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	American Art and Architecture - MSN Encarta
		Although the International Modern style continued to flourish, various American architects reacted against it around the middle of the century, among them the Estonian-born Louis Kahn, the Finnish-born Eero Saarinen, and the Chinese-born I.
		In reaction against the austerity of International Modernism, Postmodern architects introduced colour and ornament to their buildings, and often incorporated stylistic elements from earlier periods, sometimes in a playful or eccentric spirit.
		It was much concerned with expressing the dynamism of modern life, and one of Stella's favourite subjects in his paintings was Brooklyn Bridge, which he described as “a shrine containing all the efforts of the new civilization of America”.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563773_5/American_Art_and_Architecture.html (1264 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Modernism
		Modernism Modernism is the generally accepted term to describe the sweeping changes that took place, particularly in the arts and literature, between the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the Second World War.
		Modernism arose mainly from the application of modern critical methods to the study of the Bible and the history of dogma and resulted...
		Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. In an era characterized by industrialization, rapid...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Modernism&StartAt=1 (906 words)

	Sample Chapter for Esty, J.: A Shrinking Island: Modernism and National Culture in England.
		Modernism, writes Williams, cannot properly be understood without an account of the metropolis as a place "beyond both city and nation in their older senses," which developed out of the "magnetic concentration of wealth and power in imperial capitals and the simultaneous cosmopolitan access to a wide variety of subordinate cultures."
		Modernism's nativist and culturalist turn represents the first part of a decolonizing dialectic in which the tropes and modes of colonial knowledge came home to roost at the end of empire.
		Where high modernism often emphasized the reification of social difference, the anthropologically inflected projects of the thirties afforded English intellectuals a new way to represent social difference within a dynamic, but knowable and bounded, social field, that is, within a totality corresponding to the idea of national culture.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/i7619.html (8845 words)

	Modernism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modernism as a tendency emerged in the mid-19th century, particularly in Paris, France, and was rooted in the idea that "traditional" forms of art, literature, social organization and daily life had become outdated, and that it was therefore essential to sweep them aside.
		Modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was "holding back" progress, and replacing it with new, and therefore better, ways of reaching the same end.
		Modernism comprised a series of sometimes contradictory responses to the situation as it was understood, and the attempt to wrestle universal principles from it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modernism (4997 words)

	Modernism and Postmodernism in Russian Literature and Culture
		Modernism and Postmodernism in Russian Literature and Culture is a research project founded and led by professor Pekka Pesonen, project leader in charge, and by associate professor Natalia Baschmakoff from the Department of Russian Language and Culture at the University of Joensuu.
		The main international partners in cooperation have been University of Tartu (Dept. of Russian Literature and Dept. of Semiotics), the Russian State University of Humanities (St. Petersburg), the State University of Moscow, Pushkinskij dom (St. Petersburg), University of Munich, the 5th University of Paris, University of Budapest, University of Bergamo and New York State University.
		It is an organic consequence of the Russian modernism of the beginning of the 20th century, which again cannot be separated from the age of major changes in the formation of the world view in the beginning of the century.
	www.slav.helsinki.fi /eng/research/pomo.htm (612 words)

	Guilford Chapter Excerpt
		Against modernism and the avant-garde, however, postmodernism declares both the death of the author and of the work, replacing the former with the decentered self or bricoleur and the latter with the "text." In the poststructuralist lexicon, "text" refers to any artistic or social creation that signifies and can be conceptually interpreted.
		Modern architecture, moreover, was heavily influenced by the values of dynamism and progress that dominated the 19th century, such as were celebrated in the Crystal Palace science and technology exhibit that opened in London in 1851.
		The ideological abandonment of the modern project thus represents realist insight into the failures of the modernist-capitalist ambitions for a well-organized and functional corporate world and signals the transformation from modern to postmodern architecture, from the hegemony of the International Style to the eclecticism and pluralism of postmodern populism.
	www.guilford.com /excerpts/best3EX.html (17624 words)

