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Topic: International sanctions

	International sanctions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Economic sanctions are distinguished from trade sanctions, which are applied for purely economic reasons, and typically take the form of tariffs or similar measures, rather than bans on trade.
		Economic sanctions can vary from imposing import duties on goods from, or blocking the export of on certain goods to, the target country, to a full naval blockade of its ports in effort to verify, and curb or block specified imported goods.
		A less aggressive form of military sanctions could be the 15 year embargo on sales of F-16 fighter/bomber aircraft by the United States to Pakistan which ran from 1990 to 2005 in response to Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons[2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economic_sanctions (338 words)

	Sanctions, by Kimberly Ann Elliott and Gary Clyde Hufbauer: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics ...
		Sanctions often have taken the form of a naval blockade intended to weaken the enemy during wartime.
		Students of international law frequently argue that only economic measures deployed against states that have violated international standards or obligations may properly be classified as "sanctions." According to this view sanctions should be distinguished from national uses of economic power in pursuit of narrow national interests.
		Judging the effectiveness of sanctions requires sorting out the various goals sought, analyzing whether the type and scope of the sanction chosen was appropriate to the occasion, and determining the economic and political impact on the target country.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/Sanctions.html (2582 words)

	WCC Memorandum and Recommendations on the Application of Sanctions
		Sanctions, as a term to describe measures taken by a state or group of states against another which has violated accepted norms and standards, is a comparatively new concept in the history of international law.
		Sanctions are generally understood as a way to describe concerted international action by non-military means against a state which is in violation of international law.
		Sanctions may not have a punitive purpose beyond compliance, nor may they be used for self-aggrandizement or applied to further the economic, ideological, political, military or other narrow national self-interest of a state or group of states.
	www.ncccusa.org /98ga/s7.html (3559 words)

	Richard Falk, Iraq, US, International Law, Sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		From the perspectives of international law and morality these policies directed at Iraq were of a highly dubious character, yet their continuation despite widespread criticism from most governments in the region and the world, revealed the extent of American influence within the United Nations, and generally.
		International law is directed at states, not at international organizations such as the UN, the imposition of sanctions in this comprehensive form was initially authorized and periodically reaffirmed by the Security Council.
		Cautiously, then, it could be concluded that the maintenance of sanctions, given the evidence of their effects, is both immoral and in violation of the just war doctrine, involving three separate aspects: sanctions as applied seem indiscriminate, disproportionate, and have little prospect of achieving the ends being pursued [17].
	www.transnational.org /forum/meet/2002/Falk_IraqUSinternatLaw.html (5625 words)

	AllRefer.com - sanction (Political Science: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		A sanction may be either positive, i.e., the promise of reward for desired conduct, or negative, i.e., the threat of penalty for disapproved conduct, but the term is most commonly used in the negative sense.
		In the 1990s economic sanctions were imposed on Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait, and the Security Council approved the use of force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait.
		Sanctions were also imposed on Yugoslavia (now Serbia and Montenegro) as a result of the Bosnian civil war and Kosovo crisis.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/sanction.html (489 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Moreover, sanctions are likely to have greater effect on their target if the target government is faced with domestic opposition; otherwise, sanctions may simply encourage greater political cohesion around the targeted leadership.
		With rising concerns over notions that sanctions are a morallly acceptable alternative to war, particularly in light of humanitarian crises in Iraq resulting from international sanctions, Lopez and Cortright reexamine the ethical underpinnings of sanctions.
		In light of the high humanitarian costs of recent international sanctions on Iraq and rising concerns regarding the effectiveness of sanctions in general, this edited volume reemphasizes the notion that sanctions should be geared toward policy-change not punishment.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/sanctions.jsp (3986 words)

	Hans Köchler -- Ethical Aspects of Sanctions in International Law
		Comprehensive economic sanctions which heavily impact the life and health of the civilian population need to be analyzed from an ethical standpoint before a normative evaluation of the current practice in international law can be undertaken.
		International peace should also be defined as a norm from the standpoint of human rights, because a state of war threatens or negates the fundamental human rights (including the right to life).
		It is astonishing to the legal philosopher that the sanctions policy is not measured against the normative rules of international humanitarian law despite the fact that this policy is de facto constitutive of a war strategy, i.e.
	i-p-o.org /sanctp.htm (13286 words)

