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Topic: International humanitarian law

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	International law - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		International treaty law is comprised of obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in treaties.
		Though states (or increasingly, international organizations) are usually the only ones with standing to address a violation of international law, some treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have an optional protocol that allows individuals who have had their rights violated by member states to petition the international Human Rights Committee.
		International Law continued to develop with the colonization of the New World, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and on into the 20th century.
	open-encyclopedia.com /International_law (1808 words)

	Human Rights Learning Centre: Study Guide on International Humanitarian Law
		International humanitarian law is the law of armed conflict or law of war and their effects.
		Humanitarian law is the branch of public international law that comprises the rules, which, in times of armed conflict, seek to (i) protect persons who are not or are no longer taking part in the hostilities, (ii) restrict the methods and means of warfare employed, and (iii) resolve matters of humanitarian concern resulting from war.
		Humanitarian law aims to limit the suffering caused by war by regulating the way in which military operations are conducted.
	www.hrea.org /learn/guides/ihl.html (2582 words)

	International law Article, Internationallaw Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since international law increasingly governs much more than merely relations between sovereign states, it may be better defined as law decided and enforced at theinternational, as opposed to national level.
		International treaty law is comprised of obligations states expressly andvoluntarily accept between themselves in treaties.
		International Law continued to develop with the colonization of the New World, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars,and on into the 20th century.
	www.anoca.org /he/states/international_law.html (1724 words)

	Learn more about International law in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		International law concerns obligations states expressly and voluntarily accept between themselves in treaties.
		Customary law is established by the past consistent behavior of states, and scholarly summaries have traditionally been looked to as persuasive sources for such legal principles in addition to direct evidence of state behavior.
		Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was a Dutch humanist and jurist considered central to the development of international law.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /i/in/international_law.html (1773 words)

	Books and reviews : "Outline of international humanitarian law"
		These include the distinction between international and internal armed conflicts, the relationship between the Martens clause and nuclear weapons, the relationship between humanitarian principles and military necessity, the right of the ICRC to visit prisoners and detainees, and sanctions for violations of international humanitarian law.
		One might venture to add that the distinction between international and internal armed conflicts, in itself, does not really adversely affect the underlying philosophy — humane consideration of suffering — of humanitarian law, as violations of humanitarian rules may still be punished under different names in the domestic legal regime.
		He notes that the basic rules of international humanitarian law have been adopted by sovereign States which are willing to accept the wording of the provisions as far as their military requirements permit.
	www.sienhoyee.org /wenqieng.htm (2626 words)

	International Humanitarian Law
		However, international humanitarian law has always been a central element of international law, responding to new developments on the battlefield, warfare and human rights to limit and prevent human suffering in times of armed conflict by rules and to see that these rules are observed.
		International humanitarian law is definitely one of the highest ranking fields of interest for the Peace Palace Library, as befits a library in The Hague, the International Centre of Justice and Peace.
		The whole development of international humanitarian law and its reflection in the publications of the specialists are represented in the Library collection.
	www.ppl.nl /100years/topics/ihl (438 words)

	International humanitarian law (IHL) in brief
		International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict.
		International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict.
		After some introductory comments on the history and aim of international humanitarian law, the author discusses the protection of the defenceless in war, restrictions on the conduct of hostilities, the law of non-international armed conflicts, the problem of supervision and repression, and collective responsibility for the implementation of humanitarian law.
	www.icrc.ch /web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/section_ihl_in_brief!Open (1374 words)

	HRW: The War in Iraq and International Humanitarian Law - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), April 2003
		IHL consists of the rules during armed conflict that seek to protect civilians and captured or incapacitated combatants, and restrict the methods and means of warfare.
		Customary IHL is drawn from state practice, decisions of international tribunals, scholarly works, and international treaties to which the United States and Iraq are not party (particularly Protocols I and II of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions), many provisions of which are accepted as reflecting customary international law.
		IHL allows the targeting of commanders-even top commanders-in the course of armed conflict, provided that such attacks otherwise comply with the laws that protect civilians (for example, the attacks cannot be indiscriminate or cause disproportionate civilian casualties).
	www.hrw.org /campaigns/iraq/ihlfaq.htm (3747 words)

