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Topic: International Meridian Conference

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	International Meridian Conference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Meridian Conference was a conference held in October 1884 in Washington, D.C. in the United States to determine the Prime Meridian of the world.
		That the Conference proposes the adoption of a universal day for all purposes for which it may be found convenient, and which shall not interfere with the use of local or standard time where desirable.
		That the Conference expresses the hope that the technical studies designed to regulate and extend the application of the decimal system to the division of angular space and of time shall be resumed, so as to permit the extension of this application to all cases in which it presents real advantages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Meridian_Conference (478 words)

	Longitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to plus or minus 180°.
		In 1884, the International Meridian Conference adopted the Greenwich meridian as the universal prime meridian.
		A line of constant longitude is a meridian, and half of a great circle.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/l/lo/longitude.html (421 words)

	Articles - Prime Meridian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The zero meridian used by satellite navigation systems (on the WGS84 datum) is about 100 metres to the east of the line marked at Greenwich.
		The prime meridian of the Moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from earth and passes near the crater Bruce.
		The prime meridian of Mars is defined by the crater Airy-0.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Prime_Meridian (403 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Royal Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich, England; it is the meridian at which the longitude is 0 degrees.
		Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo meridian, 30° 19'; 42.09" east of Greenwich), Pisa, Paris (2° 20' 14" east of Greenwich), and Philadelphia.
		The prime meridian of the planet Mars is defined by the crater
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Prime_Meridian (363 words)

	Oxfam's Cool Planet - On the Line - What is the meridian line?
		There were no national or international conventions which set how time should be measured, or when the day would begin and end, or what length an hour might be.
		The Greenwich Meridian was chosen as the Prime Meridian of the World in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference, where forty-one delegates from 25 nations met in Washington DC.
		By the end of the conference, Greenwich had won the prize of Longitude 0º by a vote of 22 to 1 against (San Domingo), with two abstentions (France and Brazil).
	www.oxfam.org.uk /coolplanet/ontheline/explore/meridian.htm (389 words)

	Prime Meridian -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The (An imaginary line on the surface of the earth following (approximately) the 180th meridian) International Date Line (the jagged red line down the right side of the image to the right) is on the opposite side of the world from the Prime Meridian.
		The prime meridian of (Click link for more info and facts about Earth's moon) Earth's moon lies directly in the middle of the face of the moon visible from earth and passes near the (Click link for more info and facts about crater Bruce) crater Bruce.
		The prime meridian of the planet (The 4th planet from the sun) Mars is defined by the crater (Click link for more info and facts about Airy-0) Airy-0.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/prime_meridian.htm (565 words)

	Meridian International Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Meridian has over 40 years of experience designing and organizing exchange, short-term training, and technical assistance programs throughout the United States for international professionals.
		Meridian International Center offers a full range of logistical and administrative support services for conferences, as well as program development expertise for seminars on global issues.
		Meridian is expert in international protocol and services for international conference participants.
	www.meridian.org /services.html (714 words)

	Meridian Magazine : International Law Conference Assesses Threats to Sovereignty
		A major international law conference took place this June in Rome to assess the threat posed to national sovereignty and democratic decision-making by the ever-growing prominence of international law, especially what is called "customary" international law.
		The conference was convened by C-FAM and the Culture of Life Foundation, and was co-sponsored by the Federalist Society, Ave Maria Law School and the National Interest magazine.
		In a paper delivered to the conference, John O. McGinnis, a professor at Northwestern University Law School, criticized the current practice of creating "customary" international law through the interpretations of vague language by multinational regulatory bodies.
	www.meridianmagazine.com /familywatch/040719Sovereignty.html (496 words)

	Cartography
		I do not think it derogatory to Ptolemy if I do not follow his 'Cosmografia', because, to have observed his meridians or parallels or degrees, it would be necessary in respect to the setting out of the known parts of this circumference, to leave out many provinces not mentioned by Ptolemy.
		In this projection the meridians are vertical and parallels having increased spacing in proportion to the secant of the latitude.
		International agreement was needed to set cartographic standards and the International Meridian Conference held in Washington D.C. USA in 1884 had delegates from 26 countries.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html (4399 words)

