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Topic: International labour standards

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	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| Interactions: Regional Studies, Global Processes, and Historical ...
		The notion that world industrialization and growing international trade required an organized world response was of course nothing new at the beginning of the twentieth century; predecessors to the ILO included the First and Second Workers' International, the International Federation of Trade Unions, and the International Association for Labour Legislation, founded in Basel in 1900.
		Although such standards had little influence in countries in the Soviet block and were not uniformly enforced, the ILO was confident enough to declare that its Conventions constituted an "international labour code." In 1973, the Director-General called for a greater redistribution of world wealth.
		Strategies of upholding labour standards in the face of globalization shifted, as greater economic justifications for labour standards were sought, and, in some cases, concessions were made that economic priorities would be sufficient reason to consider loosening standards.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/interactions/liang.html (5055 words)

	ANNEX I: INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL LABOUR STANDARDS
		The issue of protecting labour standards in the context of increasing international trade has been at the core of labour struggles and political debate at the national for well over a century and a subject of contention at the international level more than a hundred years.
		The 1994 ILO Labour Conference (the ILO Assembly) discussed a proposal submitted by the ILO Director-General for the inclusion of a `social clause' in the new WTO, such that countries which did not implement certain ILO conventions should be subject to trade sanctions or be excluded from the WTO.
		Labour standards are not referred to as such but are subsumed under the categories of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including fundamental social rights.
	www.southcentre.org /publications/labour/labourannexe.htm (2524 words)

	Core Labour Standards Study for DfID - Gibbons and Ladbury
		The extent to which national labour legislation is an effective mechanism for safeguarding labour standards depends on the effectiveness of state enforcement mechanisms, in particular, labour inspectorates and courts and tribunals.
		Even though the standards found in the codes may be grounded in basic ILO conventions, the fact that the regulation is through a code devised by a corporation from Europe or the USA may lead producers and workers in developing countries to feel that they are having standards foisted upon them.
		In relation to core labour standards the Guidelines provide that enterprises should, amongst other things, respect the right of their employees to be represented by trade unions and other bona fide organisations of employees, and engage in constructive negotiations and provide facilities to employee representatives.
	lightning.prohosting.com /cls-rep/CLS3.htm (2689 words)

	International labour standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		International labour standards are conventions, treaties and recommendations designed to regulate against unjust and inhumane labour practices.
		The primary exponent of international labour standards is the International Labour Organization (ILO).
		Established in 1919, the ILO advocates international standards as essential for the eradication of labour conditions involving "injustice, hardship and privation".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_labour_standards (128 words)

	CAFOD : Policy and analysis : Rough Guides : Labour standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Labour rights are human rights which women and men have with respect to their employment or other working arrangement.
		While implementing labour standards is clearly in the interests of workers, there is also a strong business case for companies to ensure that the people who manufacture their products enjoy decent pay and conditions.
		Even where higher labour standards increase costs, this expense may be offset in the eyes of investors by the greater social stability that results from a happier workforce, so that levels of foreign direct investment remain stable.
	www.cafod.org.uk /policy_and_analysis/rough_guides/labour_standards (3079 words)

	THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS.Publications and Reports. Human Rights Research and ...
		International labour standards designed to reward highly productive workers should therefore be carried out in tandem with international labour standards designed to oblige low-productivity employers to improve their productivity.
		Labour movements from Australia to Chile and the U.S. are calling for social provisions (referred to as the "social clause") to be included in the new wave of international trade agreements.
		The essential international labour standards are normally considered to be freedom of association, freedom to organize and bargain collectively, prohibition of forced labour, minimum age for employment, and the right to acceptable conditions of work.
	www.cdp-hrc.uottawa.ca /publicat/globalstandards.html (13981 words)

	NEW UNION RIGHTS FOR THE ERA OF GLOBALISATION
		This is why the revision and consolidation of the international labour code should promote and facilitate international trade union action, both in terms of the negotiation of agreements with multinationals about the application of core ILO standards including freedom of association, and sanctions against those companies which violate these standards.
		The labour standards agreement would not be governed by a commitment to observe ‘local laws and conditions’ or some similar formula where these set a standard lower than the ILO core conventions.
		Labour standards agreements would help promote trade union rights through the deep roots of the multinational supply chain, in a manner which would be based on a process of supervision in which trade unions would be closely involved.
	www.focusweb.org /publications/Roundtable/reader_ewing.htm (5902 words)

	1995 - THE TRADE UNION VIEW ON INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS
		From the point of view of the international trade union movement this represents a step forward particularly after the the 1980's when attacks on labour standards was the flavour of the decade.
		The Ministers of Labour of the ASEAN countries moved a resolution at the 1994 International Labour Conference calling upon the ILO to resist the efforts of "protectionist forces" to introduce a Social Clause in international trade.
		The International trade union movement has sought to engage all parts of the international community in a debate on how a Social Clause can be crafted in trade and investment agreements so as to be in the interests of both industrialised and developing countries and so as to strengthen the multilateral trading system.
	www.tuac.org /statemen/communiq/itglwfj.htm (2202 words)