	Encyclopedia: International humanitarian law
		In warfare, a reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of the laws of war to punish an enemy for breaking the laws of war.
		A war crime is a punishable offense, under international law, for violations of the law of war by any person or persons, military or civilian.
		The Law of Land Warfare is that part of the Laws of War applicable to the conduct of warfare on land and to relationships between belligerents and neutral States.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/International-humanitarian-law (2268 words)

	Respect for international humanitarian law in Europe
		However, no international tribunal can take the place of states in meeting their obligation to ensure the proper enforcement of international humanitarian law in regard to persons committing violations of that law, ordering others to commit them or condoning these actions, wherever they take place and irrespective of the nationality of their author.
		Of course allegations of serious violations of international humanitarian law have to be proven, and this is the task of national courts or of the relevant international courts which have custody of the offender.
		The purpose of international humanitarian law is to limit the suffering of the victims of armed conflicts, both international and internal.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/doc99/edoc8462.htm (6631 words)

	International humanitarian law (IHL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The author revives the calls for a single body of law covering all types of conflicts, relying significantly on the judgments of the international tribunals as well as the fundamental objectives and principles of humanitarian law.
		The ICRC acts as the guardian of international humanitarian law, a complex role that is closely connected with its own foundation and was later formally entrusted to it by the international community.
		The ICRC held a pan-African course on international humanitarian law in Yaoundé between 14 and 25 March.
	www.icrc.org /eng/ihl (1690 words)

	American Red Cross
		IHL applies in times of armed conflict to limit the suffering caused by war and protect those who have fallen into the hands of an adverse party.
		IHL requires that children under 15 not be recruited into the armed forces, and that "all feasible measures" be taken to ensure that they do not take a direct part in the fighting.
		IHL does not outlaw armed conflict, but instead attempts to balance a nation's acknowledged legal right to attack legitimate military targets during war with the right of the civilian population to be protected from the effects of the hostilities.
	www.redcross.org /services/intl/0,1082,0_448_,00.html (2740 words)

	Students Debate International Humanitarian Law
		IHL, which is located in the Geneva Conventions, protects civilian lives and members of the armed forces who are wounded, sick or captured.
		The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is often referred to as the guardian of the Geneva Conventions.
		During the current competition, the moot court is hearing arguments on IHL violations involved in a fictitious battle between the military of the invented country of Gondoria and an insurgent force.
	www.redcross.org /news/in/intllaw/010412ihlcomp.html (1107 words)

	List of international public law topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a comprehensive list of pages dealing with public international law, i.e.
		those areas of law dealing with the United Nations System and the Law of Nations.
		It is being started as a sublist as it is a specialized area of law that often does not interact with general legal topics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_international_public_law_topics (136 words)

	International Humanitarian Law Issues In A Potential War In I raq (Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, February 20, 2003)
		In its 1996 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice, in an evenly split vote decided by the president’s casting vote, wrote that the threat or use of nuclear weapons would “generally be contrary” to international humanitarian law.
		Under customary humanitarian law and Protocol I, food, water, medical supplies, and other objects essential to the survival of the civilian population may never be attacked.
		All parties must be prepared to respect the protection of war correspondents under international law, in particular their status as civilians and their entitlement to the status of prisoners of war.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/arms/iraq0202003.htm (7298 words)

	Colombia and International Humanitarian Law
		The use of antipersonnel land mines by all parties to the conflict is already banned under the provisions of international humanitarian law that protect civilians from indiscriminate attack and that mandate that parties to a conflict refrain from using weapons that exact a disproportionate toll on civilians.
		As the YugoslavTribunal has determined, “customary international law imposes individual criminal responsibility for serious violations of Common Article 3, as supplemented by other general principles and rules for the protection of victims of internal armed conflict, and for breaching certain fundamental principles and rules regarding means and methods of combat in civil strife.”41
		Although in cases of joint army-paramilitary action, both share responsibility for violations of international humanitarian law, we believe the onus lies with the state force in these cases, pledged to protect the rights of citizens and uphold the law, not develop and support means to circumvent and violate it.
	www.hrw.org /reports98/colombia/Colom989-03.htm (17979 words)

	Geneva conventions
		In response to an invitation from the International Committee, representatives from sixteen countries and four philanthropic institutions gathered at an International Conference in Geneva in 1863.
		In 1949 during the international conference it was adopted Geneva convention "Civil persons' protection during the war-time" as well transcribed three previous adapted conventions and submitted their texts.
		The law are formed in a consecutive stages, as well providing the revision of existing documents whenever the Committee considers it as a necessary measure.
	www.redcross.lv /en/conventions.htm (1792 words)

