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Topic: Internet censorship

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	censorship
		National Coalition Against Censorship The National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC), founded in 1974, is an alliance of over 40 national non-commercial organizations, including literary, artistic, religious, educational, professional, labor, and civil liberties groups.
		Families Against Internet Censorship FAIC is committed to opposing censorship on the Internet believing that parents are the people best suited to decide what their children should and should not see.
		Censorship This page includes definitions of important terms, background information on censorship in general and on censorship on the internet, news stories about the issue, case studies of censorship cases, and various opinions on the question.
	www.scils.rutgers.edu /~kvander/censorship.html (2222 words)

	Internet Censorship Around the World
		In many countries, the Internet community is fighting to hold on to its freedom of speech inside the Internet, against attempts at censorship or pushes for restrictive legislation by the state, political groups or other kind of organizations.
		We view the contribution of this paper as being the compilation of a global map of the state of censorship of the Internet, from the point of view of regulations enacted or proposed to regulate content, using the Chilean proposed bill as a case study.
		However, the right to freedom of information without prior censorship is guaranteed by the constitution, in its article 19 Nº 12; and the implementation of this guarantee and its limitations due to civil and penal responsibility that arise from the exercise of this freedom are also in the law mentioned.
	www.isoc.org /inet2000/cdproceedings/8k/8k_4.htm (2066 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Technology \| Web censorship: Correspondent reports
		Internet service providers (ISPs) are required by law to monitor their own websites and chat-rooms for "dangerous content".
		For many, the censorship of sites which question, discuss or oppose the ruling families of the Gulf states and their absolute power, is anachronistic.
		Internet users in Dubai's commercial free zones - like Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City and Knowledge Village - are able to sidestep the strict state censorship by using a different proxy.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/technology/5024874.stm (1159 words)

	Internet Censorship: USA versus China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the United States, the Internet has reached a saturation point with approximately 68.6% of its populace considered to be Internet users, according to Internet World Stats.com (1).
		Internet Censorship is an increasingly important issue for the United States; although both of the laws passed in the last decade that severely censored public Internet access were struck down in court, many more are already preparing for the docket.
		The Electronic Frontier Foundation, one of the primary defenders of Internet freedom, claims that our "free speech, privacy, innovation, and consumer rights" are among the most important things we have at stake to lose in the coming year's legislative battles (2).
	www.cwu.edu /~gellenbe/350/project1/censorship/USA/importance.html (178 words)

	Government Internet Censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		And while countries with poor human rights records, such as Zimbabwe and Burma, are already well known for their internet censorship, the US and Western Europe don't escape criticism from the report for their growing fondness for monitoring the activities of web users.
		The report highlights how non-democratic regimes are already using internet surveillance and censorship for political purposes but, without technology supplied by Western nations, wouldn't be able to achieve the same level of monitoring.
		Internet restrictions and communications surveillance around the world have reached an “unprecedented level “ since the September 2001 attacks on the United States.
	www.fathers.ca /government_internet_censorship.htm (1196 words)

	PC World - China Finds Freedom Behind Great Firewall
		The issue of Internet censorship in China, including Chinese government attempts to block access to some Web sites and censor discussion groups, is routinely met with criticism from human rights groups and Western observers.
		Internet users who post content online or participate in discussion groups are generally savvy enough to know what topics test the government's tolerance for free discussion and as a result temper their remarks through self-censorship, a phenomenon noted by several observers and decried by advocates of free speech outside China.
		The Chinese government's attitude towards the Internet is split between a desire to control the information available to Chinese Internet users and a recognition that the Internet is a critical tool for the country's economic development and modernization, he said.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,116278,00.asp (1146 words)

	Global Voices Online » Blog Archive » Internet Censorship in Pakistan
		The Society Against Internet Censorship in Pakistan has also been very active in spreading about the word about the block, and has been spreading the news in Pakistan and outside, in the hope that increased awareness will lead to the govt.
		At best, attempts to censor the internet will give the censors a false sense of security that they are doing something, while slowing down the internet for the entire country, as well as further degrading its image throughout the world.
		The internet, although a network in name and geography, is a creature of the computer, not the traditional network of the telephone or television industry.
	www.globalvoicesonline.org /2006/05/08/internet-censorship-in-pakistan (867 words)

	Internet Censorship
		Certainly one of the highest profile examples of attempted government censorship of the Internet was brought into the public forum with the passage of the Communications Decency Act (SB 314 and HR 1004), signed by President Clinton and enacted into law on February 1, 1996.
		Although complete censorship of the Internet looks to be technologically and jurisdictionally unrealistic, this does not mean that individual users are not currently capable of controlling their own online experience, and that of their children.
		For opponents of Internet censorship, there seems to be a consensus that use of this type of software at the end-user level is the only realistic and effective approach to tailoring appropriate Internet use in any given case.
	members.cox.net /jeffdrum/InternetCensorship.htm (1849 words)

	Australian Internet Censorship: Speech to Australian Press Council by Danny Yee
		The global society that is the Internet has its own rules and its own methods of enforcing them -- rules and sanctions which have been developed over the decades of the Net's existence and which reflect its technological and social realities in a way alternatives imposed from outside cannot.
		On the Internet these are separable, and the first is achievable while the second is not.
		Another problem is that the Internet transcends the boundaries of nation-states, raising the question of exactly whose censorship laws should apply.
	danny.oz.au /freedom/APCspeech.html (1565 words)

