
	Where results make sense

Topic: International Opium Commission

Related Topics

Opium Wars

Second Opium War

opium of the people

opium trade

opium poppies

Confessions of an English Opium Eater

Opium album

Opium Act

Opium and Narcotics Act

The Opium Connection

opium jukebox music

In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	International Opium Convention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Opium Convention, signed at The Hague on January 23, 1912, was the first international drug control treaty.
		The United States convened a 13-nation conference of the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China in response to increasing criticism of the opium trade.
		A revised International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which went into effect on September 25, 1928[1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Opium_Convention (373 words)

	Forty-second session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs
		At its centre are three widely-accepted and widely-ratified international treaties with comprehensive reporting and control mechanisms, and an independent international expert body which monitors and supervises the compliance of Governments with treaty obligations- the International Narcotics Control Board.
		The existence of the international drug control system has further prevented the recurrence of addiction epidemics which were commonplace at the beginning of the century.
		The Board is pleased to note that the European Commission and individual member States of the European Union have recognized this problem and have confirmed their commitment to us to find a workable solution to strengthen already existing chemical controls in the region.
	www.incb.org /incb/speeches/cnd42-99.html (2693 words)

	Opium throughtout History
		The Malwa opium was stacked so heavily that it led to heavy losses and ultimately it was thought prudent by the native traders to sell their opium to British Government or to smuggle out through other routes not controlled by the British Government.
		Opium cultivation is banned in Assam, a province in the North-East of India.
		Opium is used as a substitute for wages and partly food for conscripted labour in the North East Indian State of Assam engaged in the construction of the 2100 kms long Ledo Road to Kunming, Yunan, China.
	cbn.nic.in /html/opiumhistory1.htm (4120 words)

	frontline: the opium kings: Opium Throughout History \| PBS
		The Dutch export shipments of Indian opium to China and the islands of Southeast Asia; the Dutch introduce the practice of smoking opium in a tobacco pipe to the Chinese.
		The British dependence on opium for medicinal and recreational use reaches an all time high as 22,000 pounds of opium is imported from Turkey and India.
		In San Francisco, smoking opium in the city limits is banned and is confined to neighboring Chinatowns and their opium dens.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html (2557 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1959 Issue 1 - 005
		While the regional aspect of opium smoking and of international trade in prepared opium constituted the primary concern of the Commission, its members were already well aware of the wider geographical scope of the narcotics problem in general, including addiction to manufactured opiates.
		Although the Commission was not intended to establish binding obligations, it nevertheless accelerated the efforts which only three years later led to the conclusion of The Hague Opium Convention of 1912, establishing narcotics control as an institution of international law on a multilateral basis.
		In recording these conclusions, the International Opium Commission recognizes the wide variations between the conditions prevailing in the different countries, but it would urge on the attention of the governments concerned the desirability of a re-examination of their systems of regulation in the light of the experience of other countries dealing with the same problem.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1959-01-01_1_page006.html (676 words)

	Narconon International presents heroin information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The East India company establishes a limited monopoly over Bengal opium; the company has general control but the operation is in the hands of contractors, who advance company funds to the farmers, purchase the opium produced, and sell it to the company which then auctions it off to merchants in Calcutta.
		Warren Hastings, the first governor general of India, recognizes that opium is harmful and at first opposes increasing production; later he encourages the control of opium by the company hoping that by monopolizing and limiting the supply he will discourage its consumption.
		Trade in opium is still less important than trade in commodities; directors of the East India Company, recognizing China's objections to the importation of opium, make offers to prohibit the export of Indian opium to China.
	www.narconon.org /druginfo/heroin_timeline.html (3372 words)

	The beginnings of international drug control UN Chronicle - Find Articles
		At the time, the opium trade was coming under increasing criticism, partly due to growing addiction problems in the Far East and in the colonial Powers, but also due to changing diplomatic and political allegiances within the broader context of international relations.
		The second International Opium Convention, concluded in 1925 and entered into force in 1928, introduced a statistical control system to be supervised by a Permanent Central Board.
		A group of manmade substances outside the scope of the 1931 Convention was brought under international law and control by the 1948 Protocol.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1309/is_2_35/ai_54157834 (352 words)