	Globalization and the Future of Labour Law - Cambridge University Press
		It examines the role of international labour standards and the contribution of the International Labour Organization, and assesses the success of the European experiment with continental employment standards.
		It explores the prospects for hemispheric co-operation on labour standards in the Americas, and deals with the impact of international labour standards on the rights of women and migrant workers.
		International labour law and the protection of migrant workers: revitalizing the agenda in the era of globalization Ryzard Chloewinski.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521854903 (476 words)

	International Labour Organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the principal functions of the ILO involves setting international labour standards through the adoption of Conventions and Recommendations covering a broad spectrum of labour-related subjects and which, together, are sometimes referred to as the International Labour Code.
		This Declaration identified four issue areas as "core" or fundamental international labour standards, meaning that any ILO member state should have ratified at least the eight key Conventions, which concern freedom of association, the right to organize and collective bargaining; discrimination; forced labour; and child labour.
		The International Labour Organization is an agency belonging to the United Nations system, and as such shares common conditions of employment with other agencies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Labour_Organization (1129 words)

	WTO \| Understanding the WTO - Labour standards: highly controversial
		Labour standards are those that are applied to the way workers are treated.
		They argue that the campaign to bring labour issues into the WTO is actually a bid by industrial nations to undermine the comparative advantage of lower wage trading partners, and could undermine their ability to raise standards through economic development, particularly if it hampers their ability to trade.
		We reject the use of labour standards for protectionist purposes, and agree that the comparative advantage of countries, particularly low-wage developing countries, must in no way be put into question.
	www.wto.org /english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey5_e.htm (851 words)

	Forced Labour Convention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Forced or compulsory labour exacted as a tax and forced or compulsory labour to which recourse is had for the execution of public works by chiefs who exercise administrative functions shall be progressively abolished.
		The normal working hours of any person from whom forced or compulsory labour is exacted shall be the same as those prevailing in the case of voluntary labour, and the hours worked in excess of the normal working hours shall be remunerated at the rates prevailing in the case of overtime for voluntary labour.
		In the case of labour to which recourse is had by chiefs in the exercise of their administrative functions, payment of wages in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be introduced as soon as possible.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/31.htm (2442 words)

	Labour
		The Global Compact's labour principles are from the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.
		This publication provides companies with answers to key questions related to forced labour, for example the different forms of forced labour, international standards for the elimination of forced labour, the causes of forced labour and some suggestions for solutions to the problem.
		This is a training manual that aims to raise awareness amongst labour inspectors, police, government officials, employers’ organizations, trade unions and others, on the issues of trafficking, forced labour and job placement systems.
	www.unglobalcompact.org /Issues/Labour/index.html (923 words)

	THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS.Publications and Reports. Human Rights Research and ...
		I approach the issue of core and peripheral labour by reviewing the two leading, and somewhat opposed, sociological traditions that not only address the issue in a systematic manner, but also allow us to understand what is behind the international labour standards debate.
		Obliging individual countries to design and enforce labour standards would lead to a plethora of international standards--each country would decide for itself what are the appropriate standards and enforcement levels in other countries.
		International labour standards so understood will not solve a whole range of other severe problems such as unemployment, but it is arguably a step in the right direction.
	www.uottawa.ca /hrrec/publicat/globalstandards.html (13981 words)

	Labour Standards, 3 - IV The Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For the international trade union movement the major issues which need to be stressed in an open and objective dialogue on the relationship between labour standards and trade include:
		We firmly believe that there should be no attempt to use labour standards as a vehicle of protectionism to restrict the free flow of trade between countries.
		The international trade union movement sees such arguments as being closely linked to the debate on the relationship between, and relative priorities of, economic and social rights on the one hand, and political and civil rights on the other.
	www.jaysquare.com /resources/workdocs/wdoc09c.htm (1741 words)

	LABOUR: SOCIAL STANDARDS ISSUE WILL BE PROMINENT AT ILC
		Geneva 7 Jun (Chakravarthi Raghavan) -- The social standards in general, and international labour standards in particular, and the future orientations of the organization are expected to figure prominently at the 81st session of the International Labour Conference which opened here Tuesday.
		The Conference elected a worker's delegate, Charles Gray, Director of the International Labour Affairs Department of the AFL-CIO as President.
		The same group of workers delegates have tabled a separate resolution on child labour inviting governments, as well as employers and workers representatives, to renew their commitment to elimination of child labour, give priority to bringing to an end all forms of child bondage and slavery and child labour in onerous and hazardous conditions.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/towards/06070094.htm (377 words)

