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	Charter of the International
		At the trial of any individual member of any group or organization the Tribunal may declare (in connection with any act of which the individual may be convicted) that the group or organization of which the individual was a member was a criminal organization.
		The Tribunal shall have the right to take proceedings against a person charges with crimes set out in Article 6 of this Charter in his absence, if he has not been found or if the Tribunal, for any reason, finds it necessary, in the interests of justice, to conduct the hearing in his absence.
		The expenses of the Tribunal and of the Trials, shall be charged by the Signatories against the funds allotted for maintenance of the Control Council for Germany.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/chtrimt.htm (2422 words)

	Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Firstly, post-war military trials were conducted by the Allies (composed primarily of former or concurrent colonial powers), whose Orientalist and colonialist ideologies superseded the meaningful consideration of crimes against Asians, and in particular Asian women.
		The Dutch military tribunal in Indonesia was the only post-war military trial which prosecuted members of the Japanese military for sexual slavery, at which only offenses against Dutch women - despite the countless offenses against their Indonesian sisters - were brought to court.
		· Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda.
	www.globalaging.org /elderrights/world/women.htm (3029 words)

	Nuremberg War Crime Trials - The International Military Tribunal
		From November 20, 1945, until October 1, 1946, the International Military Tribunal (IMT) convened in the principal courtroom for criminal cases (room No. 600) in the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.
		The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin, which had become the seat of the Allied Control Council.
		Jodl, Alfred, general born in 1890, was head of the military command and advisor of Hitler in strategic and operative matters.
	www.justiz.bayern.de /olgn/imt/imte.htm (1735 words)

	International Military Tribunal
		The Governing document produced by these meetings was the Charter of the International Military Tribunal.
		Under the IMT powers specified in its charter, the following organisations were also tried: Gestapo, SD, SS, The Leadership Corps of The Nazi Party, Reich Cabinet, SA and The General and High Staff Commands.
		The IMT session at which each guilty defendant was sentenced was one of the few sessions that was not filmed.
	www.stephen-stratford.co.uk /imt.htm (1193 words)

	CNN.com - Key tribunals - December 6, 2001
		Military tribunals have a long history in the United States: Some legal scholars say the first tribunal was held in the United States in 1780.
		The tribunal, which stemmed from the London Agreement of August 8, was adopted by the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and France.
		The international tribunals for the Far East in Tokyo for Japanese war crimes stemming from World War II were conducted from 1946 to 1948.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/LAW/12/06/inv.tribunals.timeline/index.html (604 words)

	Nuremberg Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The restriction of trial and punishment by the international tribunal to personnel of the Axis countries has led to accusations of victor's justice and that Allied war crimes could not be tried.
		The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin.
		The International Law Commission, acting on the request of the United Nations General Assembly, produced in 1950 the report Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal (Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1950, vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Military_Tribunal (3042 words)

	Closing Address before the International Military Tribunal
		As a military tribunal, this Tribunal is a continuation of the war effort of the Allied nations.
		As an International Military Tribunal, it rises above the provincial and transient and seeks guidance not only from international law but also from the basic principles of jurisprudence which are assumptions of civilization and which long have found embodiment in the codes of all nations.
		International law at all times before and during this war spoke with precision and authority respecting the protection due civilians of an occupied country and the slave trade and plunder of occupied countries was at all times flagrantly unlawful.
	www.roberthjackson.org /Man/theman2-7-8-2 (15132 words)

	IMT Charter
		(b) The members of the Tribunal shall, before any trial begins, agree among themselves upon the selection from their number of a President, and the President shall hold office during that trial, or as may otherwise be agreed by a vote of not less than three members.
		The first meetings of the members of the Tribunal and of the Chief Prosecutors shall be held at Berlin in a place to be designated by the Control Council for Germany.
		Thereafter such rebutting evidence as may be held by the Tribunal to be admissible shall be called by either the Prosecution or the Defence.
	www.stephen-stratford.co.uk /imtcharter.htm (2153 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		In the aftermath of the Second World War, two ad hoc international military tribunals (the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) were established to try individuals who committed war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
		Shortly after the UN was founded, the International Law Commission received the mandate to codify the legal principles that emerged during the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, but progress on this initiative was blocked during the Cold War years.
		First of all and most obviously, unlike the Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals, the ICC is a permanent judicial body, the jurisdiction of which is not limited by any time limits (of course, save the principle of non-retroactivity) and, at least potentially, has universal reach.
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ICC.html (921 words)

