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Topic: International Temperature Scale of 1990

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	International Temperature Scale of 1990 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) defines international Kelvin and Celsius temperatures and facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements internationally.
		Although the kelvin is defined using absolute zero (0 K) and the triple point of water (273.16 K), it is impractical to use this definition at temperatures very different from the triple of water.
		The temperature fixed points are based on the thermal properties of phase changes in materials (melting or freezing) or their triple point values.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Temperature_Scale_of_1990 (319 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - The International Temperature Scale of 1990
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 was adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures at its meeting in 1989, in accordance with the request embodied in Resolution 7 of the 18th General Conference of Weights and Measures of 1987.
		This scale supersedes the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale.
		Because of the way earlier temperature scales were defined, it remains common practice to express a temperature in terms of its difference from 273.15 K, the ice point.
	www.omega.com /techref/intltemp.html (2998 words)

	Temperature scale ITS-90 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This scale is intended to represent thermodynamic temperature as closely as possible, and it is used as thermodynamic temperature measurements would be very complicated, even with only modest accuracy requirements.
		The temperature scale is based on the thermodynamic temperature T according to an international agreement.
		The kelvin is defined as the fraction 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature at the equilibrium temperature of ice, water and water vapour (the triple point of water).
	www.sp.se /metrology/temperature/eng/its-90.htm (248 words)

	Thermodynamic temperature: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The kelvin (symbol: k) is the si unit of temperature, and is one of the seven si base units....
		Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter....
		A temperature of 0 K is called "absolute zero," and coincides with the minimum molecular activity (i.e.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/thermodynamic_temperature.htm (898 words)

	[No title]
		The temperature of the triple point of water is defined to be exactly 273.16 kelvins (where 0 K is the absolute zero of temperature).
		Temperatures are assigned to these points based on the best scientific estimate of their true thermodynamic temperatures, and procedures are specified for interpolating between the fixed points.
		While previous temperature scales used the atmospheric boiling point of water as a fixed point (assigning it 373.15 K, which is 100 degrees Celsius), the reproducibility of that point is not as good as other choices.
	www.iapws.org /faq1/temper.htm (746 words)

	Symposium Program
		The temperature of a reference surface is determined (i) by extrapolation from thermometers inserted at different depths, or (ii) by measurement on the surface using a thermally compensated thermocouple.
		The temperature is deduced from the measurement of the resonance frequencies, by using a physical model describing the relation between the speed of sound, the acoustic length of the cavity and the temperature.
		The scale, which was formally adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures in October 2000, covers the range of temperature from 1 K down to 0.9 mK, and is defined by an equation for the melting pressure of 3He.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div836/836.05/thermometry/symposium/program.htm (12648 words)

	Capgo - History of Temperature
		Although the mercury thermometer is not as sensitive as the air thermometer, by being sealed it is not affected by the atmospheric pressure.
		Sensibly the scale was later reversed and the Centigrade scale was born.
		Temperatures can now be measured to within about 0.001°C over a wide range, although it is not a simple task.
	www.capgo.com /Resources/InterestStories/TempHistory/TempHistory.html (1093 words)

	Re: WHY ON THE KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE IS THERE NO DEGREE SYMBOL?
		Temperature is the quantity more often measured in science and technology: nearly 35% of the money spent in metrology activities worldwide is invested in temperature measurement and its control.
		Therefore at the end of the 19 century and the beginning of the 20 century it was possible to speak of a thermodynamic temperature scale (obtained by means of a gas thermometer), and a practical temperature scale (obtained using mercury-in-glass thermometers).
		This awkward situation was resolved in the 1968 revision of the Temperature Scale, when both thermodynamic and Practical units were defined to be identical and equal to 1/273,16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/jan2001/980803145.Ph.r.html (1346 words)

	About Temperature
		One of the first attempts to make a standard temperature scale occurred about AD 170, when Galen, in his medical writings, proposed a standard "neutral" temperature made up of equal quantities of boiling water and ice; on either side of this temperature were four degrees of heat and four degrees of cold, respectively.
		The unit of temperature on this scale is called the kelvin, after Lord Kelvin (William Thompson), 1824-1907, and its symbol is K (no degree symbol used).
		Temperature is a measure of the energy of thermal motion and, at a temperature of zero, the energy reaches a minimum (quantum mechanically, the zero-point motion remains at 0 K).
	eo.ucar.edu /skymath/tmp2.html (4839 words)