	Modernism
		Modern garden plans resembled nonobjective or abstract art, such as paintings by Piet Mondrian, Joan Miró, Alexander Calder, and Picasso; these gardens are often referred to as abstract or Cubist gardens.
		Modern architecture in vogue, the three were inspired to exchange the traditional Beaux-Arts principles with modern design theories.
		Modern landscape architecture in the United States was impacted by Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx (1909-94), and Mexican architect Luis Barragán (1902-88).
	architecture.arizona.edu /landscape/courses/lar542/modernism.htm (6403 words)

	4th Savannah Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Western, and modern, views of architecture are unaccustomed to this inversion of architectural approach, perhaps since the Mughals are a clear rarity in having used it.
		Modernism quickly flourished in Brazil in the 1940s, a prerequisite for the construction of Brasilia, the new capital that was, despite being so far away from Europe, built in the Brazilian hinterland strictly to the principles of CIAM and the Charta of Athens.
		Modernism was adopted into a regional context, transformed and further modified by the requirements of the tropical climate.
	www.scad.edu /dept/arlh/symposium4/abstracts11.html (1738 words)

	MODERNISMIN MESTAREITA
		In the 1960´s the collection of international modern art expanded and became an important part of the Didrichsen collection as a whole.
		The term Modernism usually refers to central ideas among painters, writers, musicians and architects in the twentieth century, starting with cubism and Pablo Picasso.
		Modernism has also been defined as an idealistic current, with its rooths in the industrialization starting in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	www.didrichsenmuseum.fi /gunnar/e_modernismi.html (259 words)

	4th Savannah Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The focus for scholars concentrating on Englishness and modern architecture tends to be 1940s manifestations of a vernacular, Scandinavian-inspired, regional modernism, known in England as The New Empiricism - often dismissed as a populist, compromise version of modern ideals.
		The theoretical construct of a diaspora provides a framework in which England's modern architecture is not seen as a copy of continental forms, but rather as referring to them, since diasporan peoples by definition retain a connection to their homeland.
		Englishness, international style modernism, and the foreign status of so many figures who were important to England's modernist scene all co-existed in late 1930s-early 1950s England.
	www.scad.edu /dept/arlh/symposium4/abstracts01.html (1322 words)

	Modernity in Sweden 1900-1960
		Swedish artists incorporated aspects of the new art movements into a distinctly Swedish modernity, combining the national with the international and adapting their utopian ideals to the reality of everyday life.
		As a comprehensive survey of the Swedish response to modernism, the exhibition represents both those artists who embrace modernism as an emblem and a means of social progress and those who reject the rationalistic ideals of the movement and its unceasing emphasis on the new.
		The exhibition focuses on the photographers who captured the progress of modern society in their pictures of sport, new technology, architecture and film stars, but also on those who portrayed a society that would soon belong to history, a society caught between rural tradition and modern urban living.
	antiquesandthearts.com /CS0-05-07-2002-10-48-53 (1152 words)

	Why the West?
		Architectural modernism was introduced with fanfares of globalist propaganda by the Bauhaus and by Le Corbusier, who envisaged their new style of architecture as both the symbol and the instrument of a radical break with the past.
		It was "the international style," a gesture against the nation-state and the homeland, an attempt to remake the surface of the earth as a single uniform habitat from which differences and boundaries would finally disappear.
		International law can do nothing to control al Qaeda, nor is the United Nations effective against organizations that neither are, nor aspire to be, nation-states.
	www.travelbrochuregraphics.com /extra/scruton/scruton1.htm (7373 words)

	The glare of the white revival - Elizabeth Farrelly - www.smh.com.au
		To have it argued that modernism was the blip.
		The logic of this inversion is: the dress of modernism was (for all its socialist trappings) a dress of denial; a straitjacket designed to repress not only decoration, but difference of all kinds, especially racial and sexual.
		Both are unashamedly modern, and yet both rely on the colour and texture of real materials - stone, timber, terracotta, rusted steel - with hardly a white wall in sight.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/06/07/1086460232180.html (1182 words)