	Microforms Collection, UM Libraries
		The Tribunal was established by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, to try alleged war criminals who were being charged with having waged wars of aggression in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or assurances.
		For pretrial information use International Military Tribunal for the Far East (JX 6719.J315) which covers highlights of the events from the time when the defendants were taken into custody, through the preliminary proceedings, until June 13, 1946, the date of the beginning of the trial.
		The International Tribunal for the Far East (East Asia D 804.J32A6 1948) presents the Japanese record of the proceedings.
	www.lib.umd.edu /MICROFORMS/military_tribunal_far_east.html (125 words)

	International Criminal Tribunal For Afghanistan at Tokyo - Final Written Opinion of Judge Niloufer Bhagwat 10mar04
		In answer to a question from the Tribunal, as to in whose interest the Patriot Act was passed ; this witness replied that it was passed in the interest of the Corporations in the context of mounting job losses.
		On answers to questions from the Tribunal the witnesses denied that their homes were military targets, or in close proximity to any military installations ; Witness A stated that a few Taliban were residing in residential homes in the area, but there were no military installations.
		In the early period of their detention, the International Committee of the Red Cross was denied access to these prisoners ; eventually the Red Cross was permitted access and publicly condemned the conditions under which the detainees and POW had been held..
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/2004/Afghanistan-Criminal-Tribunal10mar04.htm (7057 words)

	Charter of the International Military Tribunal
		The Tribunal dismissed the motion with a simple reference to Article 3, that the Tribunal could not be challenged.
		There were international agreements under which the signatories undertook to make some of them crimes within their own countries.
		The Tribunal may require to be informed of the nature of any evidence before it is entered so that it may rule upon the relevance thereof.
	www.giwersworld.org /imt/charter.html (2996 words)

	Berga. War Crimes. WWII and Its Legacy. WWII Atrocities \| PBS
		At the cessation of hostilities in Asia, a similar tribunal was created for some of the crimes committed by the Axis powers in Asia.
		This absence of law establishing protections for all civilians challenged the Tribunals' ability to hold military and civilian leaders of the Third Reich accountable for the war crimes committed against its own civilian population.
		In addition to the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, which tried only the top echelon of political and military leaders, thousands of war crimes trials were conducted by more than twenty countries in Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/crimes/mt.html (453 words)

	American Experience \| The Nuremberg Trials \| People & Events \| PBS
		In addition the tribunal was criticized for considering only acts of Axis aggression, not those undertaken by the Allies.
		For the first time, an international authority would hold political and military leaders accountable for atrocities committed in the name of a state.
		The International Military Tribunal convened on October 18, 1945, in Berlin -- at the insistence of the Soviet Union -- where prosecutors delivered the indictments.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/nuremberg/peopleevents/e_tribunal.html (878 words)

	International Military Tribunal (IMT) Agreement
		There shall be established after consultation with the Control Council for Germany an International Military Tribunal for the trial of war criminals whose offenses have no particular geographical location whether they be accused individually or in their capacity as members of organizations or groups or in both capacities.
		The constitution, jurisdiction and functions of the International Military Tribunal shall be those set out in the Charter annexed to this agreement, which Charter shall form an integral part of this agreement.
		The signatories shall also use their best endeavors to make available for investigation of the charges against and the trial before the International Military Tribunal such of the major war criminals as are not in the territories of any of the signatories.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/IMT_Agreement.htm (584 words)

	Nanking Atrocities - Postwar Judgment
		A member of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, Miner Searle Bates, testified to the atrocities on July 29, 1946.
		Justice Jaranilla (Philippines) disagreed with the penalties imposed by the tribunal.
		No matter how vulnerable the legitimacy of the IMTFE was, Japan accepted the judgment of the tribunal and of the other war crimes trials by the Allied nations, including the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal, at the San Francisco Peace Conference in September 1951.
	www.geocities.com /nankingatrocities/Tribunals/imtfe_01.htm (2524 words)

	The Avalon Project : The International Military Tribunal for Germany
		Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals
		Rules of Procedure Adopted by Military Tribunal I in the Trial of the Medical Case (Case 1)
		Uniform Rules of Procedure, Military Tribunals, Nuernberg, Revised to 8 January 1948
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm (506 words)

