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	International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tribunal convened on May 3, 1946, and was adjourned on November 12, 1948.
		The legal basis for the trial was established by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (CIMTFE) that was proclaimed on 19 January 1946.
		On 25 April 1946 in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 of the CIMTFE the original Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East with amendments were promulgated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East (1642 words)

	The Avalon Project : Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
		The International Military Tribunal for the Far East is hereby established for the just and prompt trial and punishment of the major war criminals in the Far East.
		All motions, applications, or other requests addressed to the Tribunal prior to the commencement of trial shall be made in writing and filed with the General Secretary of the Tribunal for action by the Tribunal.
		The Tribunal shall neither require proof, of facts of common knowledge, nor of the authenticity of official j government documents and reports of any nation nor of the proceedings, records, and findings of military or other agencies of any of the United Nations.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imtfech.htm (1618 words)

	Untitled Document
		Though the International Criminal Tribunal for the Far East addressed some acts of sexual violence, the tribunal failed to prosecute Japanese officials for its extensive system of sexual slavery, referred to as the ‘comfort women’ system, into which more than 200,000 women from throughout Asia were forced.
		The Tribunal considers that rape is a form of aggression and that the central elements of the crime of rape cannot be captured in a mechanical description of objects and body parts.
		International case law, and the reports of the united Nations Sepcial Rapporteur evince a momentum towards addressing, through legal process, the use of rape in the course of detention and interrogation as a means of torture and, therefore, as a violation of international law.
	www.peacewomen.org /un/icj/sexcrimes.html (2130 words)

	Nanking Atrocities - Postwar Judgment
		Evidence was given before the Tribunal by an eyewitness that while MATSUI was in Nanking on the 19th of December the business section of the city was in flames.
		His military service in China in 1937 and 1938 cannot be regarded, of itself, as the waging of an aggressive war.
		The Tribunal is of opinion that HIROTA was derelict in his duty in not insisting before the Cabinet that immediate action be taken to put an end to the atrocities, failing any other action open to him to bring about the same result.
	www.geocities.com /nankingatrocities/Tribunals/imtfe_03.htm (3405 words)

	[No title]
		The International MilitaryTribunal at Nuremberg was established pursuant to Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 82 U.N.T.S. The Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is set out in id. at 284.
		The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was established in Tokyo pursuant to Special Proclamation by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Establishment of an International Tribunal for the Far East, Jan. 19, 1946, 4 Bevans 20, reprinted in 1 Benjamin Ferencz, Defining International Aggression 522 (1975).
		It operated pursuant to Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Jan. 19, 1946 (as amended Apr. 26, 1946), 4 Bevans 21, reprinted in 1 Ferencz, supra, at 523.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~bcj/issues/two/tomuschat_notes.html (920 words)

	Military Tribunal International - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was constituted under...
		International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: indictment and extradition of Croatian military leaders
		In 1945 the United Nations achieved their original and primary aim, the military defeat of the Axis powers.
	encarta.msn.com /Military_Tribunal_International.html (321 words)

	Microforms Collection, UM Libraries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Tribunal was established by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, to try alleged war criminals who were being charged with having waged wars of aggression in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or assurances.
		For pretrial information use International Military Tribunal for the Far East (JX 6719.J315) which covers highlights of the events from the time when the defendants were taken into custody, through the preliminary proceedings, until June 13, 1946, the date of the beginning of the trial.
		The International Tribunal for the Far East (East Asia D 804.J32A6 1948) presents the Japanese record of the proceedings.
	www.lib.umd.edu /MICROFORMS/military_tribunal_far_east.html (125 words)

	Justice & The Generals: Around The World - The international Criminal Court \| PBS
		This tribunal, convened by Charles, the Duke of Burgundy, was established to address the crimes of "murder, rape, perjury and other crimes violating the laws of God and man." Since that time, the process of establishing a permanent international criminal court has occurred in fits and starts, often finding renewed support after major military conflicts.
		In 1948, the UN General Assembly voted to authorize the International Law Commission (an independent commission comprised of international lawyers and legal scholars from countries throughout the world) to explore the possibility of establishing an international criminal court that could perform similar functions to the World War II tribunals but on a permanent basis.
		Although the International Law Commission did conclude that a permanent international criminal court was a worthwhile endeavor, Cold War power struggles and differences over how to impose penalties on states for actions of aggression against one another stalled its creation for the next 50 years.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/justice/world_issues_int.html (916 words)