	ASIL Insight -- Enforcing International Law
		The assumption seems to be based on the absence of a direct international counterpart of the federal marshal, county sheriff or state/local police officer.
		The sanctions may be economic (such as a trade embargo against a country threatening the peace), diplomatic (such as severance of diplomatic relations) or military (the use of armed force to maintain or restore international peace and security).
		International organizations-not just the UN, but also its Specialized Agencies and regional organizations-have developed procedures that allow pressure to be brought against governments that do not comply with recognized standards of conduct.
	www.asil.org /insights/insight1.htm (2116 words)

	Libya - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Libya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		However in April 1992 international sanctions were imposed against Libya after Khaddhafi repeatedly refused to extradite six suspects linked to the Lockerbie and UTA bombings.
		The UK and USA insisted that sanctions against Libya will not be fully lifted until it accepted responsibility for the bombing and agreed to pay compensation to victims's families.
		The money would come from the Khaddhafi International Association for Charitable Organizations, with Khaddhafi appearing to hope that by ending the crisis his image on the international stage would be further enhanced and his country might win a more respectable role.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Libya (1122 words)

	Waiting on empty promises - a report on international sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Extensive weaponry was acquired in defiance of UN sanctions and under the effective shield of a `see-no-evil, speak-no-evil' UN mission that was supposed to ensure the implementation of the 1994 Lusaka peace accord signed by the Government and UNITA.
		The sanctions also finally fell just after the death of the UN Special Representative to Angola, Alioune Blondin Beye in a mysterious plane crash in Cote d'Ivoire in June which, many believe, was engineered by UNITA — though the proper enquiry report has still to be presented.
		International financial channels — themselves subject to the latest set of UN sanctions in 1998 —; are perhaps the most shrouded in mystery.
	www.actsa.org /Angola/waiting_on_empty.htm (9909 words)

	Serbia Sanctions Case
		Albeit one might question these figures, due to their lack of international scrutiny, there was still a strong possibility Dragoslav Avramovic's actions helped stymie the sanctions' effects.(16) 3.
		Sanctions were levied on the F.R.Y., because of its role in helping Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
		Environmental Problem Type: [DEF] [POLA] The effects of UN sanctions on the Serbian-Montenegran environment, not unlike the effects of the Greek blockade on the Macedonian environment (See Macedon), have came in the form of air pollution and deforestation.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/SERBSANC.HTM (3733 words)

	Libya: The Lockerbie Legality
		The International Commission of Inquiry on Economic Sanctions, containing several former heads of states and international legal experts, issued several communiqués on the issue, latest on the 11 May 1996, which condemns the effects of the sanctions on the Libyan population, urging the involved parts to cooperate according to several international conventions.
		By raising the issue of international law, Libya went from interpretation of mere international criminal law in the context of the Lockerbie-case, to a discussion of the legal hierarchy between the International Court of Justice and the UN Security Council.
		International criminal procedures are purposed for the object of individuals and consists mostly of bi- or multi-lingual treaties when found, whereas the UN charter concerns merely states and members of the UN.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dr_ibrahim_ighneiwa/lockerbi.htm (12556 words)

	CNN - International sanctions drive Iraqis to God - June 13, 1997
		BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Nearly seven years of international sanctions have brought tremendous hardships to the people of Iraq, and for many there is only one place that brings them any respite: the mosque.
		Since the invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent setbacks at the hands of an international force led by the United States, the Iraqi government has used religious themes to rally support at home and abroad.
		Whether they are praying for a change in the regime or an end to sanctions, Iraqis are hoping their prayers will soon be answered.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9706/13/iraq.islam (530 words)

	INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS IMPOSE HUMAN SUFFERING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		European officials are urging a re-evaluation of international sanctions imposed on Iraq because of the unjust circumstances innocent citizens are enduring.
		Bonino claims the U.N. was justified in imposing sanctions on Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait.
		Dupe Ajayi, a junior at Hunter College, said that she agrees with Bonino that all sanctions should be lifted.
	www.academic.marist.edu /faculty/modele/spring/mellisa4.html (251 words)

	World Energy Sanctions
		ILSA provided for the imposition of sanctions on companies, irrespective of their corporate "nationality," that invest more than $20 million annually (in August 1997, this was lowered from $40 million) in the Iranian oil and gas sectors.
		In 1999, the sanctions on Libya were modified to allow shipments of donated clothing, food and medicine for humanitarian reasons (trade in informational materials such as books and movies was also allowed).
		The original sanctions were largely authorized under the Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Control Act of 1989, which consolidated many of the previously enacted counterterrorism sanctions in legislation.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/sanction.html (4084 words)

