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Topic: Internet backbone

Related Topics

NSFNet

Routing

Computer network

Tier 1 ISP

UUNet

Backbone cabal

History of computing hardware

WorldCom

Colossus computer

History of the Internet

	Internet Backbone
		Internet backbone is the physical network (usually relying on fiber optic cable) that carries Internet traffic between different networks and is measured in megabits per second.
		As a result, having a high capacity of Internet backbone in a metropolitan area relative to demand is a competitive advantage.
		Places with the most backbone capacity relative to demand tend to be located in the middle of the nation.
	www.neweconomyindex.org /metro/part4_page5.html (319 words)

	FCC Releases Study of Internet Backbone Market: Study Concludes that Competitive Internet Backbone Market Should Remain ...
		Since its commercialization in 1995, the Internet has served as an example of a network industry in which interconnection agreements are reached through commercial negotiations in a "handshake," rather than a regulated, environment.
		The Internet is a network of networks, owned and operated by numerous companies, including the Internet backbone providers that use telecommunications networks and routing equipment to deliver data traffic to and from their customers.
		Internet backbone providers must interconnect with one another in order to enable their customers to exchange traffic with the customers of other backbones, resulting in the universal connectivity that is the hallmark of today's Internet.
	www.fcc.gov /Bureaus/OPP/News_Releases/2000/nrop0002.html (865 words)

	Internet backbone Summary
		The Internet backbone refers to the main 'trunk' connections of the Internet.
		Part of the extreme resilience of the Internet is due to a high level of redundancy in the Internet backbone and the fact that the Internet Protocol routing decisions are made and updated in real-time during use.
		With the decommissioning of the NSFNet Internet backbone network on April 30, 1995, the Internet now consists entirely of the various commercial ISPs and private networks (as well as inter-university networks), as connected at their peering points.
	www.bookrags.com /Internet_backbone (582 words)

	Expansion of the Internet Backbone in Ghana
		This growth, coupled with the strong demand for Internet services from companies and individuals in Ghana, would suggest that the Internet is poised for dynamic growth in Ghana and the West African subregion as a whole.
		The backbone for this circuit lands directly in Mae East where the core routers of the Internet are situated and with onward connection to UUNET.
		Many African countries are promoting the Internet by establishing schemes to encourage educational institutions and businesses to connect, thus the backbone and bandwidth made available to the Internet has to grow and expand from year to year as enormous demands are made on the networks.
	www.isoc.org /inet97/proceedings/E5/E5_2.HTM (1810 words)

	How Does the Internet Work? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Internet is represented as an abstract object in-between.
		The Internet backbone is made up of many large networks which interconnect with each other.
		The routers connected to the NSP backbones hold the largest routing tables and here the packet will be routed to the correct backbone, where it will begin its journey 'downward' through smaller and smaller networks until it finds it's destination.
	www.theshulers.com /whitepapers/internet_whitepaper.html (4210 words)

	Backbone Radio - Frequesntly Asked Questions
		Backbone Radio is an integrated streaming software suite for the Macintosh that makes it easy to organize, schedule and broadcast (stream) all types of live and recorded audio directly onto the Internet.
		Backbone Radio is aimed at helping new and established radio broadcasters economically manage their entry into Internet Radio, with intuitive, easy to use "jock-friendly" tools that extend the professional broadcast environment to internet broadcasting.
		Backbone Radio, in all three versions, Backbone Radio Standard, Pro and Hosting Suite, is an integrated professional radio station automation software package for internet radio stations.
	www.backbone.com /faqs.html (3794 words)

	Internet Architecture and Backbone (Linktionary term)
		The Internet is sometimes called a backbone network, but this is misleading since the Internet is actually many backbones that are interconnected to form a mesh.
		The history of the early Internet is outlined under the topic "Internet." This topic takes up the story in the mid-1980s with the creation of the NSFNET.
		RADB was part of a distributed set of databases known as the Internet Routing Registry, a public repository of announced routes and routing policy in a common format.
	www.linktionary.com /i/internet_arch.html (2328 words)

	NHBweb - Internet Backbone
		The Internet backbone is a number of high speed fiber optic cables which cross the world.
		As the Internet becomes congested, data normally routed on one backbone could be transfered/shared by another backbone and if one backbone becomes inoperable, all the data could be rerouted to another backbone thus keeping the Internet alive.
		As you get further from the Internet backbone, the data lines are generally of the slower speed and very few are connected via dedicated fiber optic lines.
	www.nhbweb.com /nhbweb-backbone.html (394 words)