	United States History
		The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was constituted under the authority of a charter promulgated on Jan. 19, 1946, by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, supreme commander for the Allied Powers.It has been suggested that the Tokyo Trial is the "biggest trial in recorded history".
		The Charter of the Tribunal claimed that there was present in Japan from January 1, 1928 to September 2, 1945 a "criminal, militaristic clique," and that the defendants "intended to and did plan, prepare, initiate, or wage aggressive war".
		Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, (mimeo; hereafter Proceedings), p.200.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/aesthetic/1073/00000007.html (3752 words)

	Hideki Tojo
		Tojo was a member of the military clique that pushed Japan into war in the late 1930s.
		By 1941, Tojo was premier and in command of the entire Japanese military, which so dominated Japan at the time that he was virtually the nation's dictator.
		He then was tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for war crimes.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Tojo.html (167 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		In order to pressure the conflicting parties to comply with their obligations under international humanitarian law, in October 1992, the Security Council asked the UN Secretary General to establish a Commission of Experts to report on evidence of grave breaches of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia.
		No international criminal code existed (although various drafts and proposals had been circulated for several decades) and the few precedents could provide minimal guidance, at least because, unlike in the case of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, it was not a matter of victor's justice.
		Firstly, all member States of the United Nations are bound to comply with the requests and decisions of the tribunals (which makes them the fora with the largest footing and avoids the issue of States' consent, which cripples fora like the ICJ and the ITLOS).
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ICTY.html (875 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		In the aftermath of the Second World War, two ad hoc international military tribunals (the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) were established to try individuals who committed war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
		Shortly after the UN was founded, the International Law Commission received the mandate to codify the legal principles that emerged during the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, but progress on this initiative was blocked during the Cold War years.
		First of all and most obviously, unlike the Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals, the ICC is a permanent judicial body, the jurisdiction of which is not limited by any time limits (of course, save the principle of non-retroactivity) and, at least potentially, has universal reach.
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ICC.html (921 words)

	Prisoners of War: World War II
		International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Dissentient Judgment.
		The Tokyo Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East.
		Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 3.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq41-1.htm (846 words)

	Berga. War Crimes. WWII and Its Legacy. WWII Atrocities \| PBS
		For example, the Geneva and Hague Conventions in place during World War II were focused on the relationship between belligerent nations and military forces while ignoring, at least to some extent, war's impact on the civilian population.
		This absence of law establishing protections for all civilians challenged the Tribunals' ability to hold military and civilian leaders of the Third Reich accountable for the war crimes committed against its own civilian population.
		In addition to the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals, which tried only the top echelon of political and military leaders, thousands of war crimes trials were conducted by more than twenty countries in Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/berga/crimes/mt.html (453 words)

	Nanking Atrocities - Postwar Judgment
		A member of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, Miner Searle Bates, testified to the atrocities on July 29, 1946.
		Justice Jaranilla (Philippines) disagreed with the penalties imposed by the tribunal.
		No matter how vulnerable the legitimacy of the IMTFE was, Japan accepted the judgment of the tribunal and of the other war crimes trials by the Allied nations, including the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal, at the San Francisco Peace Conference in September 1951.
	www.geocities.com /nankingatrocities/Tribunals/imtfe_01.htm (2524 words)

	Rising Nationalism in Japan - XO Forum
		During the tribunal, the counsel for the wartime leaders argued that the concept of "crimes against peace" had not been established under international law but was retroactively thought up by the Allied Powers.
		He argued that the tribunal, which was carried out during the Occupation with stern censorship, implanted "a masochistic view of history" in the minds of the Japanese people.
		As a result, Yoshida said, the tribunal allowed the Japanese public to feel they only had been "deceived" by the wartime leaders and to regard themselves as victims of the war -- with many of their cities having been burned to ashes in air raids and food shortages hitting much of the public.
	www.xboxcircle.com /forum/showthread.php?t=1980 (1648 words)