	BIPM - temperature
		The first of these was the International Temperature Scale of 1927 (ITS-27); this was replaced by the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948 (IPTS-48) which in turn was replaced by the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68).
		1990 the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76 were replaced by the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) adopted by the CIPM in 1989 in its
		The defining fixed points are the temperatures assigned by agreement to a number of experimentally realizable thermodynamic states and the interpolations are defined in terms of
	www1.bipm.org /en/si/si_brochure/appendix2/temperature.html (358 words)

	Base unit definitions: Kelvin
		The definition of the unit of thermodynamic temperature was given in substance by the 10th CGPM (1954) which selected the triple point of water as the fundamental fixed point and assigned to it the temperature 273.16 K, so defining the unit.
		The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		The kelvin and the degree Celsius are also the units of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) adopted by the CIPM in 1989.
	physics.nist.gov /cuu/Units/kelvin.html (211 words)

	Capgo - International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90)
		For those interested in precision temperature measurement, these changes may be significant, but for most temperature watchers, the impact is insignificant.
		Interestingly, at the beginning of the same year the ITS-90 was introduced, the definition of the volt changed a little with the 1990 SI volt.
		The triple point is the temperature (and pressure) when solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the material are present simultaneously.
	www.capgo.com /Resources/Temperature/TempHome/ITS90/ITS90.html (227 words)

	Book Review of Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 7
		A strong focus of the symposium was the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).
		Like all of its predecessor scales, the ITS-90 was based on classical gas thermometry, using the defined temperature of the triple point of water as its primary reference.
		Studies of temperature control in particular applications and thermometry involving novel principles or unusual situations completed coverage of temperature measurement and control in a well-run and comprehensive symposium.
	www.aip.org /tip/breview/br11.html (617 words)

	University of Florida News - UF Researcher’s Work To Result In New, Lower Temperature Scale
		A temperature scale pioneered by UF physics Professor Dwight Adams soon will become the world’s official standard for measuring the coldest temperatures known to man — temperatures just shy of absolute zero, or minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.
		Now, an international committee of physicists is set to adopt Adams’ technique for measuring ultracold temperatures as the world standard to ensure scientists accurately measure and compare results no matter where they work.
		As the temperature drops and some of the helium-3 transforms from one state to another, the corresponding change in the melting pressure causes the diaphragm in the device to move slightly.
	news.ufl.edu /2000/02/15/temps (748 words)

	The NIST Length Scale Interferometer
		Measured values of air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, and CO content are used to calculate the refractive index of air in the interferometer path.
		Scale graduations are of two types as seen by the microscope: bright (reflective) lines against a dark background, or dark lines against a bright background.Graduation images are produced with the aid of a microscope illuminator which projects a uniformly lit beam of light through the objective lens and normal to the scale surface.
		The scale is then remounted on the carriage with the zero graduation at the right end (reversed orientation), and the process is repeated as for the normal orientation.Two passes in each orientation is the minimum to provide valid statistical information.
	nvl.nist.gov /pub/nistpubs/jres/104/3/html/j43bee.htm (11383 words)

	Vacuum Processing Technique for Development of Primary Standard Blackbodies
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) [1] establishes temperatures in terms of the equilibrium phase state of pure substances that define the fixed points in the scale.
		Therefore, the NIST radiance temperature scale and the ITS-90 are consistent.
		The temperature is held constant for at least 30 min to ensure complete transfer of the molten metal to the crucible.
	nvl.nist.gov /pub/nistpubs/jres/104/3/html/j43nav.htm (3334 words)

	ITS-90 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The official French text of the ITS-90 is published by the BIPM as part of the Procès-verbaux of the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM).
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 was adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures at its meeting in 1989, in accordance with the request embodied in Resolution 7 of the 18
		The unit of the fundamental physical quantity known as thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, is the kelvin, symbol K, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
	www.its-90.com /its-90.html (382 words)

	temperature scales - Top 4 Zuvio Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The kelvin (K) temperature scale is an extension
		Two of those scales are SI metric: The degree Celsius (Â°C) scale was devised
		Three temperature scales are in common use in
	www.krishnagardenia.com /temperature-scales.htm (170 words)

