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Topic: International Left Opposition

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Leon Trotsky

Red Army

Eurocommunism

Left communism

Communist party

Mikhail Gorbachev

Communist Party, USA

International Communist League

Hammer and sickle

Josef Stalin

Third Period

Communist International

Vladimir Lenin

International Spartacist Tendency

Karl Marx

	Left communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Left Communism is a term describing a whole range of communist viewpoints which oppose the political ideas of the Bolsheviks from a position which is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views held by the Communist International after its first two Congresses.
		The Italian Left Communists were named Left Communists at a later stage in their development, but when the Communist Party of Italy was founded they were actually the majority of Communists in that country.
		Left Communists entered a period of constant decline from this point onwards, although they were somewhat rejuvenated by the events of 1968.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Left_Communism (4073 words)

	Left Opposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Left Opposition was a faction within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1923-1927.
		Leon Trotsky was the de-facto leader of the Left Opposition.
		In 1933, the ILO was renamed the International Communist League (ICL), which was the base of the Fourth International, founded in Paris in 1938.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Left_Opposition (420 words)

	Marxism Glossary - L
		The Left Opposition (Bolshevik- Leninists) - Formed in 1923 as a faction of the Russian Communist Party, and the International Left Opposition (ILO) was formed in 1930 as a faction of the Comintern.
		A group of ILO leaders met with Trotsky when he was in Copenhagen in November 1932, and an international preconference of the ILO was held in Paris in February 1933.
		Trotsky proposed that the Fourth International be founded at an ICL conference held in Geneva in 1936, but the conference disagreed and instead established the Movement for the Fourth International.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/theory/glossary/l.asp (747 words)

	Trotskyism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Left Opposition continued to work in secret within the Soviet Union, Trotsky was eventually exiled to Turkey, then Norway, and finally to Mexico.
		The International Committee of the Fourth International was led by James P. Cannon, the American who was Trotsky's closest collaborator in building the international Left Opposition and later founding the Fourth International.
		Also of importance is the Committee for a Workers' International led by the Socialist Party (formerly Militant) and the Committee to Refound the Fourth International led by in Argentina.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Trotskyist (1914 words)

	Fourth_International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Fourth International was an international organisation of Trotskyist communists.
		Despite its early promise, the International struggled to maintain contact during World War II and was also disorientated by the absence of workers' uprisings at the end of the conflict and by the apparent Stalinist and social democratic successes of the period.
		Trotsky's supporters had been organised since 1930 as the International Left Opposition, which became the International Communist League in 1934 at the time of what was seen as the final and complete collapse of the Communist International in the face of the Nazi rise to state power in Germany.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Fourth_International (2164 words)

	A short history of the international communist left
		The split was created by the decision of the Communist International at the Congress of June 1920, which demanded of all the parties the adoption in theory and practice of a precise communist and revolutionary programme, as well as the exclusion of all those raising themselves in opposition to this doctrine and politics.
		After its rejection, the Italian Left which always had the majority of the Party, as an election of 1924 revealed, was in fact prohibited from forming fractions, and compelled to be silent, because of its suspension in the communist International.
		At one stroke, the whole left was disorganised and the «slogan of reform of the International» was replaced by that of «Constitution of new parties and a new International».
	www.sinistra.net /lib/upt/comlef/art/ashohiscle.html (3629 words)