	An Atlas of Cyberspaces- ISP Backbone Maps
		The IP backbone network of BTnet in the United Kingdom, as early 2000.
		The backbone of JANET, the UK academic and research network as of the spring 2001.
		It should be noted that in the rapidly changing commercial Internet, the backbone maps shown here may not necessarily match the current infrastructure.
	www.cybergeography.org /atlas/isp_maps.html (429 words)

	Communications: The Internet Backbone is Different
		Internet access) in the first mile, but the US carriers are not on the verge of owning the Internet.
		Indeed, the Internet is global while regulation is local, national or (in the case of the EU) regional.
		Recently, Ben Worthen published a detailed map of Internet backbone connectivity in the US and follow on commentary.
	blogs.nmss.com /communications/2006/04/the_internet_ba.html (359 words)

	Cybertelecom :: Backbone
		Backbone providers may have the incentive to improve their facilities on their own networks but neglect the border facilities that interconnect them to tier 2 or tier 3 networks.
		ILECs have argued that investment in Internet backbone bandwidth is anemic and that we are on the verge of a bandwidth crisis.
		Boardwatch magazines' Internet Directory reported in 2001 that there were approximately 35 Internet backbone providers (down 6 from the previous years directory).
	www.cybertelecom.org /broadband/Backbone.htm (2642 words)

	Business Communications Review Magazine - Straightening Out The Internet Backbone
		Since this is essentially a one-to-one relationship between the two parties, a backbone provider needs to peer with lots of other backbones to ensure its customers will have access to the entire Internet—no single peer will connect to every endpoint your users want to go.
		For example, in Boardwatch magazine's 2001 rankings of backbone providers, the top seven ISP backbones, which had a combined market share of 83 percent, were owned by either large carriers or ISPs that had been acquired by larger carriers.
		The foundation of the British carrier's Internet business is the former MCI Internet backbone, which CandW acquired from WorldCom.
	www.bcr.com /carriers/briefing/internet_backbone_20010719414.htm (1880 words)

	Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet: History of the Internet
		The Internet Research Task Force continues to organize and explore advanced concepts in networking under the guidance of the Internet Activities Board and with support from various government agencies.
		The recording of identifiers is provided by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) who has delegated one part of this responsibility to an Internet Registry which acts as a central repository for Internet information and which provides central allocation of network and autonomous system identifiers, in some cases to subsidiary registries located in various countries.
		Although the initial community of users of the Internet were drawn from the ranks of computer science and engineering, its users now comprise a wide range of disciplines in the sciences, arts, letters, business, military and government administration.
	www.isoc.org /internet/history/cerf.shtml (1396 words)

	ISP-Planet - Market Research - ISP Backbone Market Forecast: Flat Through 2002
		According to Cahners In-Stat/MDR there will be zero growth in the number of backbone connections used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in 2002.
		The independent research firm contends that backbone providers will need to focus on key decision criteria used by ISPs—such as price, reliability, reputation, financial stability, and availability of service—in selecting their backbone providers.
		At the end of 2000, 10 backbone providers generated 92 percent of all wholesale ISP revenues.
	www.isp-planet.com /research/2002/backbone_020123.html (489 words)

	Backbone network - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early days of the Internet, a single backbone network existed in the form of first the ARPAnet and later the NSFnet.
		All other networks connected with one another via the Internet backbone, and routing information was conveyed between the backbone and the other networks via the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
		Rather, each Internet service provider has its own backbone network, and exchanges traffic with other networks by peering, or by transit agreements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Backbone_network (149 words)

	News @ Cisco: Telstra Accelerates Internet Backbone with 10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology From Cisco
		The Cisco 12000 Series Internet Router is part of Cisco's family of multimillion packets-per-second IP and MPLS (Multi-protocol label switching) routing platforms.
		The 12000 Internet Series routers in Telstra's core network are supported by a metropolitan and regional access network based around Cisco routers from the 7600, 7500, 7200, 5300 and 3600 series.
		The Cisco 12000 Series is the premier Internet routing platform for service provider backbone, high-speed edge and metro applications and enables service providers to meet the challenge of building IP networks to satisfy customer demands while increasing profitability.
	newsroom.cisco.com /dlls/prod_022403f.html (605 words)

