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atomic time The stability of atomic time is based on a behavior of atoms: they must absorb radiation of a precise frequency in order to pass from one energy state to another. On the basis of this work, in 1971 the 14th CGPM approved a time scale to be based on the atomic second and called International Atomic Time (TAI), leaving the definition of the scale to the CIPM, who had already prepared it. Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude. www.sizes.com /time/time_atomic.htm   (710 words)

International Speaker Bureau   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) International Bureau of Weights and Measures - The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is the English name of the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM, often written in English Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), a standards organisation, one of the three organizations established to maintain the International System... International Time Bureau - The Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) or the International Time Bureau, seated at the Paris Observatory, was the international bureau responsible for combining different measurements of Universal Time. Bureau international de la paix - The Bureau international de la paix (International Peace Bureau or IPB), founded in 1891 in Bern, was the first non-governmental international peace organization. speakers.vvvvvv3.com /internationalspeakerbureau.html   (810 words)

National and International time keeping   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) The International Atomic Time scale TAI is calculated and maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as a weighted average of data from some 230 atomic clocks kept in over 60 national laboratories worldwide. Universal Time UT1 is a dynamic time scale derived from observations of the rotation of the Earth, and is proportional to the angle of rotation of the Earth about its axis. The atomic time scales TAI and UTC are calculated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Paris as a weighted average of approximately 230 atomic clocks kept in over 60 national laboratories. www.sp.se /metrology/timefreq/eng/time_keeping.htm   (601 words)

Einstein's Time - by Peter Galison And by 1892 he was involved with the Bureau of Longitude, where he tackled problems of time conventions — from the decimalization of the hour to reconciling the longitude of the Paris and Greenwich observatories. In the late nineteenth century synchronized time was more like that: debates over synchronizing time — debates over the conventionality of time itself — took place at the scale of buildings, blocks, cities, countries, and the planet, while at the same time arguments came fast and furious about the philosophical and physical basis of time. Time invariance — that a movie of the physical world should be playable backwards and forwards — was not, it seemed, the rule of a priori law. www.aip.org /history/einstein/essay-einsteins-time.htm   (7480 words)

NIST Time and Frequency Transfer using Common-View GPS If the travel times to the receivers are exactly equal, then the two receivers can synchronize their clocks with an accuracy that does not depend on the characteristics of the transmitter or the transmission medium. Here the time difference between two clocks, A and B, is determined by simultaneous observation of a third clock on a GPS satellite. The accuracy of common-view time transfers is typically in the 1 to 10 ns range. tf.nist.gov /timefreq/time/commonviewgps.htm   (654 words)

International Time Bureau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) or the International Time Bureau, seated at the Paris Observatory, was the international bureau responsible for combining different measurements of Universal Time. In 1987 the responsibilities of the bureau were taken over by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). Its tasks related to the correction of time with respect to the celestial reference frame and the earth's rotation were taken over by the IERS. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Time_Bureau   (290 words)

Time Scales Early in the 20th century various national time bureaus began to emit radio broadcasts of time signals for the sake of setting the clocks globally, and especially for ships at sea. Although the term GMT was not explicitly used, the standard time for legal purposes in the United States specified by 15USC261 (the Calder Act) was defined to be based on the mean astronomical time of meridians spaced at 15-degree intervals west of Greenwich; i.e., GMT. Although the term GMT was not explicitly used, the standard time for legal purposes in the United States specified by 15USC261 was clarified and reaffirmed to be based on the mean solar time of meridians spaced at 15-degree intervals west of Greenwich; i.e., GMT. www.ucolick.org /~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html   (12759 words)

Astronomical Times Several important time scales still follow the rotation of the earth, most notably civil and sidereal time, but of these are now derived from atomic time through a combination of earth rotation theory and actual measurements of the earth's rotation and orientation. By convention, the reference points for Greenwich Sidereal Time are the Greenwich Meridian and the vernal equinox (the intersection of the planes of the earth's equator and the earth's orbit, the ecliptic). It might seem strange that UT1, a solar time, is determined by measuring the earth's rotation with respect to distant celestial objects, and GMST, a sidereal time, is derived from it. www.cv.nrao.edu /~rfisher/Ephemerides/times.html   (2060 words)