	RELEASE: 1900_to_1939
		The formal designation of the meeting as 'commission' reflects the fact that the United States had been unsuccessful in its attempts to convene a 'conference': this latter status would have conferred upon the meeting the power to draft regulations to which signatory states would be bound by international law.
		Nonetheless, the Shanghai commission begins the process of realising a prohibitionist agenda, and succeeds in uniting the attending nations behind the principle of restriction.
		The act imposed severe restrictions on the use and sale of raw opium and banned the importation of smoking opium; it rendered the manufacture, possession and supply of heroin, morphine and cocaine a criminal offence punishable by heavy fines and terms of imprisonment.
	www.release.org.uk /html/~The_Law/~Legal_History/1900_to_1939.php (1445 words)

	APPENDIX A: DRUG CONTROL POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES: HISTORIC
		In 1909, the International Opium Commission called by the United States, met in Shanghai, to begin an international discussion concerning the problems of narcotics and the narcotics trade.
		In 1972, the President's National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse recommended that the laws against the use of marijuana be relaxed, since the enforcement of these laws was becoming too burdensome to police in some areas, and was considered intrusive on individual privacy in others.
		The Commission remained strict on cocaine, which was also seeing a surge in use, but few experts thought it was physically addictive or should be classified in the same category as other narcotics.
	www.drugtext.org /library/reports/ota/appa.htm (3709 words)

	Shanghai: International Opium Commission
		I took this photo because I thought it was such a giggle.
		But then I read more about the commission, which convened in 1909, and realized that it was much more significant than I realized.
		The formation of this commission is generally regarded as the beginning of worldwide movement to control narcotics, an effort that has ranged between ill-informed do-gooderism and abject failure.
	chivaslife.typepad.com /photos/shanghai/p2100406.html (63 words)

	Historical perspective [Illicit drugs and alcohol]
		An Opium Conference at the Hague in 1911 drafted the first treaty to control opium and cocaine through worldwide agreement, through the 1912 Hague Opium Convention.
		A number of international bodies including the International Narcotics Control Board which was established in 1968 and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, a subsidiary of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, which was established even earlier, in 1946.
		The objective of the International Narcotics Board is to limit the cultivation, production, manufacture and utilisation of drugs, while at the same time ensuring that there are adequate supplies of drugs available for medical and scientific use.
	www.aic.gov.au /research/drugs/international/un.html (295 words)

	CHAPTER 7 DRUG CONTROL IN THE FAR EAST
		The opium poppy was introduced into the Orient in the early centuries of the Christian era, presumably by Arab traders from the Middle East.1 The therapeutic virtues of Opium were known to Chinese doctors and the drug was used by them for centuries before the practice of smoking opium made its appearance.
		In the meantime Japan had invaded China in 1937 and the opium racket in the occupied portions of China passed into her hands and was exploited by her military governors to raise revenues for the prosecution of the war.
		Opium was purchased freely at small cost by the smuggler across the counter in the Far East and then smuggled into the United States and other victim countries.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/adlaw/chapter07.htm (9697 words)