	How the FI was conceived
		The organizational cohesion of the International Left Opposition was not seriously undertaken until the time of Trotsky's expulsion from the USSR and his arrival in Turkey, in February 1929.
		A political document of a programmatic character, entitled The International Left Opposition--Its Tasks and Methods, was written by Trotsky, in December 1932, immediately after his return to Prinkipo from Copenhagen, where he had the opportunity of meeting about thirty of the most important leaders of the International Opposition.
		Opposition to the new orientation was practically non-existent.
	www.bolshevik.org /history/Tr-van.htm (3047 words)

	how the fourth international was conceived
		The organizational cohesion of the International Left Opposition was not seriously undertaken until the time of Trotsky's expulsion from the USSR and his arrival in Turkey.
		A political document of a programmatic character, entitled The International Left Opposition — Its Tasks and Methods, was written by Trotsky, in December 1932, immediately after his return to Prinkipo from Copenhagen, where he had the opportunity of meeting about thirty of the most important leaders of the International Opposition.
		As early as June 15, 1933, that is, before the turn toward a New International, Trotsky addressed to the sections of the Left Opposition an article, "Left Socialist Organizations and Our Tasks," in which he pointed out a new field of activity: the victory of German fascism had brought a crisis to the Social Democracy.
	www.geocities.com /youth4sa/fi.html (3113 words)

	Articles - Maurice Spector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This critique was a landmark in the ideological arming of the International Left Opposition.
		In a truly prophetic statement, Trotsky warned that if this position were adopted by the Communist International, it would inevitably mark the beginning of a process that would lead to the nationalist and reformist degeneration of every Communist Party in the world.
		He presented te International Report at the founding convention of the Socialist Workers Party at the end of 1938, but dropped out of the party in 1939.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Maurice_Spector (627 words)

	Class Struggle, Volume 2 Number 9 - October 1932
		The Left Opposition was expelled in 1927 and in 1923 Urbahns, Grylevich and Sholem organized a group called the Leninbund, This was split in 1929 over the question of the unconditional defense of the Soviet Union.
		The last conference of the Left Opposition accomplished a good deal and worked out elaborate theses on the situation in Spain, the position of the Left Opposition on the National and Agrarian questions, their relation to the Party and to the Syndicalists and on the Trade Union question.
		Not being officially in the International Left Opposition ourselves we were interested in all the other groupings such as Landau's which claimed to be adhering to the Left Opposition and which were not "recognized".
	www.weisbord.org /TwoNine.htm (8825 words)

	Articles - Fourth International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This theory was advanced in opposition to the view held by the Stalinists that "socialism in one country" could be built in the Soviet Union alone.
		At first, the International held that, while the USSR was a degenerated workers' state, the post-WW2 East European states were still bourgeois entities, because revolution from above was not possible, and capitalism persisted.
		The United Secretariat of the Fourth International continues to regard itself as the Fourth International, holding its fifteenth World Congress in 2003, although it is not regarded as such by the majority of Trotskyists, outside the organisation.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Fourth_International (2349 words)

	The History of Trotskyism
		Marxism is a scientific doctrine which directs the struggle of the working class for the liberation of the whole of mankind from the slavish consequences of the exploitation of one human by another, from economic, physical and moral degradation.
		The International Left Opposition addressed itself to the advanced workers, organized within the various Communist parties and directed to them its criticism of the ultimatist, sectarian line of the Comintern.
		The opposition grouping of the Democratic Centralists led by T. Sapronov and V. Smirnov had already in 1926 come to the conclusion that the Soviet state had degenerated from a workers' to a bureaucratic-capitalist state.
	www.mit.edu /people/fjk/essays/heritage.html (7601 words)

	\| Reviews / Comptes Rendus \| Labour/Le Travail, 52 \| The History Cooperative
		It decries the Left's failures, and abandons the politics of building the Left for the attractions of subjectivity and the strokings of the self, making an intellectual and theoretical virtue, as well as a canvass of study, out of its own narcissism.
		This is of course a historical question, for the Left distills and refines its conception of direction and the critical tasks of the age within history, through a constant testing of ideas and practices in the crucible of activity that is always situated contextually.
		For the historic Left Opposition was born in the factional formations within the Soviet Union and the Communist International that chose to consciously resist the programmatic degenerations of Stalinism.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/52/br_21.html (1754 words)

