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Topic: International Polar Years

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International Geophysical Year

International Meteorological Organization

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	International Geophysical Year
		The International Geophysical Year or IGY was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957 to December 1958.
		The IGY was chosen to occur during a solar maximum, to notice unusual effects of the sun on the Earth.
		The first international polar year was proposed by Georg Neumayer and inspired by an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, Karl Weyprecht.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ig/IGY.html (636 words)

	Backgrounder - International Polar Year 2007 - 2008 - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Previous International Polar Years have contributed to enormous advances in knowledge and understanding about the polar regions, telecommunications, atmospheric and ocean science, and the aurora, and led to the Antarctic Treaty.
		International Polar Year 2007-2008 is expected to be the largest-ever polar research program, valued at several billion dollars, and involving at least 30, but possibly as many as 50 countries and 20,000 or more people from around the world.
		As a host polar nation, Canada will use a portion of this funding to ensure that it has in place the basic facilities and services to accommodate a large influx of researchers to Canada's North during the peak IPY period of 2007 to 2009.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /nr/prs/s-d2005/02709bka_e.html (727 words)

	International Polar Year: Bridging the Poles Workshop
		A Resolution in Celebration of the legacy of the International Geophysical Year of 1957, and the International Polar Years of 1932 and 1882 was submitted by Senator McCain and approved as Senate Resolution 466 - October 11, 2004.
		IPY observatories located at the poles are essential: there should be shared platforms for varied sciences and nations to pursue scientific inquiry, and host media and educators.
		IPY questions should be used to help students learn scientifically and help students make connections to their lives, culture, and communities.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/pi/polar_workshop/ipy (1806 words)

	International Polar Year - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Polar Year (or IPY) was a collaborative, international effort researching the polar regions.
		The International Geophysical Year was inspired by the IPY and occurred 75 years after the first IPY (1957-58).
		First International Polar Year 1881-1884: Arctic Climate in Historical Perspective For the first time, historical Arctic data and images from the explorers of the First International Polar Year are available for browsing and download.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Polar_Years (821 words)

	About International Polar Year (IPY)
		An International Polar Year or IPY is a year or so during which many nations coordinate their Polar expeditions, observations and analyses.
		Although international coordination is maximized during the IPY itself, additional field epeditions or observations by be mounted by various nations in the year or two preceeding or following the IPY.
		The Polar years emphasize the importance of the polar regions to global climate and of cooperative international research.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /ipy.html (353 words)

	Background - International Polar Year - 2007 - 2008
		IPY is hosted internationally by the International Council of Science (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO).
		Previous IPYs have contributed to enormous advances in knowledge and understanding about the polar regions, including research on telecommunications, atmospheric and ocean science, and the aurora borealis, as well the negotiation of the Antarctic Treaty.
		As the upcoming International Polar Year will be the first event of its kind in 50 years, it will capitalize on modern technology to advance our knowledge of Arctic and Antarctic regions in ways which were not possible during previous IPYs.
	www.api-ipy.gc.ca /intl/index_e.html (194 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The analysis of the past three international polar years unveils the requirement that projects be driven by scientific research instead of exploration.
		The first international and multi-discipline group and network will be established, to investigate the history of the polar regions on the northern and southern hemisphere in respect to polar problems and the results achieved, the background factors and cultural as well as political impact.
		TThe analysis of the history of the International Polar Years in political and socio- cultural context is still a desideratum.
	www.ipy.org /development/eoi/details.php?id=26 (997 words)

	Polar Year 2007-2008 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thousands of scientists from 60 countries will be conducting research during International Polar Year 2007-2008 and will, for the first time during an International Polar Year, be armed with satellite measurements offering complete coverage of the polar regions, which play a vital role in the Earth's climate and ecosystems.
		David Carlson, Director of the International Programme Office for the Polar Year, predicts many uses of satellite data: "Many researchers use satellite data as part of their daily activities.
		IPY is co-sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and is endorsed by 31 nations.
	www.blogspan.org /blogs/permalinks/7-2006/polar-year-2007-2008.html (577 words)

	ICSU 75th Anniversary
		Given that international polar years, or related initiatives such as IGY, have been organised at 25 or 50 year intervals since 1882-83, the idea of another Year in 2007-08 was in itself fairly obvious and was being widely mooted in the polar community as the next major anniversary approached.
		The International Unions for Geodesy and Geophysics and for Geological Sciences were officially represented on the group to ensure coordination with their own related plans (IGY+50 and Year of Planet Earth, respectively).
		The basic concept behind the IPY is that it will comprise an intensive burst of internationally coordinated, interdisciplinary, scientific research and observation focused on the Polar Regions, and should run from March 2007 to March 2009 in order to allow for two complete seasons of fieldwork at each Pole.
	www.icsu.org /10_icsu75/75ANNIV_Achiev_IPY.html (1780 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		International scientific cooperation also paved the way for several political accords that gained their momentum from the polar years.
		First International Polar Year (1882-1883): The idea of International Polar Years was the inspiration of the Austrian explorer and naval officer Lt. Karl Weyprecht who was a scientist and co-commander of the Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872-74.
		The key concept of the first IPY was that geophysical phenomena could not be surveyed by one nation alone; rather, an undertaking of this magnitude would require a coordinated international effort.
	www.ipy.org /development/history.htm (758 words)