	The Avalon Project : Rules of Procedure of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 25 April 1946
		The Tribunal, acting through the President, will rule upon all questions arising during the trial, including questions of admissibility of evidence, as to recesses and upon motions, and before so ruling the Tribunal may, when necessary, order the closing or clearing of the court and take any other steps which to the Tribunal seem just.
		Every such copy shall have plainly marked thereon the part or parts upon which the prosecution or the defense, as the case may be, intends to rely, and every such copy shall be accompanied by a translation thereof into English or into Japanese, as the case may be, of the said part or parts.
		The Tribunal shall have a seal which shall be affixed to at summonses and certificates and to such other documents as the' President from time to time directs.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imtferul.htm (919 words)

	Far East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cultural border of the far east is therefore thought of as India.
		Far East is an inexact term often used for East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia combined, sometimes including also the easternmost territories of Russia, i.e., the Russian Far East, and the western Pacific Ocean region.
		Far East in this sense is comparable to terms such as the Orient, which means East; the Eastern world; or simply the East.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Far_East (532 words)

	Taft and the Far East
		President Taft’s aims in the Far East were to protect the territorial integrity of China and to promote the Open Door policy.
		Taft and Knox cooperated and went so far as to try to preempt the Japanese position; the Japanese were furious, believing that they had earned their rights in the area through their victory in the Russo-Japanese War.
		Dollar diplomacy in the Far East was a Taft administration failure.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1003.html (443 words)

	Mark S. Ellis, Achieving Justice Before The International War Crimes Tribunal: Challenges For The Defense Counsel, 7 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was the beginning of a remarkable experiment in international humanitarian law, a nascent body of law rooted in international custom and binding on all states.
		Since the Tribunal's Rules of Evidence and Procedure (Rules) are based largely on an adversarial model and do not follow the inquisitorial approach used in civil law systems, assigned counsel must be adept at arguing cases in an adversarial proceeding.
		If this painstaking experiment in international humanitarian law succeeds, the Tribunal will ensure that individuals responsible for atrocities, having been fairly tried and convicted, are held accountable for their actions.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/djcil/articles/djcil7p519.htm (6998 words)

	IMTFE
		British Military and Criminal History in the period 1900 to 1999.
		This page explains the trial of Japanese Class A war criminals by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) in Tokyo, during the period 3 May 1946 to 12 November 1948.
		The international community estimated that within the six weeks of the Massacre, 20,000 women were raped, many of them subsequently murdered or mutilated; and over 300,000 people were killed, often with the most inhumane brutality.
	www.stephen-stratford.co.uk /imtfe.htm (1235 words)

	CRL - World War II & Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		[International Military Tribunal for the Far East] [Tokyo war crimes trials] Index of documents by (phase and subject) Documents 1 to 2969 and 4000 to 4095.
		This is microfilm of the 136 volumes that comprise the record of proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, April 24, 1946-April 16, 1948.
		The Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal group of military advisers to the president.
	www.crl.edu /content.asp?l1=5&l2=22&l3=39&top=58 (1687 words)

	Nuremberg Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The restriction of trial and punishment by the international tribunal to personnel of the Axis countries has led to accusations of victor's justice and that Allied war crimes could not be tried.
		The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin.
		The International Law Commission, acting on the request of the United Nations General Assembly, produced in 1950 the report Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal (Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1950, vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Military_Tribunal (3021 words)

	A Primer on the Women's International War Crimes Tribunal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In these meetings, it was agreed that the main theme of the Tribunal is to define the individual criminal responsibility and accountability of the Japanese government under international law and humanitarian law for its war crimes and crimes against humanity.
		Succeeding meetings have been held whenever there is a possibility for the members of the Organizing Committee to be together in other international conferences or gatherings to discuss about the charter, the rules and procedures of evidences, the country research and prosecution teams, the judges, chief prosecutors and experts to be invited.
		The Tribunal has no real power to enforce its judgement, but as a people's and women's initiative, it nonetheless carries the moral authority to demand their wide acceptance and enforcement of the judgement by the international community and civil society and pave the way for law reforms in national governments.
	www.globalaging.org /elderrights/world/primer.htm (1964 words)

	Mario's Cyberspace Station: The International Criminal Tribunal
		Conference welcomes the establishment of the UN International War Crimes Tribunal at The Hague to investigate crimes against humanity carried out in the state of former Yugoslavia.
		On July 25, 1995 Justice Richard Goldstone, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, announced the indictments of 24 individuals charged with war crimes.
		I. Hitler and the military A. Hitler's cosmology of conquest B. The Fuehrer and the armed forces C. The military and the mass murder.
	mprofaca.cro.net /tribunal.html (1465 words)

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