TIME.com: And Now, the Leap Second -- Dec. 27, 1971 -- Page 1   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) In 1967, an international agreement redefined the basic unit of time —the second—in terms of the precise tuning-fork-like vibrations of the cesium atom (9,192,631,770 cycles per sec.). Whatever the cause, the slowdown is a major nuisance to the National Bureau of Standards—which watches over the national time standard with its cesium clocks at Boulder, Colo.—and other institutions and laboratories that operate atomic timepieces. The International Time Bureau in Paris will now simply issue a directive, probably once a year beginning in 1972, based on worldwide astronomical observations of the earth's rate of rotation. www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,905627,00.html   (688 words)

[No title] This is the basis for "sidereal time" which is similar to mean solar time since both are based on the earth's spinning on its axis. One should be especially cautious if the time interval of interest extends backward into a period where the world time system was not operating on the new UTC time scale (prior to 1972). The railroads are generally credited with unifying the various local times into time zones in the continental U.S. In 1884, an international conference recommended that the meridian of Greenwhich, England be the standard reference meridian for longitude and time. www.ieee-uffc.org /freqcontrol/fc_utc.html   (2038 words)

Types of international organization: detailed overview   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) The second breakdown of international organizations is developed on the basis of the terminology used in the actual title of the body. Since many international bodies do not act to have an impact in a manner which would be considered significant to an economist or to a political scientist, they are frequently ignored in studies from such perspectives. Ironically research and debate on international organizations and their political impact may well be conducted under the auspices of bodies excluded from the categories of the discussion as being without impact. www.laetusinpraesens.org /docs70s/typeap4.php   (9608 words)

Direct filing of PCT applications   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) International applications may be filed direct with the International Bureau as receiving Office by mail or hand-delivery to WIPO's headquarters, or by facsimile provided that the original of the faxed application is furnished within 14 days from the date of the fax transmission, or by electronic filing (PCT Electronic Filing). In the case of filing by fax, where a difference exists between the time in the country from which the international application is transmitted and the time in Geneva, Switzerland (where the International Bureau is located), the operative date is the date in Geneva at the time of receipt of the international application. The competent Authorities are the same as would have been competent if the international application had been filed with the national Office of, or acting for, a Contracting State of which the applicant is a resident or national (see PCT Rules 35.3 and 59.1(b)). www.wipo.int /pct/en/filing/filing.htm   (841 words)

Universal Time   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) Times given in UT are almost always given in terms of a 24-hour clock. Times which may be labeled "Universal Time" or "UT" in data provided by the Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory (for example, in the annual almanacs) conform to this definition. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures makes use of data from the timing laboratories to provide the international standard UTC which is accurate to approximately a nanosecond (billionth of a second) per day. aa.usno.navy.mil /faq/docs/UT.html   (683 words)

The Atomic Clock -- Seeds of Time Within each zone, the time would be the same, and the boundary would mark the place where the time would change abruptly by one hour. The international (SI) second was thus defined in 1967 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as the duration of 9,912,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to this transition. The NRC time scale is also compared regularly with those of other countries through reception at the main time laboratory of the 100 kHz (100 kc/s) pulsed radio signals of the Loran-C navigation system. www.ewh.ieee.org /reg/7/millennium/atomic_clock/atomic_seeds.html   (2305 words)

BIPM - time The realization and dissemination of the international time scales is the responsibility of the Time, Frequency and Gravimetry Section of the BIPM. International Atomic Time (TAI) is the uniform time scale; it is kept as close as possible to the second of the SI. Other activities related to the time scales are developed in the section; these contribute to improving the calculation algorithms and increasing knowledge about time transfer techniques. www.bipm.fr /enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html   (264 words)

International Astronomical Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The IAU was founded in 1919, as a merger of various international projects including the Carte du Ciel, the Solar Union and the International Time Bureau (Bureau International de l'Heure). The XXVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union was held from August 14 to August 25, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic. However this proposed definition was rejected and on August 24 the Assembly passed a resolution that redefined the definition of a planet, which classified Ceres, Eris and Pluto as dwarf planets, and reduced the number of planets in the solar system to 8. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Astronomical_Union   (901 words)

September 29, 2001 - Deploying Coordinated Universal Time There are 7 Universal Times (all within 1 second of each other), and UTC is the "coordinated version of 'Universal Time'", hence the word order of Coordinated Universal Time. The abbreviation UTC is a language-independent international abbreviation, it is neither English nor French. Time is also available from Canadian Radio Station CHU on 3.33, 7.335 or 14.67 MHz (in both English and French). www.webreference.com /js/tips/010929.html   (500 words)