	ILLICIT NARCOTICS AND INTERNATIONAL CRIME
		In this issue area, negotiators for international conventions, linked to the agencies in question, can put forth proposals which are not always acceptable or supportable when examined by elective leaders in their own country.
		Ethan Nadelmann suggests International Prohibition Regimes go through different stages, and plays down the role of any one country as "prime designer."[l] What this record shows is that the US can persuade other states to participate however reluctantly in international narcotic conferences, but cannot persuade them to support its proposals.
		Since India produces over half the licit opium for the world, the cuts will result in significant shortages of morphine and codeine, and extraordinary shortages of noscapine and thebaine, which are alkaloids only appearing in the opium latex method used in India.
	www.uwmc.uwc.edu /political_science/illicit_narcotics_and_internatio.htm (7381 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1968 Issue 3 - 001
		Considering its gradual evolution it has to be noted that the International Opium Commission, adopting unanimously 9 resolutions in 1909 laid the foundations for the subsequent work of the Hague Conference of 1912 and all its successors.
		The Commission urged on each Government the desirability of the progressively stringent restrictionof the use of opium in any form to medical purposes, of the prohibition of exports of opium, its alkaloids and derivatives, to any country which forbade its imports, and of the gradual suppression of opium smoking.
		The 1953 Protocol prohibited consumption of opium for non-medical purposes (exceptions for a limited transitional period were admitted); introduced the system of annual estimates of opium production and opium requirements; "with a view to limiting to medical and scientific needs the quantity of opium produced in the world ".
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1968-01-01_3_page002.html (3155 words)

	Opium In China
		Arab traders introduced opium into China as a medicament during the Tang Dynasty (619-907) or Song Dynasty (960-1279), During the Qing, or Manchu, Dynasty (1644-1912), imperial edicts, aimed at the British and Portuguese and outlawing opium and tobacco, issued in 1729, 1780, 1796 and 1800.
		Though the rebellion aimed primarily at the overthrow of the non-Chinese Manchu rulers of China, one of the goals espoused by the rebels was ridding China of opium.
		In 1907, Bengal and the United Provinces alone grew 3600 tons of opium on 1000 square miles of poppy fields for shipment to China.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/jan/article129.html (753 words)

	NARA - Guide to Federal Records - Records of International Conferences, Commissions, and Expositions
		Two International Opium Conferences held in The Hague at the initiative of the United States, December 1, 1911-January 23, 1912, and July 1-9, 1913, to draft an opium trade convention.
		History: American and Mexican Joint Commission established, 1916, to develop means of reducing depredations on American life and property in Mexico; and to arrange for the compensation of past losses, the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Mexico, and the pacification of the international border.
		History: Commission, chaired by the 2d Earl of Lytton (V.A.G.R. Bulwer-Lytton), was established pursuant to League of Nations resolution, December 10, 1930, to investigate the dispute between member nations China and Japan resulting from the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, September 1930.
	archives.gov /research/guide-fed-records/groups/043.html?template=print (12667 words)

	THE LONGEST WAR part two
		Opium smoking wasn't stamped out in China until Mao Tse Tung (or Mao Zedong as he is currently spelled) established a dictatorship that took no account whatever of Human Rights.
		In 1908 he is thrilled by an invitation from the President to head up the American Opium Commission – 'I saw at a glance it was bound to be a large and extensive bit of work' – and he throws himself into his investigation, revelling in the power at his disposal.
		Opium smokers they may have been, but they enjoyed a reputation for indefatigable hard work, and out-of-work Anglos rightly regarded the Chinese as tough competitors for the available employment.
	www.isleofavalon.co.uk /GlastonburyArchive/drugwars/ke-02.html (9922 words)

	Opium Timeline - Important events in the history of opium and heroin - Heroin Helper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Their name for "poppy" translates to "flower of joy"--a name that almost certainly indicates that opium was used recreationally.
		The opium produced is much desired, and is distributed throughout the region--it is transported as far away as Greece and even into central Europe.
		Nominally a tax act, it effectively makes opium and cocaine illegal and stands as the principal drug law of the United States for 55 years.
	www.heroinhelper.com /curious/history/timeline.shtml (1083 words)

