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Topic: International trade and trade embargoes

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	LWVCA: International Trade
		International organizations now handling trade issues are concerned with main-taining or increasing their profits, the security of their operations, and the smooth operation of their business.
		Trade economists dispute whether bilateral and regional agreements are a first step or an impediment to free trade in the sense of global, multinational treaties such as the GATT.
		Embargoes are the antithesis of free trade; embargoes use food and medicine as a weapon.
	www.lwvcincinnati.org /publications/InternationalTrade.html (5868 words)

	Protecting international marine living resources with trade embargoes: GATT and international reaction to U.S. practices
		Put another way, the problem with certain U.S. trade measures related to transnational resource protection, particularly regarding whales and dolphins, is the unilateral nature of the trade embargo and the inconsistency of U.S. standards which trigger the employment of an embargo with the international or local standard with which the foreign state is complying.
		The international community, beyond the environmental constituency, is justifiably worried about the potential implications of the United States assuming the role of dolphin-cop, using its trade muscle to impose made-in-America standards to activities outside the United States that have no impact in the United States.
		Trade embargoes imposed as countermeasures or reprisals for the breach of a treaty must be given priority over potentially conflicting GATT obligations.
	www.highnorth.no /Library/Trade/GATT_WTO/pr-in-ma.htm (4929 words)

	Limiting Trade: Economics Lesson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The main types of trade restrictions are tariffs, quotas, embargoes, licensing requirements, standards, and subsidies.
		Export licenses may be required in order to implement partial embargoes on trade with specific nations.
		This is true for trade among individuals or organizations within a nation, and usually among individuals or organizations in different nations.
	ecedweb.unomaha.edu /lessons/feoga.htm (1387 words)

	TBD V3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 12
		Trade allows consumption fluctuations to be reduced and relieves countries of part of the burden of stockholding.
		Trade liberalization as reflected in the Uruguay Round is not likely to affect significantly the net availability of food globally, as reduced output in high-cost countries will be generally replaced by increased output in other countries.
		Trade affects the environment in three ways: it raises incomes, hence boosting the demand for environmental goods and the means of satisfying these demands; it changes the location of production and consumption; and, the act of trading itself uses resources and may lead to spillages and other environmental damage.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/w2612e/w2612e12a.htm (1418 words)

	Center for International Policy
		The Craig bill states that Section 211 is a violation of international treaties and must be repealed to preserve the rights of U.S. nationals holding trademarks in Cuba.
		Castro seems to use the hurricane as an excuse to begin agricultural trade after realizing that his refusal in 2000 was a tactical mistake.
		In response, although the Cuban government agrees that agricultural trade would be beneficial to both countries, they view the additional restrictions on Cuba as insulting and discriminatory and refuse any commercial engagement.
	ciponline.org /cuba/trade/tradeembargo.htm (1245 words)

	Trade Embargoes
		A trade embargo is a law or policy a state initiates which prohibits or otherwise restricts the importation/exportation of goods.
		Trade embargoes are typically motivated by political, economic, moral, or environmental reasons, and used as a form of protest against another country's practices.
		Despite the clause in the GATT which allows for a nation to uphold their public morals by issuing trade embargoes, GATT and the WTO still found the United States in violation of the rules and guideline governing the two trade organizations and called for the United States to lift the embargo.
	darwin.bio.uci.edu /~sustain/issueguides/Embargoes (896 words)

	EconDebates - International Trade
		These sanctions typically include general or selective trade embargoes, restrictions on foreign investment, and restriction on travel to and from the affected country.
		One of the basic issues at the heart of the WTO controversy is whether free international trade benefits or harms the U.S. economy.
		A simple analogy is often suggested between international trade and trade among individuals in an economy.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/policy_debates/econ_debates_intl_trade.html (663 words)

	Tariff Information Center
		The HTS comprises a hierarchical structure for describing all goods in trade for duty, quota, and statistical purposes.
		This structure is based upon the international Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), administered by the World Customs Organization in Brussels ; the 4- and 6-digit HS product categories are subdivided into 8-digit unique U.S. rate lines and 10-digit non-legal statistical reporting categories.
		Embargoes, anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, and other very specific matters administered by the Executive Branch are not contained in the HTS.
	www.usitc.gov /tata (303 words)

	Covington & Burling LLP \| Practices - International Trade and Finance
		Representation of Foreign Governments and International Organizations - Covington has frequently represented governments and international organizations on a wide range of issues under international and domestic law, from advising on issues arising under treaties and customary international law to representing parties in arbitration, litigation and dispute resolution in the U.S. and elsewhere.
		Trade proceedings - We represent both international and domestic clients in proceedings arising under the trade laws of the United States and Europe, including the antidumping and countervailing duty laws.
		International disputes litigation - Our comprehensive litigation practice encompasses international disputes in a wide variety of forums, with firm lawyers appearing before international arbitral bodies and domestic courts in cases involving international issues, counseling clients in proceedings in foreign courts, and coordinating foreign litigation.
	www.cov.com /practices/oid52732/description.html (730 words)