	The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
		The complaint also alleges "open violation" of the United Nations Charter, the NATO treaty itself, the Geneva Conventions, and the Principles of International Law Recognized by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
		The Tribunal -- created in 1993, with the US as the father, the Security Council as the mother, and Madeleine Albright as the midwife -- also relies on the military assets of the NATO powers to track down and arrest the suspects it tries for war crimes.
		Senior US officials have explicitly admitted that this danger is the reason for their aversion to the proposed new court.{9} But this is clearly not the case with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
	www.zmag.org /tribunal.htm (1261 words)

	Francis Biddle Collection of International Military Tribunal Nuremberg Trial Documents and Related Material An ...
		Biddle (1886-1968) was U.S. Attorney General under Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a member of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
		Francis Biddle, lawyer, Attorney General of the United States under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and member of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, was born in Paris, France, on May 9, 1886, the son of Algernon Sydney and Frances (Robinson) Biddle, and was brought to America in infancy.
		The Trial of Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, published under the Allied Control Authority for Germany (42 vols., Nuremberg, 1946-1949) is the official printed text in English of the proceedings of the trial.
	library.syr.edu /digital/guides/b/biddle_f.htm (4345 words)

	Mario's Cyberspace Station: The International Criminal Tribunal
		Conference welcomes the establishment of the UN International War Crimes Tribunal at The Hague to investigate crimes against humanity carried out in the state of former Yugoslavia.
		On July 25, 1995 Justice Richard Goldstone, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, announced the indictments of 24 individuals charged with war crimes.
		I. Hitler and the military A. Hitler's cosmology of conquest B. The Fuehrer and the armed forces C. The military and the mass murder.
	mprofaca.cro.net /tribunal.html (1465 words)

	Court TV: A Look Back at Nuremberg
		Background on the theory and history behind the creation of the tribunal and a look at some of the major differences between the American system of justice and that used at Nuremberg.
		In this opening speech, the chief British prosecutor described the Nazis' gross disregard of international treaties and their intention of worldwide conquest.
		In this landmark in international law, Robert Jackson, the Chief U.S. prosecutor at Nuremberg, makes his final speech of the trial.
	www.courttv.com /archive/casefiles/nuremberg (1265 words)

	THE NUREMBERG TRIALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An earlier convention at the Hague in 1899 (cf., especially Chapter had attempted to establish international rules regarding the treatment of prisoners of war.
		Together, these international agreements served as the legal basis upon which Nazi war criminals could be brought to trial for violations of International Law.
		At that conference the charter for the International Military Tribunal was drawn up and signed by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
	www.mtsu.edu /~baustin/trials.html (477 words)

	COURTTV.COM- TRIALS
		OHLENDORF: On the one hand, the aim was that the individual leaders and men should be able to carry out the executions in a military manner acting on orders and should not have to make a decision of their own; it was, to all intents and purposes, an order which they were to carry out.
		AMEN: May it please the Tribunal, I have other questions relating to organizational matters which I think would clarify some of the evidence which has already been in part received by the Tribunal; but I don't want to take the time of the Tribunal unless they feel that they want any more such testimony.
		I thought perhaps if any members of the Tribunal had questions they would ask this witness directly, because he is the best informed on these organizational matters of anyone who will be presented in Court.
	www.courttv.com /casefiles/nuremberg/ohlendorf.html (8083 words)

	WorldLII - Categories - Courts & Case-Law - International Courts & Tribunals
		International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
		Information on courts or tribunals including an overview of each court, recent news, basic documents, a bibliography, biographies of judges and related jurisprudence from Member States.
		A joint project developed by the Center on International Cooperation and the Foundation for International Law and Development (FIELD) looking at the legal institutional and financial isues arising from the multiplication of international courts and tribunals.
	www.worldlii.org /catalog/2561.html (467 words)

	International Military Tribunal
		"It has been argued that the Tribunal cannot be regarded as a court in the true sense because, as its members represent the victorious Allied Nations, they must lack that impartiality which is an essential in all judicial procedure.
		According to this view only a court consisting of neutrals, or, at least, containing some neutral judges, could be considered to be a proper tribunal.
		As no man can be a judge in his own case, so no allied tribunal can be a judge in a case in which members of the enemy government or forces are on trial.
	www.nizkor.org /hweb/imt (493 words)

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