	Book Review: Flanagan & Gould, International Labour Standards
		In the last ten years or so, sparked by some celebrated cases of child labour and poor working conditions in developing countries and in the Canadian context the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico, debates about international labour standards have taken on new urgency.
		There is a concern shared by employers and workers in industrialized countries that their labour standards and safety nets are under attack and that international agreements are necessary to stave off a race to the bottom.
		Labour codes are for the most part domestically fixed, determined by among other factors historical trends in income and its distribution.
	www.cjsonline.ca /reviews/laborstandards.html (816 words)

	Evatt Foundation: News: Flouting the rule of international labour law - 27 July 2005
		At the annual International Labour Conference, the ILS are adopted with two-thirds majorities.
		The ILO Constitution is based on the consensus that asserts 'labour is not a commodity' and aims for 'social justice' in the workplace.
		The strike is basic to the distribution of power between capital and labour, and also forms part of the problem of the autonomy of groups and their relationship to the State.
	evatt.org.au /news/336.html (1189 words)

	LABOUR: DRAFT DECLARATION ON CORE LABOUR STANDARDS
		Geneva, 28 May (Chakravarthi Raghavan) -- The International Labour Conference, at its two-week 86th session beginning 2 June, is to consider adoption of a possible Declaration of principles of the ILO concerning fundamental rights and its appropriate follow-up mechanism.
		During the various stages of the discussion of the standards question, the developing countries had wanted a clear formulation on non-use of the labour standards issue for trade purposes.
		The idea of trade-labour standards linkage was raised by the US, France and the central trade union organizations after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and on the eve of the Marrakesh meeting to establish the WTO.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/followup/1998/05290098.htm (1079 words)

	Labour.html
		This recognition led to the creation in 1919 of the International Labour Organization (ILO), an institution that survives to this day as a UN agency that has the specific mandate of defining and monitoring international labour standards.
		Moreover, it is a recognized fact that even the most basic labour standards agreed upon at the ILO are regularly flouted by employers throughout most countries of the Americas, more often than not in attempting to obtain a competitive advantage over other employers.
		Since the early 1990s, the international labour movement has promoted the inclusion in international trade agreements of a "Workers Rights Clause," which would force employers and governments to deal with the frequent and repeated violation of fundamental workers' rights.
	www.globalexchange.org /campaigns/alternatives/americas/Labour.html (2166 words)

	International Labour Organization: - Short History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations family.
		Some standards deal with basic labour rights: freedom of association, the right to organise, collective bargaining, abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment and other standards which regulate conditions of work.
		The International Labour Organization is comprised of an annual assembly called the International Labour Conference, an executive council called the Governing Body and a permanent secretariat, the International Labour Office.
	www.ilocarib.org.tt /oldwww/misc/history.html (549 words)

	Worldwide union campaign accuses Continental of contravening international labour standards
		On 23 April 1998, in a joint statement six Continental AG Unions demanded that the company "immediately cease the employment of strike-breakers at the Charlotte plant and to reinstate the 1,450 employees of Continental General Tire that it has unlawfully and immorally" permanently replaced, "in violation of international labour standards".
		"adhere to the highest possible labour standards wherever it does business, including respecting the right of workers to join trade unions without employer interference, the right of workers to engage in collective bargaining, and the right of workers to strike without losing their jobs".
		Although the American labour courts has made no final decisions as to whether Continental's hiring of permanent replacement workers is legal under US legislation, the unions also called on the US government to ensure better legal protection against "permanent lock-outs".
	www.eiro.eurofound.eu.int /1999/06/feature/de9906214f.html (1982 words)

	ILAB - EU-US I Symposium on Codes of Conduct and International Labour Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The kinds of labour standards covered by the various codes of conduct differ widely and the common ground does not seem to stretch far beyond the rejection of child labour.
		Codes of conduct often use ILO conventions for the definition of core labour standards (prohibition of child labour, forced labour, discrimination on grounds of sex, race, religion etc., and the guarantee of freedom of association and collective bargaining).
		Trade union rights, for their part, differ from other labour standards in that they are enabling rights and not specific outcomes in terms of workplace conditions.
	www.dol.gov /ilab/media/reports/oiea/useusymp.htm (3554 words)

	ICFTU Department of Employment & International Labour Standards
		These codes, which are meant to apply to the international operations of a multinational company, are aimed at limiting the worst forms of abuse and exploitation caused by the international competition to attract investment.
		A central idea of this code is that labour exploitation and abuse cannot be separated from the repression of workers and that therefore codes of conduct must incorporate freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining.
		Wages and benefits paid for a standard working week shall meet at least legal or industry minimum standards and always be sufficient to meet basic needs of workers and their families and to provide some discretionary income.
	www.icftu.org /www/english/tncs/tncscode98.html (1457 words)

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