	Earth observation satellites contribute to international polar year 2007-2008
		IPY has been celebrated three times over the last 125 years — in 1882-1883, 1932-1933 and 1957-1958.
		Scientific and exploring programmes borne out of each IPY have led to scientific advancements, new discoveries and an increased understanding of many geophysical phenomena that influence the Earth's global systems.
		The idea of IPY was inspired by the Austrian explorer Karl Weyprecht, who was a scientist and co-commander of the Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition of 1872-1874.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-06/esa-eos063006.php (595 words)

	IHY - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Planning for an IPY in 2007-2008 is currently underway under the United States leadership of the National Academy of Science, in conjunction with the International Council for Science and the World Meterological Organization.
		This resolution celebrating the anniversaries of IPY and IGY in 2007-2008 would endorse the concept of a worldwide campaign for scientific activity and expand the scope of past international science activities to promote interdisciplinary research that incorporates the physical and social sciences to enrich the understanding of diversity in life and environmental patterns on Earth.
		Whereas the year 2007 is the 125th anniversary of the first International Polar Year of 1882-1883, the 75th anniversary of the second International Polar Year of 1932-1933, and the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year of 1957-1958;
	ihy.gsfc.nasa.gov /newsroom/IGY_resolution_senate.html (1068 words)

	International Polar Year II - Cryosphere [C]
		In the area of climate assessment WMO is intended to participate in the development of an IPY data management plan and coordinate establishment of a database of historical polar climate and related data, investigate teleconnections between polar regions and the lower latitudes and assess future climate change in Polar Regions.
		WMO as cosponsor of WCRP is also intended to intensify polar climate studies addressing the role of cryospheric processes and feedbacks through which the cryosphere interacts with other components of the climate system, assess the impacts of past and future climatic variability on components of the cryosphere and their consequences.
		In polar oceanography, it is planned to extend the study of physical processes in polar oceans as well as the role of polar oceans in climate change.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm04/fm04-sessions/fm04_C23B.html (2867 words)

	The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958
		Following a suggestion by NAS member Lloyd Berkner, the International Council of Scientific Unions in 1952 proposed a comprehensive series of global geophysical activities to span the period July 1957-December 1958.
		The International Geophysical Year (IGY), as it was called, was modeled on the International Polar Years of 1882-1883 and 1932-1933 and was intended to allow scientists from around the world to take part in a series of coordinated observations of various geophysical phenomena.
		International organization and funding of the IGY were overseen by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), an independent federation of international scientific unions.
	www.nas.edu /history/igy (563 words)

	ch5-1.htm
		The International Geophysical Year-IGY for short-grew out of a suggestion made in 1950 by Lloyd V. Berkner to a small group gathered at the home of James A. Van Allen in Silver Spring, Maryland, that in the period 1957-1958 there should be a Third International Polar Year.
		Berkner was interested in the institutional and international aspects of science, serving as adviser to the Department of Defense and in the State Department, and becoming very active in a number of the unions of the International Council of Scientific Unions.
		Weather, the ionosphere, the earth's magnetism, the polar lights, cosmic rays, glaciers all over the world, the size and form of the earth, natural and man-made radioactivity in the air and the seas, earthquake waves in remote places, will be among the subjects studied.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4211/ch5-1.htm (3146 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Studying the big picture: 50 years of international cooperation in Antarctic earth ...
		IGY was originally proposed as the 3rd International Polar Year (the first two International Polar Years in 1882–83 and 1932–33 involved predominantly Arctic activities) but developed to become a comprehensive global study of geophysical phenomena and their relationships with solar activity.
		The IGY demonstration of international cooperation in Antarctica, with suspension of territorial rivalries, led to the establishment in 1958 of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
		IPY 2007-2008 is envisioned as an intense, internationally coordinated campaign of research that will initiate the dawn of a new era in polar science.
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=14687 (2742 words)

	Polar Bears: Animal Information, Pictures, Map--National Geographic Kids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Polar bears live along shores and on sea ice in the icy cold Arctic.
		Polar bears have been spotted on sea ice hundreds of miles from shore.
		Polar bears often rest silently at a seal’s breathing hole in the ice, waiting for a seal in the water to surface.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /kids/creature_feature/0004/polar2.html (332 words)