	Wired News: Does the Internet Backbone Index Have a Spine?
		North America's fastest Internet backbone belongs to CompuServe, and the overall performance of the Net's fattest pipes improved dramatically over the holiday slowdown, according to the latest version of a controversial backbone survey that is expected to be released today.
		But one source, a former network engineer at a backbone provider that is one of the 39 in the survey, said that when he was asked to furnish an IP address to Keynote for testing, he gave them an address that was mirrored, or duplicated, on both the east and west coasts.
		If a smaller backbone provider suffers poor peering with one of the top three providers, their ranking in the index will suffer, said the source.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,10984,00.html (1096 words)

	asia.internet.com Realtime News for IT Managers
		Prompted by the continuing growth of Internet traffic and the potential cost-savings for traditional telephony applications, Japanese telecommunications firms and Internet service providers are expanding their backbone networks.
		Operator of Japan's largest Internet backbone, IIJ has added 200 mbps of additional capacity to its Japan-US backbones since the start of the year.
		In February, KDD announced the opening of a new backbone link between Neweb and the IP network of Sweden's Telia.
	asia.internet.com /news/article.php/80961 (727 words)

	Internet Backbones
		Having multiple Internet backbone connections will not only provide the redundancy of your Internet connections, but it also improves the performance of your webpage or application serving.
		It is important for you to find out what Internet backbone providers your hosting center is using, and how reliable and scalable these backbones are.
		Now you can lookup who are these backbones from their AS numbers at ARIN's WHOIS server.
	www.cybercon.com /backbone.html (812 words)

	Technology Review: U.S. Decision To Retain Oversight Of Internet's Backbone Criticized
		In Japan, officials said the use of the Internet for business and commerce -- and keeping it available to all -- would be debated further in light of the U.S. decision.
		Patrik Linden, a spokesman for the Swedish Internet infrastructure foundation, which runs and develops the Swedish top level domain.se, said the U.S. announcement was "rather confrontational" toward those who would like to see an international body take control of the Internet root servers.
		Robert Shaw, an Internet strategy and policy adviser with the Geneva-based International Telecommunication Union, said the U.S. decision is based on increased concern about cybersecurity, noting that Internet addresses and domain name servers (DNS) are government infrastructures that merit protecting just as much as cities, water supplies and highways.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/05/07/ap/ap_2070105.asp (554 words)

	Inter.net Changes Internet Backbone Carrier
		Inter.net U.S. Ltd. is adding several network suppliers for the purposes of improving customer service levels and expanding coverage across the U.S., marking the end of its supplier relationship with its primary U.S. provider, and former parent company, PSINet.
		Inter.net provides customers with dial-up and broadband Internet access, integrated tools (email, chat, instant messaging, etc.) and localized content via country specific portals.
		Inter.net US Ltd. was created in July 2000 by combining 5 ISP's: Telepath, Ionet, TIAC, Surfree, and Zebranet.
	dc.internet.com /news/article.php/856011 (363 words)

	Backbone - AOL Music
		Vertebral column, of a vertebrate organism; Backbone chain, in polymer chemistry, the framework...
		The Internet backbone refers to the main 'trunk'; connections of the Internet.
		With the decommissioning of the NSFNet Internet backbone network on April...
	music.aol.com /artist/backbone/289466/main (105 words)

	GRC \| The Internet: How it works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This is often called the "Last Mile" of the Internet and ranges from dial-up modems, to ISDN, to DSL, to Cable Modem, to local Ethernet segments.
		In other words, a large percentage of the TOTAL bandwidth of the Internet would be flowing through this node, and it's unlikely that any current technology on Earth could adequately handle that much traffic.
		This diagram is Verio's, so it does not show the main Internet backbone links, nor the many other ISP's whose coverage criss-crosses the United States and smaller regions to provide an incredible level of redundant Internetworking connectivity.
	www.grc.com /dos/theinternet.htm (766 words)

	NSFNET, National Science Foundation Network
		In 1990, the military sponsored ARPANET was officially dissolved, and responsibility for the remaining elements of the research network was passed to the NSFNET.
		In recognition of the fact that the network was growing beyond its research focus, in March, 1991, the NSFNET officially ushered in the next wave of Internet growth by modifying its Acceptable Use Policy to allow commercial use by "research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research".
		In December, 1992, the NSFNET backbone was completely converted to a T3 or 44.736 Mbps capacity, capable of transmitting 4 and a half million characters a second.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_nsfnet.htm (1288 words)

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