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Topic: International Seabed Authority

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	Jamaica Gleaner - Seabed prepares for confab - Wednesday \| July 23, 2003
		THE LEGAL and Technical Commission of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) began a series of meetings, downtown Kingston, on Sunday in preparation for the Authority's 9th session slated for July 28 to August 1.
		The International Seabed Authority, established in 1994 with its headquarters in Kingston, organises and controls activities through which state parties in accordance with the regime for the seabed and ocean floor, administer resources in the respective areas.
		According to the International Seabed website, several workshops would be organised at the committee meetings to discuss among other things, the environmental impact of exploration activities and to arrive at a system whereby contractors may relinquish some exploration areas to the Authority.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20030723/news/news3.html (169 words)

	The Law of the Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The resources of the international seabed area (defined as “all solid, liquid or gaseous mineral resources in situ in the Area at or beneath the seabed, including polymetallic nodules”) are considered the common heritage of mankind, with the result that the benefits from deep-seabed mining are to be shared on an equal basis among states.
		The Convention provides four alternative means for the compulsory settlement of disputes: the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Court of Justice, an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII to the Convention, and a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII to the Convention.
		The International Seabed Authority was established by the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI as an autonomous intergovernmental organisation made up of all states party to the Law of the Sea Convention.
	foreignaffairs.gov.ie /international-law/TheLawoftheSea.asp (1413 words)

	PROTOCOL ON THE PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
		The premises of the Authority shall be inviolable.
		Where the incidence of any form of taxation depends upon residence, periods during which the representatives of members of the Authority attending the meetings of the Authority are present in the territory of a member of the Authority for the discharge of their duties shall not be considered as periods of residence.
		The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 are not applicable as between a representative and the authorities of the member of the Authority of which he is a national or of which he or she is or has been a representative.
	untreaty.un.org /English/notpubl/seabed2_eng.htm (2215 words)

	Seabed meetings end on warm note - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		With regard to the authority's role in studies or other activities related to the exploitation of the non-living resources on the outer limits of the continental shelf, the Russian Federation joined Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States in insisting that the authority's activities must be clearly limited.
		Australia, supported by a number of other speakers, agreed with a point in the secretary-general's report stating that the best course for the authority at this time was to develop its capacity as a depository of information about resources in the international seabed area and to promote new research on these resources.
		Continuing Tuesday's discussion on seabed mining at Friday's sitting, The Netherlands asked about the intention of the secretariat to seek information from governments about the level of their investments in the seabed area, for use in next year's election to the council.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20030810T000000-0500_47365_OBS_SEABED_MEETINGS_END_ON_WARM_NOTE.asp (1157 words)

	Proposed Inhabited Artificial Islands in International Waters:
		The Authority shall exercise such control over activities in the Area as is necessary for the purpose of securing compliance with the relevant provisions of this Part and the Annexes relating thereto, and the rules, regulations and procedures of the Authority, and the plans of work approved in accordance with paragraph 3.
		The Authority shall have such incidental powers, consistent with this Convention, as are implicit in and necessary for the exercise of those powers and functions with respect to activities in the Area.
		The establishment of the International Seabed Authority and its prerogative to license agents in the extraction and exploitation of resources could imply a different interpretation in terms of establishing artificial islands in this process, in that private corporations may be licensed (under a flag state) to perform these activities.
	www.seastead.org /localres/misc-articles/kardol1999.html (14792 words)

	SEABED ASSEMBLY TAKES NOTE OF ANNUAL REPORT OF AUTHORITYâS SECRETARY-GENERAL
		In his tribute, the Secretary-General of the Authority, Satya N. Nandan, said Dr. Rattray was associated with the Law of the Sea since 1968 when he participated as a representative of Jamaica in the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction.
		Subsequently, between 1982 to1994, he was an active participant in the Preparatory Commission for the establishment of the Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
		Following the entry into force of the Convention and the establishment of the headquarters of the Authority in Kingston in 1994, Dr. Rattray was appointed as the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the Authority until he retired due to ill health.
	presszoom.com /print_story_111774.html (1621 words)

	LoS and Customary Law
		In the light of the definition of customary international law, it is useful to examine the development of State practice in relation to the Convention.
		With respect to the deep seabed mining part of the Convention, while recognizing that certain important differences persist, some of which are matters of detail rather than of principle, it can be fairly said that there is a broad acceptance in State practice of the fundamentals of the regime.
		The reliance of the court on the Convention, whether direct or indirect, is a significant development with regard to the implementation of the principles embodied in the Convention, and consequently to the evolution of the attitude of States towards the orderly regulation of ocean space in accordance therewith.
	www.geocities.com /enriquearamburu/CON/col5.html (2216 words)