	Akin Gump Strauss Hauer Feld & LLP- practice
		International trade issues are on every administration's political and economic agenda.
		The international trade practice group at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer and Feld LLP, comprising lawyers, economists and other professionals in the United States as well as Moscow, Brussels and London, has extensive experience in resolving international trade disputes.
		These concerns include trade, tariff and investment issues associated with the negotiation, implementation, and enforcement of bilateral and multilateral international agreements and treaties.
	www.akingump.com /practice.cfm?practice_id=88 (714 words)

	Sonnenschein Nath & Rosenthal LLP - International Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Our International Trade Practice is located in our nation's capital, which provides the necessary proximity to Capitol Hill and the many other government agencies integral to international trade.
		Sonnenschein’s international trade lawyers provide representation before the U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. International Trade Commission in antidumping and countervailing duty investigations and reviews of antidumping and countervailing duty orders, and provide advice to importers whose merchandise is subject to potential assessment of antidumping and countervailing duties.
		Sonnenschein’s trade lawyers also assist clients in proceedings before the U.S. International Trade Commission and Office of the U.S. Trade Representative in safeguard actions and other trade remedies matters, including Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974.
	www.sonnenschein.com /practice_areas/import_export/index.html (863 words)

	Most Favored Nation Status (MFN)
		The name was changed in 1998 because the term Most Favored-Nation status was deceiving since most nations have this trade status except for a handful of rogue nations that have been refused this normal trade relationship.
		NTR is actually the norm in bilateral trade relationships between countries.
		Under NTR both parties agree not to extend to any third party nation any trade preferences that are more favorable than those available under the agreement concluded between them unless they simultaneously make the same provisions available to each other.
	www.itds.treas.gov /mfn.html (524 words)

	International Trade (GATT/CITES)
		Protecting International marine living resources with trade embargoes: GATT and international reaction to U.S. practices.
		Environmental trade sanctions and the GATT: An Analysis of the Pelly Amendment on Foreign Environmental Practises.
		The GATT Consistency of the U.S. Import Embargo on Harp-Seal Fur Coats from Greenland.
	www.highnorth.no /Library/Trade/cont-tra.htm (584 words)

	International Trade: Free Trade with China
		Trade sanctions–however well intentioned–place an undue burden upon the Chinese people already suffering from the immoral practices of their government.
		Until recently, trade warriors have cited the case of the U.S. Bishops who have opposed renewing normal trading status with China.
		Economic prosperity through free trade is the most effective distributor of wealth and power, and trade with China is the surest way to break the grip of centralized political power.
	www.acton.org /ppolicy/trade/china (1077 words)

	International Trade > Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP
		We assist clients with international trade matters including: the interpretation of international trade agreements and litigation or settlement of trade disputes; customs compliance and enforcement; trade remedy proceedings (such as antidumping investigations); export controls and embargoes; Foreign Corrupt Practices Act compliance; regulation of foreign investment; and trade issues that arise in transactions.
		International trade agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other bilateral and multilateral agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly expanded the scope of domestic government regulation that is subject to international obligations.
		Trade agreements now extend to areas such as financial services, environmental regulation, intellectual property, product standards, telecommunications, transportation and distribution, and certain aspects of foreign investment.
	www.pillsburylaw.com /cgi-bin/bvisapi.dll/portal/ep/paDetail.do?pa=1500&BV (2157 words)

	Brad DeLong's Semi-Daily Journal: International Trade
		Although Bush came into office mouthing all the proper platitudes about free trade and pledging his support for a new multilateral trade agreement, he made it very clear from the beginning that his heart was never in it.
		Third, it got the trade talks off on a very bad foot because the countries most hurt by the tariffs were precisely those whose support we needed to get a multilateral trade agreement.
		Considering its distribution across workers, such an effect was positive for the wage of all native workers with at least a high school degree (88% of the labor force in year 2000), while it was null to moderately negative for the wages of natives without a high school degree.
	delong.typepad.com /sdj/international_trade (15175 words)

	International Trade Resources
		The World Trade Association of Utah (WTA) is a nonprofit organization of individuals, corporations, government, academic institutions and others having a common interest in promoting international commerce.
		Assists American companies with world-class market research, trade events that promote their product or services to qualified buyers, introductions to qualified buyers and distributors, and counceling through every step of the export process.
		The Office of Trade and Economic Analysis (OTEA) collects and analyzes international and domestic trade data and produces a variety of reports on U.S. exporters and export markets.
	www.international.utah.gov /resources.html (806 words)

	GT Global Trade Practice Group
		The Chairman of the Greenberg Traurig Global Trade Practice Group is James Bacchus, who has recently returned to the firm after a leave of absence while he served as Chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization.
		The seven judges of the Appellate Body hear final appeals in international trade disputes involving the 95 percent of the world commerce conducted by the 146 countries and other customs territories that are the Members of the WTO.
		The international trade disputes he has judged have involved billions of dollars in trade annually relating to goods, services, and intellectual property ranging from apples and bananas, to automobiles and airplanes, to semiconductors and supercomputers, to textiles and pharmaceuticals, and, most recently, to steel.
	www.gtlaw.com /practices/intl_trade/index.asp (668 words)

