable contributions to 11 fields of geophysics, the International Geophysical Year (IGY) is destined to achieve a place in history because it marked man's first entry into space.
		Thus, the satellite programs of the IGY during the last 15 months have a two-fold significance: 1)...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461510542/1958_Space_Satellites.html (163 words)

	USNC/IUGG
		The 32nd International Geological Congress of the International Union of Geological Sciences was held in Florence, Italy, August 20-28, 2004.
		The 23rd General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was held June 30 to July 11 in Sapporo, Japan.
		The 2004 General Assembly of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) was held November 14-19, 2004 in Puçon, Chile.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /usnc-iugg/USNC-IUGG_Meetings.html (875 words)

	International Geophysical Year 50th Anniversary Observance
		The International Geophysical Year (1957-58) was conceived as an attempt to coordinate globe-wide measurements of the Earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the Sun.
		The IGY in Antarctica was notable for its "geographic focus" rather than disciplinary focus.
		The IGY expeditions in Antarctica covered a vast amount of ground and learnt a great deal, yet left vast portions of the continent untouched.
	www.geosc.psu.edu /~sak/IGY (528 words)

	International Geophysical Year
		International Association of Geophysical Contractors President of 26 Years Retires.
		International Uranium Corporation: Discovery of Major IP Geophysical Anomaly; Anomalous Gold Discovered in Major Shear Zone.
		Paradigm Geophysical Announces Fourth Quarter and Year End Results for the Period Ended December 31, 1999.
	www.infoplease.com /id/A0825345 (479 words)

	1957 - The International Geophysical Year (IGY). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The IGY began on July 1, 1957 and was planned to be a series of measurements taken at points all over the world during a period of maximum sunspot activity.
		The success of the IGY led to the programme being extended to the end of 1959.
		Further collaborative years have since been organised, such as the International Quiet Sun Year (1964-65) and the Active Sun Year (1968-69).
	www.wdc.rl.ac.uk /ionosondes/history/IGY.html (107 words)

	Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year
		Thus, while the post-mortem effects of Sputnik have been the subject of much scholarly debate, the origins and motivations that led to the launch of the first artificial satellite have remained, to a large degree, in the realm of conjecture.
		At a meeting early in the year, Korolev had a change-of-heart and suggested a metal sphere at least one meter in diameter.
		As has already been reported in the press, the first launching of the satellites in the USSR were planned for realization in accordance with the scientific research program of the International Geophysical Year.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/sputnik/siddiqi.html (7552 words)

	Scotland and the Antarctic: International Geophysical Year 1957-58
		Scotland and the Antarctic: International Geophysical Year 1957-58
		International co-operation reached a peak during the International Geophysical Year.
		A number of new bases were set up before this time, so research and exploration was ready to begin in the Antarctic summer of 1957-58.
	sites.scran.ac.uk /voyage_of_the_scotia/scotia/vserm/vserm0206.htm (262 words)

	Records for Antarctica; polar research and discovery during the International Geophysical Year. (in MARION) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Records for Antarctica; polar research and discovery during the International Geophysical Year.
		Antarctica; polar research and discovery during the International Geophysical Year.
		Antarctica; polar research and discovery during the International Geophysical Year [by] Carl R. Eklund [and] Joan Beckman.
	lc01.cerritos.edu /MARION/+ANTARCTICA/db5100003100/0 (47 words)

	International Geophysical Year in Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		These images show the traverse paths of the International Geophysical Year research in Antarctica (IGY, 1957 to 1959).
		These pioneering expeditions laid the groundwork for much of the subsequent geophysical, glaciological, atmospheric, climate, and astronomical research of the past 50 years.
		This work has resulted in detailed maps of ice thickness, surface elevation, bed topography, gravity, magnetics, snow fall rates, temperature, etc. However, as can plainly be seen there are vast portions of the continent that have never been studied.
	www.geosc.psu.edu /~sak/IGY/igymapmain.html (157 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - International Geophysical Year
		International Geophysical Year (IGY), international project of concentrated, coordinated exploration of the earth and its cosmic environment.
		This name was given to a consolidation under a single director of three divisions of the U.S. Weather Bureau — the Extended Forecast Section, the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, and the National Weather Analysis Center.
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn-ppe.com /International_Geophysical_Year.html (190 words)

	Information Services - Oil Industry Directories since 1946
		A worldwide reference to companies and key personnel, that provide geophysical equipment, supplies, and services, including gravity, magnetometer, and seismograph contractors, geological and geophysical modeling, and other forms of exploration geophysics.
		Known and recognized worldwide as the leading source of information for the geophysical industry.
		A comprehensive listing of companies and individuals directly connected with, or engaged in, oil exploration, drilling and production, including oil field equipment and services, drilling equipment and mud, well completion equipment and services, workover and well servicing, logging service, secondary recovery systems, environmental control, and oil industry health and safety.
	www.geophysicaldirectory.com (141 words)

	Site Contents at the free Online Encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
		International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
		In a household, clothes hangers are the single one item that you own the most of, yet no one can name even one brand?
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /index_157.html (116 words)

	The International Geophysical Year of 1957-58 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		During the International Geophysical Year (IGY), between July 1957 and December 1958, teams from around the world made detailed measurements of the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere, the Earth’s crust, and the cosmic environment.
		These continuous records are our main piece of evidence for the well-known greenhouse gas increase and the development of the Antarctic ozone hole, respectively.
		The person to whom the idea, size and success of the IGY can be largely attributed is
	www.atmos.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/igy.html (168 words)

	International Geophysical Year
		Paradigm Geophysical Reports Third Quarter Results; Revenue Increases 10 Percent Over Last Year; EPS At 5 Cents Increase Over 2 Cents for Second Quarter;.
		Grant Geophysical Announces Fiscal Year 1998 and Fourth Quarter Results.
		Paradigm Geophysical Reports Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results; Company Reports Sustained Turnaround From 1999.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0825345.html (479 words)

	Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year - SULLIVAN, WALTER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year - SULLIVAN, WALTER
		SULLIVAN, WALTER Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year
		Comprised of numerous scientific experiments and endeavors around the world, thewas a cooperative venture whose aim was mutual benefit and discovery.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/connie/94249.shtml (155 words)

	Scientists to plan International Heliophysical Year \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		The IHY will commence on the fiftieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY, 1957-58) that produced an unprecedented level of understanding of geospace and saw the start of the Space Age.
		Like the IGY, the objective of the IHY is to discover the physical mechanisms that link Earth and the heliosphere to solar activities.
		Like IGY, the IHY will focus on global effects but the IHY will expand to encompass the entire Sun-Earth system and the heliosphere.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=14024 (899 words)

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