	Richard G. Lugar, Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations - Frequently Asked Questions about the Law ...
		International decisions related to national claims on continental shelves beyond 200 miles from our shore, resource exploitation in the open ocean, navigation rights, and other matters will be made in the context of the treaty.
		The International Seabed Authority (ISA) was created to administer deep seabed mining in areas beyond a nation’s “exclusive economic zone” (generally areas more than 200 nautical miles from the coastline of any state).
		At present, mining the seabed in the deep ocean 200 nautical miles beyond the coast is economically infeasible.
	lugar.senate.gov /sfrc/questions.html (3666 words)

	Project on International Courts and Tribunals
		As a result, unlike all other international judicial bodies, which are typically put at the center of the legal system that they have been created to preserve, the ITLOS is only one of four possible means available to parties to settle disputes.
		The 11-member Seabed Disputes Chamber (SBDC) hears disputes concerning activities in the seabed, ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the so-called Area , which is managed by an agency known as the International Seabed Authority, which was established pursuant to the UNCLOS).
		This feature distinguishes the ITLOS from other international judicial bodies with universal membership and scope, like the ICJ and the World Trade Organization dispute settlement system, where non-state entities are not allowed to bring claims (to a certain extent this applies also to the International Criminal Court).
	www.pict-pcti.org /courts/ITLOS.html (543 words)

	Vanderbilt News:Charney brings scholar's view to international treaties
		Charney, who serves as one of the two editors-in-chief of the prestigious American Journal of International Law, said that retrieving valuable minerals from the international seabed is only one of the issues at stake for the United States.
		The 1982 agreement established the International Seabed Authority, which would administer the conduct of deep seabed mining, and established the Enterprise, an internationally run business organization that would mine deep seabed minerals on behalf of the international community directly or through joint ventures with private companies or states.
		Charney argues that the increase in the number of international tribunals is beneficial to international law because the International Court of Justice is overburdened and cannot handle a heavy volume of cases.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /News/register/July13_98/vr12.html (1115 words)

	Accession to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Ratification of the 1994 Agreement Amending Part XI of the Law of ...
		For the non-living resources of the seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (i.e., beyond the EEZ or continental margin, whichever is farther seaward), the Convention establishes an international regime to govern exploration and exploitation of such resources.
		The U.S. assessment for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for 2004 would be a little less than $2 million (24% of the total budget) and 22% of the total for the 2005-2006 budget years.
		Customary international law may be changed by the practice of States over time and therefore does not offer the future stability that comes with being a party to the Convention.
	www.state.gov /g/oes/rls/rm/2003/25573.htm (3111 words)

	Leitner statement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Seabed Authority will be the first international organization with control and regulatory powers over a resource and with taxing powers over private persons.
		Given the ambiguity embedded in the charter, rules, regulations, and scope of the ISA XE “ISA” as well as the highly uncertain ability of the U.S. or its allies to significantly influence events within the new organization the potential of the ISA becoming a runaway train cannot be dismissed.
		The International Seabed Authority and the Law of the Sea Treaty XE “LOST” represent the surrender, with little or no compensation, of a variety of tangible U.S. security and sovereignty equities over a geographic area encompassing 70 percent of the Earth’s surface.
	www.thelibertycommittee.org /leitnerstatement051204.htm (4593 words)

	International Seabed Authority (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The International Seabed Authority is an intergovernmental body established to organize and control all mineral-related activities in the International Seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans.
		The Authority, in existence since 1994, was established and its tasks were defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, as refined by the 1994 Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI (seabed provisions) of the Convention.
		The Authority has 138 member states, its membership consisting of all parties to the Law of the Sea Convention.
	international-seabed-authority.iqnaut.net (646 words)

	International Seabed Authority - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Seabed Authority is an intergovernmental body based in Kingston, Jamaica, that was established to organize and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans.
		The Authority has 152 member states, its membership consisting of all parties to the Law of the Sea Convention.
		The Authority began work in August 2002 on another set of regulations, covering polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich crusts--rich sources of such minerals as copper, iron, zinc, silver and gold, as well as cobalt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Seabed_Authority (658 words)

	[No title]
		The Authority undertakes to conduct its activities in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter to promote peace and international cooperation and in conformity with the policies of the United Nations furthering these purposes and principles.
		Written statements submitted by the United Nations to the Authority for distribution shall be distributed by the secretariat of the Authority to all members of the appropriate organ or organs of the Authority in accordance with the relevant rules of procedure.
		Written statements presented by the Authority to the United Nations for distribution shall be distributed by the Secretariat of the United Nations to all members of the appropriate organ or organs of the United Nations in accordance with the relevant rules of procedure.
	www.un.org /ga/documents/gares52/res5227.htm (1467 words)

	CRS Report: 96-772 - Law of the Sea; The International Seabed Authority - Its Status and U.S. Participation Therein - ...
		It is the executive body of the ISA and is responsible primarily for the administration of the seabed mining regime.
		During the second part of its second session, the ISA Assembly agreed to allow 30 nations that had not notified the United Nations of their intention to continue participation in the work of the ISA to continue to participate on a provisional basis, until November 16,1996.
		The ISA Assembly also authorized the ISA to request Observer Status at the United Nations and to apply for membership in the U.N. Joint Staff Pension Fund.
	www.cnie.org /NLE/CRSreports/marine/mar-22.cfm (1913 words)