	Biography - Douglas N. Jacobson
		Douglas Jacobson is an accomplished international trade attorney who regularly advises clients on a wide range of issues relating to import and export regulations and transactions.
		Doug regularly monitors and reports to clients on significant legislative, regulatory and political developments through International Trade Law News, a web-based compilation of news and information on export controls, customs, antidumping and other international trade matters.
		Handles customs and international trade-related appeals before the United States Court of International Trade and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
	www.djacobsonlaw.com (702 words)

	Smith, Gambrell & Russell \| Attorneys at Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		From the general nature of customs compliance to the more intricate representation required for companies engaged in exporting sophisticated technology, the Firm has the capacity to facilitate the process and streamline the compliance activities of the client.
		When a company is engaged in international trade, it may be confronted with a number of issues beyond export and import regulatory matters.
		In addition to these international activities, the Firm has the capacity to assist with the development of trade strategies and support the international trade business activities of U.S. and foreign companies.
	www.sgrlaw.com /practiceareas/practicearea.asp?prid=56 (165 words)

	Baker Hostetler - Practice Strengths - International Trade
		Baker Hostetler International Trade, Customs and Immigration attorneys frequently work in teams with other practice specialties to provide clients with the most effective and efficient service.
		Baker Hostetler’s lawyers handled all international matters in the United States for the Gouvernement du Québec for a decade, achieving unparalleled dismissals of subsidy claims during the most demanding years inaugurating the Free Trade Agreement Between Canada and the United States, and NAFTA.
		Our International Trade Practice boasts of having litigated a full course meal—on behalf of imports of wheat gluten (essential for bread) under Section 201; beer (under Section 301); pork (countervailing duties); apples (Section 332), and a variety of other agricultural products including alfalfa, UHT milk, and live swine (under various trade provisions).
	bakerlaw.com /BDs.aspx?Abs_BD_ID=d6f8c33c-659f-43fe-be13-977355fec3a7 (915 words)

	Venable LLP - Practice Areas - International Trade
		Import and Customs Practice -- Our international trade lawyers advise clients on all aspects of import and customs-related matters, including valuation, classification, country of origin and marking, quotas, and compliance with NAFTA and other preferential trade programs.
		Export Controls and Embargoes -- We regularly assist individuals and businesses in connection with export control and embargo regulations administered by the Bureau of Industry and Security, the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and the Office of Foreign Assets Control.
		International Transactional and Legislative Practices -- Venable’s Trade Practice advises clients on the full range of international transactional issues such as counseling on strategic sourcing; sales and distribution arrangements in the United States and abroad; compliance with export controls; the use of foreign agents; affiliated offices; and joint ventures.
	www.venable.com /practice.cfm?action=view&practice_id=210 (416 words)

	Amnesty International: International Trade in Arms and Military Training News
		Amnesty International USA is proud to announce its support of Lord of War, a film starring Nicolas Cage and Ethan Hawke that illustrates the deadly impact of the uncontrolled global arms trade.
		Help Prevent the Supply of Cluster Munitions to Israel According to the New York Times, the United States is considering a rush delivery of cluster bombs to Israel to be used in their ground offensive in Lebanon.
		Amnesty International opposes the use of inherently indiscriminate weapons such as cluster bombs, which scatter scores of bomblets over a wide area, typically the size of one or two football fields.
	www.amnestyusa.org /arms_trade/news.do (445 words)

	Small Arms and Light Weapons - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		These small weapons are only part of a larger trade that includes heavier and more lethal weaponry, but light arms are often especially baneful because they are cheap, easy to transport and can be handled by ill-trained rebel soldiers and even children.
		This report by Oxfam International, Amnesty International and International Action Network on Small Arms describes how UN arms embargoes aimed at preventing companies and individuals from trafficking weapons to countries engaged in conflict are violated on a regular basis.
		A report published by Amnesty, Oxfam and the International Action Network on Small Arms states that the global arms trade threatens and undermines the G8’s efforts at humanitarian aid, including their commitment to debt relief.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/smallarms/salwindx.htm (1739 words)

	Hughes Hubbard and Reed : International Trade and Customs Practice
		Our international trade and customs practice covers the entire range of international trade regulatory issues, on both the inbound and outbound side of transactions.
		As more and more areas, formerly subject only to domestic laws, become the subject of multilateral trade law disciplines, we are uniquely situated to advise clients on the internationalization of the rules that govern their business.
		For more information on our International Trade and Customs practice or to join our mailing list and receive future publications, please contact F.
	www.hugheshubbard.com /practice/detail.asp?PracticeAreaID=34 (297 words)

	international trade new
		Mexican Trade Office -- This site is designed to give convenient access to import/export information related to Mexico.
		State of Hidalgo -- Hidalgo's international corporation (COINHI) is a new organization conceived by the state government to promote the development trade and direct investment.
		State of Aquascalien -- The state government, through the state council for economic and trade development, often need assistance to help all new investment projects that decide to establish operations in Aquascalientes.
	www.angelina.edu /SBDC/international_trade_new.htm (734 words)

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