	Encyclopedia: International Meridian Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That all longitudes would be calculated both east and west from this meridian up to 180°.
		The meridian through Greenwich was selected as the Prime Meridian because over two thirds of all ships and tonnage already used it as the reference meridian on their maps in 1884.
		Other reference meridians used previously include El Hierro ((17° 39' 46" west of Greenwich in the Canary Islands), Rome (12°27'08.04" east of Greenwich), Copenhagen, Jerusalem, Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo meridian, 30°19′42.09″ east of Greenwich), Pisa, Paris (2°20′14″ east of Greenwich), Philadelphia, Oslo (east of Greenwich), and Washington (77°3′2″ west of Greenwich).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/International-Meridian-Conference (450 words)

	Business Wire: Meridian Medical Inc. to Attend the 12th Intern... @ HighBeam Research
		Meridian Medical Inc. to Attend the 12th International Conference on Anti-Aging and Biomedical Technologies-October 28-31, 2004, Las Vegas, Nevada.
		Meridian is an established leader in the research/development, manufacturing, and sales of integrative medical diagnostic equipment.
		Meridian is committed to the ongoing global research and advancement of integrative medical products that contribute to the better health of humanity.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:123623985&refid=ink_tptd_np (584 words)

	Basic Geography: The Equator and the Prime Meridian
		For instance, the United States is in the Western Hemisphere (because it is west of the prime meridian) and also in the Northern Hemisphere (because it is north of the equator).
		The earliest maps have the equator marked on them, but it wasn't until the late 19th Century that the prime meridian was named.
		The International Meridian Conference of 1884 changed all that, naming an imaginary line drawn through Greenwhich, England, as the prime meridian.
	socialstudiesforkids.com /articles/geography/equatorprimemeridian.htm (253 words)

	A History of the International Date Line
		In October 1884 representatives from 25 countries convened in Washington at the International Meridian Conference to recommend a common prime meridian for geographical and nautical charts that would be acceptable to all parties concerned.
		When the meridian of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich was by nearly-common consent adopted as the prime meridian, it was remarked how convenient this choice was as it insured that the 180º meridian, where formally the date line should be located, mostly passed over water.
		International Conference held in the City of Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Uniform Day: Protocols of the Proceedings (Gibson Bros., Washington [DC], 1884).
	www.phys.uu.nl /~vgent/idl/idl.htm (6018 words)

	Latitude and Longitude Lesson 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Any meridian could have been chosen as the Prime Meridian because they are all exactly the same.
		The Prime Meridian was selected by international agreement at the International Meridian Conference called by President Chester Arthur in October of 1884.
		There are a maximum of 180 degrees on longitude to the east or the west of the Prime Meridian.
	www.lakelandsd.com /tutorial/lesson2.html (233 words)

	Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the sky, a meridian is an imaginary great circle on the celestial sphere that is perpendicular to the local horizon.
		On the earth, a meridian is a 'straight line' on the earth's surface between the North Pole and the South Pole (in fact, half of a great circle).
		Considering the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England, as establishing the meaning of zero degrees of longitude, or the prime meridian, any other meridian is identified by the angle, referenced to the center of the earth as vertex, between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator.
	www.ku.edu.np /~sbhattarai/Grocessery.htm (3920 words)

	GORP - Trivia - Time for Time? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1884, he oversaw the International Prime Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. The international system of standard time zones was agreed upon at that time.
		The culmination of that work was the adoption of the 24 time zones at the International Meridian Conference." His second guess was John Harrison, the 18th-century English clockmaker remembered today as the inventor of the first marine chronometer used for accurately calculating longitude while at sea.
		The absolute velocity (of course) is dependant upon the distances being covered and is defined by the equation v=d/t, where v is the velocity, d is the distance being covered traveling from a to b and t is the time required to travel from a to b.
	gorp.away.com /gorp/contests/timezone.htm (1903 words)