	Jamaica at the UN - ISA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Law of the Sea Convention came into force on November 16, 1994, and the inaugural session of the International Seabed Authority was held in Kingston in November 1994.
		The Headquarters of the Authority is located in Kingston, Jamaica, particulars of which are as follows:
		The Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority is Mr.
	www.un.int /jamaica/isa.htm (97 words)

	International Seabed Authority Session 2 Pt 1
		The ISA is the organisation which, under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulates the exploitation of the seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (this is designated as "the Area" in the language of the Convention).
		Clearly, having ensured, through the implementation agreement that the ISA would not be a socialist organisation, the industrialised countries were keen that their man also be at the top.
		The ISA is not the most important limb of the UNCLOS body for Barbados, since it concerns itself with a subject in which we have limited immediate interest at present.
	hostings.diplomacy.edu /barbados/Documents/internat.htm (2038 words)

	Visa woes hit seabed delegates - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		The difficulties being experienced by the seabed delegates, mostly ambassadors and high-ranking government officials, were disclosed by ISA secretary-general, Satya Nandan in his report to the 12th session of the ISA now underway at the Jamaica Conference Centre in downtown Kingston.
		Kingston has been host to the headquarters of the International Seabed Authority since it was established under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, which was signed in Montego Bay in December 1982.
		The council of ISA, on Friday, took note of the report of its legal and technical commission, which covered a number of issues including annual reports of contractors prospecting for minerals in the seabed area, as well as marine environmental issues.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20060814T000000-0500_111168_OBS_VISA_WOES_HIT_SEABED_DELEGATES.asp (697 words)

	i-Newswire.com - Press Release And News Distribution - INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY TO HOLD ELEVENTH SESSION IN ...
		Also meeting during the session, are the Authority’s supreme body, the Assembly, in which all members are represented, the Finance Committee and the Legal and Technical Commission, which was to start its deliberations a week earlier.
		The task of the Authority is to organize and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the jurisdiction of any State (“The Area”), an area underlying most of the world’s oceans.
		In his report, the Secretary-General observes that the Authority’s immediate priority is the development of a regulatory regime for prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts.
	i-newswire.com /pr42364.html (1989 words)

	MRF-Environment - News Archive - January - August 1999
		This study would "identify repositories that collect environmental data required to monitor the impact of activities in the [international seabed] area, identify existing gaps, formulate a plan for the retrieval of appropriate data from such sources, and make recommendations for the development of a database for the analysis and synthesis of such data".
		The 131-member Authority is on the verge of completing its first reading of formal regulations governing exploration for polymetallic nodules in the international seabed area, a topic on which its 36-member Council will concentrate starting next week.
		The United Nations Environment Programme and the International Council on Metals and the Environment have published, in English and Spanish, the proceedings of their joint workshop on "Risk Assessment and Contingency Planning in the Management of Mine Tailings".
	www.mineralresourcesforum.org /news_events/archive/news9901.htm (2870 words)

	CRS Report: 95-471 - Deep Seabed Mining: U.S. Interests and the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea - NLE
		Part XI defined the deep seabed area beyond national jurisdiction; Annex III established the basic conditions of prospecting, exploration and exploitation; and Annex IV created the Enterprise or operating (mining) arm of the Seabed Authority.
		Among the objections to the seabed mining regime were that it was based on a controlled centrally planned economic model that preempted free-market private enterprise, and it did not give the United States and other states with major economic interests in seabed mining a voice in decision-making commensurate with their interests.
		The United States also objected to the requirement that seabed mining applicants would have to turn over one-half of their mine site to the Seabed Authority to be developed by its operating arm, the Enterprise, and transfer technology to the Enterprise or possibly to developing countries.
	www.ncseonline.org /nle/crsreports/marine/mar-33.cfm (2329 words)

	The imperative to ban seabed mining
		that the most appropriate way to benefit...was for the international community to establish a public enterprise to mine the international seabed area.
		It's not only the location and economic value of seabed minerals which are at issue, but the technology which might be employed to extract them.
		Banning all seabed mining is not an extreme position: it is an absolute imperative.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Action/press1077.htm (1645 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Grass roots force hearing on U.N. treaty
		Under the treaty, a U.N. agency — the International Seabed Authority — would be empowered to regulate the usage of seven-tenths of the earth's surface.
		The problem is "there's nothing limiting the International Seabed Authority from going out and attempting to raise a navy or have contributing member states contribute vessels or act on behalf of the Authority to enforce its rules," he explained.
		While not having specific authority to send American citizens a tax bill, a very large revenue stream will be generated by American companies for the International Seabed Authority.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=37705 (1686 words)

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