	Research - RTD info - Special issue - May 2005 - A key role for the International Polar Years
		The history of polar research has always been intertwined with the great chapters of polar exploration, but looking beyond the national expeditions of the past, polar science is perhaps most indebted to the succession of International Polar Years organised in the last 125 years.
		Milestones in the history of polar research, it was through these events that today’s international and collaborative spirit was established and later strengthened.
		Half a century later, the International Meteorological Organization initiated the Second IPY of 1932-1933, which aimed to investigate the global implications of the newly discovered jet streams.
	ec.europa.eu /research/rtdinfo/special_pol/01/article_2591_en.html (661 words)

	Government of Canada Announces $150 Million for Canadian Participation in International Polar Year - Indian and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As a key deliverable for International Polar Year, the Government of Canada is supporting a targeted science and research program focussed on two of Canada's most important challenges for its northern regions - climate change impacts and adaptation, and the health and well-being of northern communities.
		International Polar Year will take place over a 24-month period and will include research activities in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
		IPY research will also support the implementation of Project Green, the broad environmental vision that links Canada's economic competitiveness and prosperity to a sustainable future.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /nr/prs/s-d2005/2-02709_e.html (500 words)

	EARTH SURFACE DYNAMICS
		In a similar spirit of discovery and understanding, IPY ’07-’09 is envisioned as an intense scientific campaign to explore new frontiers in polar science and to improve our understanding of the critical role of the polar regions in global processes.
		Most significantly, IPY is envisioned as an opportunity to engage the public in polar discovery and help attract the next generation of earth scientists.
		USGS participation in the International Polar Year allows the agency to celebrate this enduring tradition with the global polar research community and to renew our commitment to polar science at a time when the eyes of the world are focused on these fragile regions.
	www.doi.gov /ocl/2006/InternationalPolarYear.htm (1051 words)

	Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory News
		The polar environments are undergoing dramatic changes, from decreased sea ice cover in the Arctic to collapsing ice shelves in the Antarctic.
		To foster discussion on IPY 2007-08, Jeffrey Sachs, director of the Earth Institute held a meeting of polar experts that was presided over by Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland, on Arctic and Antarctic issues that have both local and global impacts.
		Bell said the concept for an IPY in 2007/8 is being advanced by both the International Union of Scientists and the World Meteorological Organization.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /news/2004/03_01_04.htm (586 words)

	International Polar Year plans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The year will be the biggest internationally coordinated research effort for 50 years, as thousands of scientists from 60 countries focus their attention on the Earth’s polar regions.
		Staff at SPRI are conducting a number of major research projects during the International Polar Year, including Professor Julian Dowdeswell’s research on the Greenland Ice Sheet, its past and present behaviour and the implications for global sea-level rise.
		Professor Dowdeswell is leading this international Museums group initiative, 'IPY Histories: International Polar Year Activities Past and Present, Museum and Virtual Exhibitions', which is aimed at making the polar regions in general, and the IPY in particular, widely accessible to the public.
	www.admin.cam.ac.uk /news/dp/2006031301 (454 words)

	News Archives from Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		David Carlson, Director of the International Programe Office for the Polar Year, predicts many uses of satellite data: "Many researchers use satellite data as part of their daily activities.
		Scientific and exploring programs borne out of each IPY have led to scientific advancements, new discoveries and an increased understanding of many geophysical phenomena that influence the Earth’s global systems.
		IPY is co-sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and is endorsed by 31 nations.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/news/2006/070506earthob.shtml (644 words)

	REMARKS OF
		The International Polar Years of 1932 and 1933, the International Geophysical Year in 1957 and 1958, and the Antarctic Treaty helped develop and augment a framework for scientific collaboration.
		International co-operation is the means to the end of scientific discovery.
		International research collaborations will leverage each participating nation’s investment and provide otherwise unavailable opportunities to answer some of our most pressing environmental questions.
	www.house.gov /science/FJS_081699.htm (1159 words)

	Polar Bears International - Polar Bear Conservation Through Research and Education
		Learn more about polar bears and climate change, donate to support projects that benefit the welfare of both wild and captive bears, download educational and scientific information, and view our gallery of photos.
		The IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group has released the proceedings from its 14th working meeting, which was held in Seattle in June 2005.
		A new government study reports a decline in the survival rate of polar bear cubs in the Southern Beaufort Sea, along with a drop in the size of adult males.
	www.polarbearsinternational.org /bear-facts (331 words)

	International Geophysical Year - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Geophysical Year or IGY was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958.
		The IGY was chosen to occur during a solar maximum, during which some unusual effects of the sun on the Earth might be observed.
		The other men were enthusiastic, and their enthusiasm spread around the world from Washington D.C. From this meeting Lloyd Berkner and other participants proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957-58 — during the maximum solar activity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Geophysical_Year (605 words)

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