	September 2005: Prague -- 20th-Century Architecture in Transition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A third pioneering Modern house, unknown to almost all the attendees, is the 1932 Palicka House by the Dutch architect Mart Stam.
		It is located in the notable Baba colony of Modern houses built from 1928 to 1940 on the outskirts of Prague, mainly by Czech architects, as one of the demonstration projects of Modernism undertaken in several European cities (including Brno).
		Modernism was condemned as an expression of “bourgeois cosmopolitanism.” Fortunately little was built during these decades in the center of Prague, although many grimly repetitive industrialized housing complexes rose around its edges.
	www.aia.org /cod_crp_200509 (4867 words)

	Denmark.dk: Official website - Denmark - Architecture: Modernism to Present Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The actual showdown with Modernism was particularly marked in residential building, and the decisive breach came with the Tinggården estate by the firm of architects Vandkunsten in Herfølge (1978).
		Tinggården was not the first criticism of modernism, but it was the first vision of a new and alternative residential environment to be brought to fruition.
		Late Modernism represents a refinement of the forms of Modernism, as is seen in a number of buildings by Danish architects abroad, for instance Dissing & Weitlingâs art museum in North Rhine Westphalia (1986), Krohn and Hartvig Rasmussenâs National Museum in Bahrain (1988) and J.O. von Spreckelsenâs La Grande Arche in Paris (1989).
	denmark.dk /portal/page?_pageid=374,477942&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL (1440 words)

	[No title]
		By the 1970s, however, Modernism had come to mean squat concrete blockhouses and impersonal skyscrapers.
		Some groups within the Modern Movement, such as De Stijl, advocated abstractions …but virtually all were agreed on the need for rational responses to contemporary needs using modern materials, mass-produced building components, and experimental, industrial methods of construction ….
		Functionalism was widely held to be ground on which all agreed, but even that faced objections in the search for an architecture freed from the constraints not only of the past and aesthetics, but from use as well….
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~bump/E603/Modernism.html (373 words)

	Modernity in the Built Environment of Santiago
		Some historians see the evolution of modern architecture as closely tied to the Project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, the social and political revolutions, general progress of mankind, and so on.
		It seems to me that international style architecture, or what I like to call pre-postmodern (in the theological sense), represents all the ideals of postmodernism while still marching under the banner of modern architecture.
		The genius of international style architecture is that it keeps the seriousness of modernism while still being able to play with the beauty of postmodernism.
	www.stanford.edu /class/cee33x/QResponses/modern.htm (802 words)

	Modern Architecture in Victoria, Design Story
		Therefore, like the development of the urban identity with its collective attitudes and aspirations, the enthusiasm for, and the development of Modernism in each city has been distinct.In retrospect, the Modern Movement in Victoria from 1945 to 1975 was a period indicative of contrasting ideas about how the urban landscape should be.
		The net result was a retrenchment to direct international influences in architectural design; in the case of Victoria a blatant affair with undiluted British taste not only in the revival styles but matched by the marching modernism of the International Style which was encroaching on the city with equal vigour.
		James and James' Main Post Office on Government Street (1948-52) was a late Art Deco variant, hovering between Classicism and International Modernism, and a far cry from their English and American vernacularism when they worked in the shadow of Rattenbury and Maclure.
	www.maltwood.uvic.ca /Architecture/ma/design_story (903 words)