	Temperature Sensor Calibration Resources - National Custodians of Temperature Measurement Standards and links to ...
		Calibration is a broad topic and includes the untimate reference sources, such as the national metrology laboratories, who are the custodians of the International Temperature Scale, and those services that are directly traceable to the the national standards.
		It's based on the true, thermodynamic temperature scale, but the real, working temperature scale is something practical which can be repeatably produced anywhere in the world given the correct practices and equipment.
		This is the scale which the national labs, or those affiliated to those labs, refer to in the calibration certificates of reference devices that may be used in corporate or university or other measurement laboratories which provide a more local service such as to working instruments in a process plant or experimental apparatus.
	www.temperatures.com /calb.html (1003 words)

	The Earth/matriX Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
		The development of these scales has been rather empirical in nature, and visualizing or comparing temperatures from one scale to another or, even within the same scale is at times difficult to achieve.
		The Earth/matriX scale is based on two separate ranges: a measurement when the boiling point of water (BPW) is taken as the unit one (1.00) or, when the freezing point of water (FPW) is taken as the unit one (1.00).
		By tagging the boiling/freezing point of water at 100, then any temperature expressed on the scale immediately communicates the number of times it is greater/lesser than the boiling and freezing point of water.
	www.earthmatrix.com /temperature_scale.html (678 words)

	Cryogenics and Cryogenic Temperature Sensors
		Indeed, one of the features of ITS-90 was the extension of the low end of the scale from the previous lower limit of 13.81 K (-259.43°C), the low limit of IPTS-68, to 0.5 K (-272.65°C).
		This gives rise to a need not only for sensors that can measure at very, very low temperatures, but also sensors that are not affected by the presence of a magnetic field or a radio-frequency electromagnetic field superimposed on a magnetic field.
		Some of these temperature sensors are different than the types listed in the relevant pages as common industrial and scientific sensors.
	www.temperatures.com /cryogenics.html (591 words)

	International Temp Stds
		The unit of the fundamental physical quantity known as thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, is the kelvin symbol K, defined as the fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		A difference of temperature may be expressed in kelvin or degrees Celsius.
		is the degree Celsius, symbol ºC, as is the case for the thermodynamic temperature T and the Celsius temperature t.
	www.electro-optical.com /unitconv/tempref/its90.html (2828 words)

	Program for International-Temperature-Scale Calculations
		The program provides for the entry of coefficients generated by a calibration facility and converts a measured resistance to an equivalent temperature with an accuracy of 5 millikelvins.
		The program also performs measurement calculations for PRTs: In such a calculation, the triple-point temperature of water as determined by a calibration laboratory is multiplied by the applicable NIST reference value.
		The program converts between output voltages and temperatures for several types of thermocouples that yield measurements traceable to NIST through its Monograph 175.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar02/KSC12166.html (200 words)

	Facility For Spectroradiometric Calibrations (FASCAL)
		The radiance temperature of a radiator is equivalent to the temperature of a flbody with the same radiant intensity of the radiator's surface at a fixed wavelength.
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia 27, 2-310 (1990).
		The 1973 NBS Scale of Spectral Irradiance, R. Saunders and J. Shumaker, Natl.
	physics.nist.gov /Divisions/Div844/facilities/fascal/fascal.html (943 words)

	Temperature calibration books and standards available from Hart Scientific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For the portion of the scale relating to platinum resistance thermometers, computational examples are included for determining thermometer coefficients.
		While there’s no discussion of temperature calibration, the chapters on DC ratios and AC lore might be interesting to metrologists working with resistance bridges.
		When the International Temperature Scale of 1990 and the new representation of the volt came into effect in 1990, it became necessary to restate all thermocouple reference functions and tables to match the new definitions.
	www.hartscientific.com /publications/books_and_standards.htm (1150 words)

	NIST SP 250-43
		This document describes the realization and dissemination of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) above 700 °C at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
		= 1064.18 °C) and is then extended to temperatures between 700 °C and 2700 °C by determining the ratio of the spectral radiance of a tungsten ribbon filament lamp to that of a gold fixed-point flbody at a wavelength of 655.3 nm.
		NIST Radiance Temperature Calibration Laboratory is given, along with a discussion of the wavelength calibration, size of source, and linearity issues.
	ois.nist.gov /nistpubs/sp/250-43 (338 words)

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