	For A New Communist International
		The Communist International was the culmination of the work of the Russian Bolsheviks who for over twenty years, under the leadership of Lenin, fought relentlessly and successfully against every sign of opportunism.
		In the course of this fight the Communist International was forged in 1919, a Communist International that everywhere became the champion of the poor, the weak, the oppressed toilers.
		In the plan proposed by the Left Opposition it had been pointed out that the essence of the plan consisted in a correct political approach, in a correct understanding of the relations between the workers and the peasants, between industry and agriculture and of the harmony of all parts of the plan with the whole.
	www.weisbord.org /International.htm (8956 words)

	Internationalist Group -- Reforge the Fourth International!
		The Internationalist Group, section of the League for the Fourth International, fights for international socialist revolution, the conquest of power by the working class, led by its Leninist party, championing the cause of all the oppressed.
		We stand on the fight of the Russian and International Left Opposition leading to the founding of the Fourth International in 1938.
		The left is mobilizing with talk of another “People Power” uprising, yet the driving force behind this upsurge has come from elements in the armed forces and Arroyo’s rivals among the bourgeois politicians, who are every bit as rotten as the current president.
	www.internationalist.org (2035 words)

	The birth of the Chinese left Opposition
		The policy of the Communist International in China was in fact the essential stake in the battle between the Left Opposition and Stalin from 1925 onwards.
		The documents of the Opposition tried to warn the party of the dangers to which this policy was exposing the Chinese Revolution, as well as its inevitable repercussions on the USSR and the world revolution.
		The unification in China was a victory for the international Opposition, not only because it regrouped forces, but because it purified the atmosphere by eliminating, in all the groups, the most ardent 'factionalists', whom the new tasks hardly suited.
	www.revolutionary-history.co.uk /backiss/Vol2/No4/birth.html (9181 words)

	"Forward-March!" a photographic memorial of World War I
		The Second International is still in existence but was repudiated by the extreme radical element, of which Nicholai Lenin, a Russian disciple of Marx who had been exiled for revolutionary activities, was the leader.
		It is the revolutionary international of the working class and there is no denying the fact that it has tremendous influence among the more advanced workers in every nation in the world.
		International Labor Defense, which takes care of the legal defense of pickets and agitators.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/dav2a/pg472.htm (1159 words)

	Trotskyism
		Trotskyism developed as a revolutionary socialist opposition to Stalinism (as opposed to a McCarthyist, pro-capitalist opposition to Stalinism); but was unable to recruit a significant number of worker militants.
		Up until the Nazis had taken power, Trotsky thought that the Left Opposition should seek re-admission into their respective CPs; essentially, he thought that Stalinism could be reformed from within.
		When not a single person in a single CP criticized the disastrous outcome of the Comintern's "Third Line", Trotsky concluded (rightly) that the Third International was nothing but a rotting corpse and that within Russia, the prospect of reforming the Stalinist bureaucracy was hopeless.
	www.geocities.com /anita_job/trotskyism.html (1681 words)

	Monthly Review: C.L.R. James: the Artist as Revolutionary. - book reviews
		The Johnsonites left the Workers Party after six years charging it was insufficiently "proletarian," rejoining the SWP in 1947, only to split from the SWP a second time in 1950 for reasons that still remain in dispute.
		In my view, Buhle mistakenly assesses and valorizes James in opposition to much of the broader left movement from which he emerged and of which he remained a part, even if in an adversarial stance on many issues.
		In contrast, I find that the contribution and legacy of James is only really fertile in the context of an integrated view of a left movement comprised of many countervailing tendencies and perspectives--each in possession of an element of truth, none the sole bearer of any overall "key" to the strategy of social emancipation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n2_v42/ai_9173301 (1060 words)

	eqg024 Equatorial Guinean opposition asks for international mediation
		UDDS leader Aquilino Nguema Ona Nchama in Madrid asked for the establishment of an international conference, held in a third country, and under the patronage of an international monitoring committee, constituted by the UN and the mentioned countries, all strongly involved in Equatorial Guinea.
		Aquilino Nchama believes the moment has come for the international community intervenes to resolve and shorten the suffering of the Equatorial Guinean people and permit a peaceful transition into democracy, where all Equatorial Guineans may participate.
		The leaders of the forbidden opposition party Fuerza Demócrata Republicana (FDR), Felipe Ondó Obiang and Guillermo Nguema Elá, were abducted in Gabon and taken to Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, in the private airplane of President Obiang, after the payment of one million US$ to Gabonese authorities.
	www.afrol.com /News/eqg024_int_mediation.htm (523 words)