	Table of contents for International sanctions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Table of contents for International sanctions : between words and wars in the global system / [edited by] Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano.
		The EU as a New Actor on the Sanctions Scene Anthonius de Vries and Hadewych Hazelzet 9.
		Implementing Targeted Sanctions: The Role of International Agencies and Regional Organizations David Cortright, Linda Gerber and George A. Lopez 12.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0421/2004018303.html (295 words)

	BBC News \| BUSINESS \| Philippines faces sanctions on money laundering
		The Philippines could face sanctions from a range of industrialised countries from the end of September thanks to its failure to tackle money laundering, according to an international agency which monitors the issue.
		Legislation recently introduced by prime minister Rene Harris is not up to the mark, the FATF said, giving the island state till 30 November to improve matters.
		On the other hand Russia, the last member of the trio of states who have had the threat of sanctions hanging over them, is off the hook.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/1531373.stm (422 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| France opposes UN Sudan sanctions
		The UN Security Council is debating a US draft resolution imposing sanctions on militias accused of "ethnic cleansing" against non-Arabs.
		The US also hinted that the sanctions could be extended to the government.
		The US draft resolution threatens to escalate the sanctions within 30 days if results are not evident.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3875277.stm (692 words)

	js-1063: Treasury Urges UN to Designate Terrorist Organizations Avoiding International Sanctions
		Today, the United States and Saudi Arabian governments are asking the UN 1267 Sanctions Committee to list Vazir, a non-governmental organization located in Travnik, Bosnia, as an aka for Al Haramain-Bosnia.
		In addition, we are asking the Committee to add Safet Durguti, the representative of this organization, to their list of persons and entities tied to al-Qaida, subject to international sanctions under UNSCRs 1256, 1333, and 1390.
		U.S. and added to the UN 1267 Sanctions Committee in 2002 because Youssef Nada, a Specially Designated Global Terrorist, had a controlling interest in BA Taqwa.
	www.ustreas.gov /press/releases/js1063.htm (554 words)

	Sanctions Bibliography - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		The Indirect Effects of United Nations Sanctions on Third States: The Role of the Article 50 of the Charter
		International Economic Sanctions: improving the haphazard U.S. legal regime
		"Sanctions infrastructure and Activities of the United Nations: a critical assessment"
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/sanction/bibliog.htm (447 words)

	Egypt requests overall assessment of international sanctions criteria
		Participants in the annual session of the committee on UN charter concluded their two-week meetings, which centered on the rules and principles regarding the regime of sanctions imposed by the Security Council on some countries.
		Egypt's Permanent Delegate to the UN Ambassador Ahmad Abul-Gheit said Egypt called for assessing the criteria of imposing international sanctions, stressing respect for the constitutional balance between the Security Council and other agencies spearheaded by the general assembly, which are entrusted with review and assessment.
		On the adverse effects afflicting third countries suffering from application of sanctions, Abul-Gheit said that this issue is of political, economic and social importance for Egypt.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/010414/2001041464.html (249 words)

	Serbia Info News / UN Security Council lifts Yugoslavia arms embargo
		New York, September 10 (Beta - AP) - On September 10, the UN Security Council unanimously lifted arms embargo on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, stripping away the last remaining international sanctions imposed on March 31, 1998 in an effort to halt the Belgrade authorities' repression in Kosovo.
		The United States formally submitted the resolution lifting the sanctions.
		In a letter to the council, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan outlined the measures Belgrade has taken to comply with Security Council resolutions, including withdrawing special police units and ceasing activities affecting the civilian population in Kosovo.
	www.serbia-info.com /news/2001-09/12/25431.html (184 words)

	PolitInfo.com - Bosnian Foreign Minister Steps Down After International Sanctions - Dec 18, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Ivanic is chairman of the Serb Party of Democratic Progress, one of two Bosnian Serb political movements, whose leaders have been barred from entering the United States for undermining Balkan peace efforts.
		As the United States announced the measures, International mediator Paddy Ashdown fired six top Bosnian Serb police officers and three other government officials for failing to arrest war crimes suspects.
		Ashdown acted under wide powers the international community granted him to insure compliance with the 1995 Dayton Peace accord that halted the Balkan conflict.
	www.politinfo.com /articles/article_2004_12_18_3603.html (202 words)

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