About the Patent Cooperation Treaty   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) It may generally be filed with the national patent office of the Contracting State of which the applicant is a national or resident or, at the applicant's option, with the International Bureau of WIPO in Geneva. The said search results in an "international search report," that is, a listing of the citations of such published documents that might affect the patentability of the invention claimed in the international application. The international search report and the written opinion are communicated by the ISA to the applicant who may decide to withdraw his application, in particular where the said report or opinion makes the granting of patents unlikely. www.wipo.int /pct/en/treaty/about.htm   (478 words)

Speakers Bureau - 2002 - District 3, Toastmasters International The Speakers Bureau program is provided as a community public service of the Toastmasters organization of Arizona. The bureau does not become involved in the scheduling of paid engagements, nor does it have jurisdiction over fees charged. The names "Toastmasters International","Toastmasters and the Toastmasters International emblem are trademarks protected in the United States, Canada, and other countries where Toastmasters Clubs exist. www.angelfire.com /az/D3tmSpeakersBureau   (222 words)

Bureau Veritas - Bureau Veritas   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) For the first time in any port in the world, IPSEM gives the Port of Cork's operators a defined structure within which to manage safety and the environment, and proof that they are doing it correctly. International standards such as ISO14000, OHSAS 18001, APELL and ISO 9001 are incorporated into the Code. The Port of Cork's progressive management structure has even influenced safety notices to mariners from the Department of the Marine, proving that the Port's initiatives are leading the way to positive change. www.bureauveritas.com /pages/bureau_veritas-9.htm   (775 words)

Business Sectors International Trade - Bureau Veritas   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01) Bureau Veritas has been assisting by carrying out Pre-Shipment Inspections (PSIs) at Bangkok Port where C.P. Intertrade is headquartered, and Srichang Port, another of Thailand's important shipping gateways. Every time a vehicle is transported, there is a risk of damage.GM needed better damage information to control the risk better, and reduce insurance costs. Bureau Veritas is already responsible for around 50% of the world's new containers and in... www.bureauveritas.com /pages/business_sectors_international_tra-.htm   (383 words)

CMA World > International Organization of international forums for the CMA Board, Nashville community and industry professionals overseas. As well as bringing in more international registrants to the CMA Music Festival, media junkets from specific territories also form an important part of the work of the partnership. In June 2006, it is planned to bring in a media junket from Ireland for the first time, so the Irish media can experience the CMA Music Festival as well as introduce them to the many attractions that Nashville has to offer. www.cmaworld.com /international   (378 words)

Background Note: International Project on Global Production Systems and Labour Markets: Conference Papers: ... In today's fast-changing competitive environment, firms are placing greater emphasis on integrating complementary activities within a flexible and responsive network aimed at reducing cycle times, improving quality and cost control, and facilitating the diffusion of innovation within the network. Such relationships can be seen as forming strategic networks, in which lead firms are constantly engaged in attracting and selecting members, in sustaining network relationships by managing conflicts and learning, and in building the structure and culture of the network. The development of global production networks is placing new demands on policy-makers, who need to redefine their role in relation to changes in the forms and logic of competition. www.ilo.org /public/english/bureau/inst/papers/confrnce/gps/bkgnote.htm   (1923 words)

International Affairs-U.S. Department of the Interior The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) conducts international activities as part of its mission as the primary conservation agency of the United States. International activities total about $44 million annually, over half of it paid for by the State Department and other non-DOI sources. DOI staff working on international issues have professional education and experience relevant to the particular area of expertise of the Bureaus, (e.g. www.doi.gov /intl   (630 words)

BIPM As a matter of policy, the U.S. Naval Observatory timescale, UTC(USNO), and its real-time implementation, Master Clock #2 (MC #2), are kept within a close but unspecified tolerance of the international atomic timescale published by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures [BIPM]) in Sevres, France. The world's timing centers, including USNO, submit their clock measurements to BIPM, which then uses them to compute a free-running (unsteered) mean timescale (Echelle Atomique Libre [EAL]). Since most of these systems have global coverage and are widely used, there is need to approximate the international reference as closely as the state of the art allows - in real time. tycho.usno.navy.mil /bipm.html   (569 words)

Overview of BLS International Data and Training The Bureau of Labor Statistics produces some international data and provides training for professionals and managers from the statistical offices of foreign countries and international agencies. The International Price Program measures changes in the prices of imported and exported goods and some services traded between the United States and the rest of the world. The Bureau of Labor Statistics conducts a comprehensive program of training in statistical methods and practices for people from other countries who wish to emulate BLS practices for survey sampling, data collection, aggregation, estimation, and dissemination. www.bls.gov /bls/international.htm   (143 words)

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