	The Hindu : National : Left opposition to Pension Bill continues
		The PFRDA Bill was listed for legislative business in the Lok Sabha on Tuesday after the passage of the Patents Bill but could not be taken up for lack of time and the vehement opposition of the Left parties.
		The Left parties are not only opposed to the opening up of the pension system to private players but also have reservations about the new defined contribution pension regime which is to replace the earlier defined benefit pension system.
		On the PFRDA Bill, however, the NDA is ready for enactment of the legislation while the Left Parties are not.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2005/03/23/stories/2005032306141100.htm (453 words)

	LEFT OPPOSITION FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In this struggle, the Left Opposition fought against both Stalin and the Right_Opposition.
		In 1933, the ILO was renamed the International_Communist_League (ICL), which was the base of the Fourth_International, founded in Paris in 1938.
		''See the article on the Fourth_International for the history of the Left Opposition after 1933.''
	www.igopay.com /Left_Opposition (355 words)

	Global DOCUMENT index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The SWP and the Fourth International, 1946-54: Genesis of Pabloism
		The Socialist Opposition to the American Bourgeoisie, by James P. Cannon, 1951, from Trotskyism in the United States, Paul Le Blanc.
		– The International Conference of the Youth of the Fourth International at Lausanne Switzerland.
	www.marxists.org.uk /history/etol/document (3617 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Roman Catholic Church and opposition political, labor and business leaders set up a private relief group Wednesday to solicit international aid for Nicaraguans left homeless by Hurricane Joan.
		The leftist Sandinista government urgently appealed to the international community for aid.
		On Wednesday, the international relief organization World Vision flew about $67,000 worth of supplies from Newark, N.J. to hurricane victims here in what organizers said was the first such effort from the East Coast.
	ils.unc.edu /~viles/172i/users/big/docs/AP881102-0225 (284 words)

	Trotsky.net
		Thus the struggle between Stalin's faction and the Left Opposition, led by Trotsky, was a struggle between the genuine representatives of the working class and the up-and-coming bureaucratic elite.
		From exile Trotsky gathered supporters inside the Communist Parties with which he built the International Left Opposition.
		But he went further: he was able to analyse and explain the phenomenon of Stalinism and offer an alternative to this terribly deformed caricature of what a genuinely healthy workers' state should be.
	www.trotsky.net (474 words)

	LA Weekly: News: Iraq: Telling the Left From the Right
		For inside and outside the borders of Iraq there is a political opposition to Saddam — and while some of those opponents are now aligned with the White House, others remain on the political left.
		The Iraqis closest to Washington remain deposed aristocrats, although the Bush administration finally dumped the plan, backed by the Pentagon alone, to restore exiled former supporters of the Kingdom of Iraq, which prevailed for 27 years, to power as the Iraqi National Congress.
		The anti-Saddam opposition was openly and tragically betrayed by Washington.
	www.laweekly.com /ink/03/15/news-smyth.php (1742 words)

	Manchester Anti-War News
		However, the media establishment under-reports its activities and during the fighting part of the 2003 Iraq war, there was a media flout locally and nationally.
		There is a substantial reporting gap and it has been left to the alternative, non-corporate media to fill it as far as is possible within the confines of its limited resources.
		The Internet has made its task much easier--this site is one of many alternative news media sites that have sprung up in the past few years.
	ito.gn.apc.org (355 words)

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