	International Humanitarian Law
		In the terms of Protocol I, the expression "Civil Protection" means the accomplishment of those humanitarian actions intended to protect civilian populations from dangers arising from hostilities or disasters, to assist them in surmounting their immediate effects and to ensure the conditions necessary for their survival.
		Civil Protection therefore occupies an important place in International Humanitarian Law and it is essential that Governments, and also public opinion, at the national and international level, actively ensure the dissemination and implementation of International Humanitarian Law relating to Civil Protection.
		It has to be added that the XXVIth International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent held in 1995 in Geneva, Switzerland, underlined the importance of Civil Protection in International Humanitarian Law and recognised the role played by the International Civil Defence Organisation in the promotion of Civil Protection at the international level.
	www.icdo.org /inthum.htm (301 words)

	International Humanitarian Law- Canadian Red Cross
		International Humanitarian Law - more commonly known as the laws of war - is a body of law that exists to protect people in times of armed conflict.
		The more we know about International Humanitarian Law, and the more we understand its impact on human life and dignity, the more likely we are to respect it.
		The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), working under the Red Cross Fundamental Principle of neutrality, enters conflict areas and negotiates on behalf of the wounded, prisoners of war, and civilians.
	www.redcross.ca /main.asp?id=003784 (493 words)

	Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of prisoners of war and for their relief.
		Prisoners of war who are paroled or who have given their promise in conformity with the laws and regulations so notified, are bound on their personal honour scrupulously to fulfil, both towards the Power on which they depend and towards the Power which has captured them, the engagements of their paroles or promises.
		A prisoner of war shall be tried only by a military court, unless the existing laws of the Detaining Power expressly permit the civil courts to try a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power in respect of the particular offence alleged to have been committed by the prisoner of war.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/91.htm (16450 words)

	Human Rights Education Calendar: July 2002
		-The Role of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Ad-Hoc Tribunals, and domestic courts in prosecuting violations of international humanitarian law.
		The Director of the Course is Dr. Michel Veuthey, Adjunct Professor, Fordham University School of Law, Academic Director, Center for International Health and Cooperation (CIHC), assisted by Patricia Panizzi, International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL).
		The profile of the course requires a good selection of participants who are requested to have basic knowledge of refugee law, besides consolidated experience in dealing with practical refugee matters.
	www.hrea.org /erc/Calendar/372.html (284 words)

	International humanitarian law
		The goal of the Project is to translate the often dry, dense and arcane language of international humanitarian law so that it will have meaning and immediacy for news editors, reporters, policy makers, students and the general public.
		International Campaign for Justice for the Victims of Sabra and Shatila
		Concerned with issues of international law and crimes against humanity.
	www.lysistrataproject.org /international_humanitarian_law.htm (175 words)

	T.M.C. Asser press, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Wars and the laws of armed conflict have become the legitimate concern of all serious scholars of international law.
		It provides a truly international forum for high-quality, peer-reviewed articles, commentaries on current developments, reports on state practice and documentation that have international humanitarian law as their focal point.
		All aspects of international law applicable during international and internal armed conflicts are covered, in addition to interesting and significant developments in related fields, such as international criminal law, human rights law, disarmament law and refugee law.
	www.asserpress.nl /cata/fischer/fra.htm (385 words)

	International Humanitarian Law Seminar - International Humanitarian Law: Why Should We Care? Sponsored in part by the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This Seminar offers an introduction to public international law and the fast-growing area of international humanitarian law (“IHL”).
		IHL is the cornerstone of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
		The Red Cross is committed to providing information to the public on the law of war and the role of the Red Cross in protecting the victims of armed conflict.
	www.paarc.org /ihl_seminar (303 words)

	International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative
		The High-Level Expert Meeting on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law is commonly referred to as the Alabama Process; it is named after the Alabama Room in the Old City of Geneva, where the first Geneva Convention was adopted in 1864.
		Co-organized by the Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs and the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, its main goal is to engage a constituency of governmental and independent experts in discussion of the core challenges for international humanitarian law in contemporary conflicts.
		The news, reports and analyses herein are selected due to their relevance to issues of IHL, or their significance to policymakers and practitioners.
	www.ihlresearch.org (598 words)

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