	Issues in S and T, Fall 1996, Rethinking drug policy
		In a well-researched if overly long chapter, Stares demonstrates that from the first attempts to control the opium trade at the International Opium Commission in 1909 to recent conventions on money laundering and trade in precursor chemicals, the drug problem has been defined as a law-and-order problem.
		Instead, although recognizing that international drug control should be explicitly integrated into larger policy initiatives, he limits himself to prescriptions that attack the symptoms of proliferation and use, not its root causes.
		Stares also argues that drug interdiction efforts should be made part of a broader international effort to bring greater regulation and oversight to global trade-an argument that flies in the face of the still-dominant ideal of free trade on a global scale.
	www.issues.org /13.1/macnam.htm (1507 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive History Vault : U.S. Drug Control Timeline
		Prompted by U.S. participation in the international Shanghai Opium Commission the same year.
		Required those who dispensed "opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations" to register, pay a small tax, and keep records of the drugs they dispensed.
		Increased penalties and further restricted the import and export of opium and coca.
	www.erowid.org /psychoactives/history/history_article2.shtml (1198 words)

	Amazon.com: Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952: Books: Timothy Brook,Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Opium is more than just a drug extracted from poppies.
		Opium Regimes integrates the pioneering research of sixteen scholars to show that the opium trade was not purely a British operation but involved Chinese merchants, Chinese state agents, and Japanese imperialists as well.
		Opium in Chinese history is a large subject, as Jonathan Spence has observed.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0520222369?v=glance (918 words)

	The Development of Drug Criminalization in America
		The new International Opium Commission met in Shanghai with representatives from the thirteen participating nations: The United States of America, Austria-Hungary, China, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia and Siam.
		The commission’s purpose was to institute an international system of drug control.
		The group’s delegates did not have the authority of their nations to make international law; however, these attending members pulled strings at home to help bring about the International Opium Convention which ended in early 1912.
	www.performanceimpressions.com /druglawhistory.html (2190 words)

	File 12 - 1900-1950 - Merchants and Bankers Listings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		1910: After 150 years of failed attempts to rid their country of opium, the Chinese are finally successful in convincing the British to dismantle the India-China opium trade.
		Early 1940s: During World War II, opium trade routes are blocked and the flow of opium from India and Persia is cut off.
		British economist Maynard Keynes argued successfully during World War II, when the Nazis had increasingly used BIS for deeply criminal purposes, that the BIS should not be disbanded as it could be useful still at the end of the war.
	www.danbyrnes.com.au /merchants/merchants12.htm (8834 words)

	International Opium Commission, ca 1909 photo - Doug J photos at pbase.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		International Opium Commission, ca 1909 photo - Doug J photos at pbase.com
		all galleries >> China Galleries >> Shanghai > International Opium Commission, ca 1909
		Images may be used for non-profit or personal use, contact photographer for other uses.
	www.pbase.com /image/24127673 (39 words)

	In Harm's Way
		For example, an early drug czar, Dr. Hamilton Wright, in 1910, issued the "Report on the International Opium Commission", in which he asserted that Blacks on cocaine had superhuman strength and that cocaine prompted Black men to rape white women.
		The claim that Rodney King was uncontrollable due to his alleged use of PCP evoked echoed these fears and exemplified the turn of the century lynchings justified by drug myths.
		The state has the right to seize properties associated with the commission of drug related crimes, and the burden of proof that such the property was not associated with unlawful activity rests upon the accused person.
	www.nasen.org /sandiego/aidswar5.htm (1821 words)

	truth: the Anti-drugwar Over 100 years of Headlines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Opium resolution; cultivation of the poppy in India should be discouraged
		Letter to the opium commission on the use of opium in China
		Opium conflict at Geneva, with text of American proposals at the intl opium conf
	www.briancbennett.com /history/headline.htm (1186 words)

	AMERICAN REFERENCE LIBRARY FOOTNOTES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State transmitting a report on the International Opium Commission and on the opium problem as seen within the United States and its possessions, prepared by Mr.
		Hamilton Wright on behalf of the American delegates to the said commission, held at Shanghai in February, 1909.
		In reference to this report the Secretary of State makes certain recommendations regarding an appropriation and other legislative action, [p.7850] which I commend to the Congress with my approval and the request that action should be taken accordingly.
	www.bannerofliberty.com /OSNotes/2-23-2001.7.html (122 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)