	Time Scales
		In keeping with civil usage and the International Meridian Conference of 1884 where days are reckoned from midnight, and also for the sake of convenience of not handling such large numbers, the MJD was defined in the 1950s as (JD - 2400000.5).
		In the new, globally self-consistent world of coordinates based on VLBI and satellite geodesy the longitude of Greenwich ceased to be zero, and the timekeeping role formerly held by the Greenwich meridian was conceptually assumed by the nearby, but tectonically moving international meridian.
		In 1950 the Conference on the Fundamental Constants of Astronomy held by the CNRS in Paris recommended that the IAU adopt a time scale based on orbital motions as described by Newcomb's tables.
	www.ucolick.org /~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html (12416 words)

	International Meridian Conference
		Held in Rome in October of 1883 was a Geodetic Conference apparently known as the 7th General Conference of the European Arc Measurement.
		These geodetic conferences were forerunners of the International Association of Geodesy.
		Elsewhere on the net is this photograph of the delegates to the International Meridian Conference.
	www.ucolick.org /~sla/leapsecs/scans-meridian.html (884 words)

	Basic College Mathematics: An Applied Approach
		The prime meridian is a semicircle passing through Greenwich, England, and labeled 0°, as shown in the diagram at the right.
		The other meridians are 15° apart, and each 15° width determines a time zone.
		The time zones to the east of the prime meridian are negative, and the zones to the west are positive, as shown below.
	college.hmco.com /mathematics/aufmann/basic_college/6e/students/projects/exer10.html (493 words)

	Maps, prime meridian
		The prime meridian is the meridian of zero longitude, the base line from which longitude is measured; although usually called the first or prime meridian it is the zeroeth.
		The longitude of a place is the number of degrees (reckoned upon the equator) that the meridian of the said place is distant from the meridian of any other place from which we reckon, either eastward or westward, for 180 degrees, or half round the globe.
		That the Conference proposes to the Governments here represented the adoption of the meridian passing through the center of the transit instrument at the Observatory of Greenwich as the initial meridian for longitude.
	www.geog.port.ac.uk /webmap/hantsmap/hantsmap/meridian.htm (1650 words)

	Index Doctorum: Dr. des. Daniel Schönpflug - Ämter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When the Washington International Prime Meridian Conference agreed on Greenwich, England as the reference point for a new global time zone system in 1884, an international order of time was established.
		The growing integration of a world market, migration, colonialism and imperialism or the international system of the great powers were dimensions of this increasing entanglement of the world.
		Finally back on the global level, it addresses the several international organizations promoting the unification of calendars and the introduction of a common world calendar at the beginning of the twentieth century.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~ogle/projekte.htm (383 words)

	Longitude (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward.
		The word near was used because the point might not be at the center of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically, so their centers and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15°.
		If the position angle of the body's prime meridian increases with time, the body has a direct (or prograde) rotation; otherwise the rotation is said to be retrograde.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Longitude.htm (1281 words)

	Tuesday Supplemental Information
		Since the collection and exchange of weather information are of international concern, use of a single worldwide time system is needed so all weather observers around the world can take measurements at the same time, providing a "snapshot" of the weather.
		By international agreement, surface weather observation times are minimally 0000 Z, 0600 Z, 1200 Z and 1800 Z, with upper air measurements at 0000 Z and 1200 Z each day.
		The central meridian of the zone is then defined as a longitude evenly divisible by 15 on the system based from the Greenwich Prime Meridian as 0 degrees.
	www.meteor.wisc.edu /~hopkins/online/spring/9900tsup.htm (821 words)

	WES SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
		The concept of international time zones was officially adopted in November 1884 at the International Meridian Conference in Washington DC.
		Because collection and exchange of geophysical information are of international concern, use of a single worldwide time system was needed so that all observers around the world could take measurements simultaneously providing, for example, a "snapshot" of the weather.
		The central meridian of the time zone is then defined as a longitude evenly divisible by 15.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /~hopkins/WES/F-02/supl00.html (649 words)

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