	The Hindu : Reviving the colonial spectre
		In the lyricism of his figures, he lays claim to the legacy of the miniature particularly the manner in which miniature painting integrates the elements of man and nature, the animal and vegetal world.
		Gujral is dealing with the volatile historical issues of the violent suppression of the 1857 mutiny, but in virtual contradiction of his entire ouvre, chose the lyrical mode of the miniaturist.
		Gujral traces the twin initiatives - towards modernism and indigenism - to the presence of Rudy von Leyden in Bombay in the 1940s, and the influence of Octavio Paz, in New Delhi in the early 1960s.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/02/20/stories/1320007h.htm (1093 words)

	elimae
		We need to distinguish between international modernism and modernism in literature of the English language.
		International modernism was expressionist, fantasy and distortion to carry feeling or embody dreams and desires: Trakl, numerous writers in Scandinavia, most poets of Spain and the Spanish language.
		When I began to change in 1957, it was toward the style of international modernism, expressionist or even slightly surrealist.
	www.elimae.com /interviews/hall.html (1983 words)

	Tulsa Now Forum - Tulsa's International Style Architecture
		Tulsa's International Airport, as originally constructed in the early 1960s, was certainly in the international style.
		International Style and the later Art Deco movements have similar "modern" characteristics regarding ornamentation, but they are distinct.
		Not all Modern is International (nor is it Deco or Moderne).
	www.tulsanow.org /forum/topic.asp?whichpage=-1&TOPIC_ID=5893&REPLY_ID=75495 (3462 words)

	Robert Allen Nauman / On the Wings of Modernism
		Myths and metaphors of flight and the American West were interwoven with those of modernism, both to justify the design and to free it from any lingering socialist or European associations.
		Nauman argues that contrary to the technological and teleological interpretations presented by the polemicists of "International style" modernism, the academy's actual production was squarely grounded in bureaucratic and political processes.
		On the Wings of Modernism examines the complete history of the academy's construction, from the earliest conception of the project to its eventual completion.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /s04/nauman.html (486 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Henry, Architecture in Texas
		His division of the Moderne into three component phases, the Zig-Zag, Streamlined, and PWA (Public Works Administration) Moderne, remains basic to the continuing study of this body of work, although Gebhard's terms are subject to reconsideration.
		Wright had never been part of the International style, of course, but even those who had been--like Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer, when they arrived as émigrés in America in the late 1930's--modified their styles to incorporate regional manifestations: natural materials and site-specific considerations.
		A third tendency of 1930's modern design, distinct from the influence of Wright and the European émigrés, came from the Texas regionalists, David Williams and O'Neil Ford, who regarded the Spanish Colonial and modernistic modes with equal contempt as species of eclecticism.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exhenarc.html (5368 words)

	What's Modernism?
		Her lush environment and ideal weather conditions served as fertile ground as Modernism began to take root in the late 20s and early 30s.
		As Frank Lloyd Wright was puting his signature on Modernism with his Usonion homes in the midwest, a new breed of architects began to emerge out West.
		Some influenced by International Modernism and the Bauhaus, some influenced by 19th Century Japanese design, some influenced by Wright, and some influenced by the regional characteristics that exemplified California.
	www.portlandmodern.com /whatsmodern/cal.html (275 words)

	Building buffs come calling
		Though international modernism became the predominant architectural style of postwar America, one might wonder whether the style is well-showcased in Portland.
		The elimination of nonessential ornamentation was a major tenet of modernism, along with the use of factory-manufactured materials such as glass, steel and concrete.
		Modernism was a rejection of autocratic governance and the social problems perceived to be a result of a dishonest or corrupt environment.
	www.portlandtribune.com /archview.cgi?id=31827 (1190 words)

	Ezra Pound and Modernism - Hugh Kenner
		The first odd thing about international Modernism is that its language was English.
		It was the synergetic presence of Ezra Pound that lets us speak of international Modernism, and the diplomatic intelligence of Eliot that provided us with ways to think about it.
		It is convenient to date modern linguistics from the year 1788, when Sir William Jones declared that the origins of European words, whether Latin, Greek, German, Flemish, or English, were "Indo-European" and...
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1988/june/Sa14428.htm (293 words)

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