	The Internet Censorship FAQ
		The Internet Censorship FAQ was created by Jonathan Wallace and Mark Mangan, co-authors of Sex, Laws and Cyberspace, a new book on Internet censorship from Henry Holt.
		The principal threat of Internet censorship today is the Communications Decency Act, a law passed by Congress and signed by the President in January, 1996 which would apply quite radical regulations to speech on the Internet.
		The extremist rationale of the CDA is that censorship which would be impermissible for the printed word is appropriate for the electronic word, and that works which are protected on paper are subject to censorship on a computer screen.
	www.spectacle.org /freespch/faq.html (2408 words)

	Silenced: Censorship and Control of the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Internet has evolved to become an increasingly important platform not just for economic development, but also as a support for advocates who wish to express their opinion freely and to work toward the development of democracy.
		Control and censorship has a substantial effect on the Internet because it undermines confidence and trust in the medium and inhibits crucial flows of data.
		This study has found that censorship of the Internet is commonplace in most regions of the world.
	www.privacyinternational.org /survey/censorship (669 words)

	Censorship And The Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Internet is a global medium of information exchange, thus enforcing United States laws in foreign countries would be illogical since the U.S. does not have jurisdiction in foreign countries.
		I feel that enacting laws restricting Internet speech is not the proper way to solve their problem as it violates fundamental Constitutional rights and cannot be enforced within the boundaries of foreign countries.
		Approving any law which condones Internet censorship would be illogical because it could not be enforced in foreign countries and would violate the First Amendment right to freedom of the press.
	www.public.asu.edu /~goutam/censorship.htm (2557 words)

	Internet Rights - APC
		The Internet has provided a refreshing change from other media that are dominated by powerful political and economic interests.
		We are working with sympathetic lawyers to ensure that our members and users have up-to-date and accurate legal advice on dealing with censorship attempts and we are developing lobbying and campaigning work to ensure a favourable legal situation for free expression on public interest and social campaigning issues.
		APC's Internet Rights project is producing studies of important cases where Internet censorship was attempted and how this was opposed.
	www.apc.org /english/rights/censorship/index.shtml (298 words)

	Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China
		The Internet poses a new challenge to such censorship, both because of the sheer breadth of content typically available, and because sources of content are so often remote from Chinese jurisdiction, and thus much more difficult to penalize for breaching restrictions on permissible materials.
		Further, while the government-connected Internet Society of China (not a chapter of the international Internet Society) has asked Internet service providers and content creators to sign a pledge including self-filtering, few official statements document the existence of government-maintained web filtering, much less the criteria employed and thresholds necessary to elicit a block.
		China's Internet filtering efforts remain opaque, and in the absence of government cooperation or admission of filtering methods, data probing of the sort used in our study remains a useful tool in determining the scope of filtering.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china (3459 words)

	Internet Censorship - law & policy around the world
		Internet Content Providers (ICPs) are required to exercise judgement with regards to content posted on the Internet according to the definitions of what constitute prohibited material in the Internet Code of Practice.
		In September 1996, a non-government organisation named the UK Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) (originally the Safety-Net Foundation) was established by Internet Service Provider associations to implement proposals to deal with illegal material on the Internet, with particular reference to child pornography.
		Further, the Court explained that, as applied to the Internet, a community standards criterion would effectively mean that because all Internet communication is made available to a worldwide audience, the content of the conveyed message will be judged by the standards of the community most likely to be offended by the content.
	www.efa.org.au /Issues/Censor/cens3.html (8846 words)

	INTERNET CENSORSHIP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		These are programs that use various techniques to limit an Internet surfer's access to certain web sites.
		The censorship may be done on the basis of a list of banned sites, or by analyzing the text of each site at the time it is loaded into a browser.
		A sampling of censorship activity in various locations:
	www.religioustolerance.org /cyberpat.htm (125 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : ACLU Returns to Court to Defend Right to Online Free Speech
		The censorship law was signed by President Clinton in 1998 and has never been enforced.
		Attorneys will argue that the censorship law directly violates the First Amendment rights of the ACLU’s plaintiffs, their members and tens of millions of other speakers to communicate protected expression on the Internet.
		Previously, a federal district court in Philadelphia and a federal appeals court found the online censorship law unconstitutional, and the Supreme Court upheld the ban on enforcement of the law in June 2004.
	www.aclu.org /freespeech/internet/27144prs20061023.html (738 words)

	Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China is conducted under a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations.
		Although the government does not have the physical resources to monitor all Internet chat rooms and forums, the threat of being shut down has caused Internet content providers to employ internal staff, colloquially known as "big mamas", who stop and remove forum comments which may be politically sensitive.
		On February 14, 2006, a group of former senior Communist party officials in China criticized the Internet censorship, stating that strict censorship may "sow the seeds of disaster" for China's political transition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China (3521 words)

	Censorship on the Internet
		In particular, the study warned of the harmful effect on young people who may be reluctant to otherwise seek details on such subjects from adults.
		Although censorship efforts may impact readily available materials, given the Internet's potential to instantly reroute, encrypt, and repackage information, an astute computer user with a willing Internet friend anywhere in the world can work around most roadblocks.
		Even though librarians, in general, oppose censorship efforts, many public schools and libraries have bowed to pressure by some politicians and parents to use filtering software to limit Internet access.
	www.cybercollege.com /internet.htm (1182 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer
		Secondly, as the case of China illustrates, the government will often authorize certain topics to be censored leaving the decision on what is specifically blocked to private firms.
		In addition to the fact that filtering does not contribute to the removal of child pornography from the Internet and does not contribute to the arrest and prosecution of criminals who traffic in this material it is also easily circumvented.
		Internet providers that don’t block the sites may make themselves legally liable if a user acts on what they read online, Warman suggested.
	ice.citizenlab.org (1698 words)

	Human Rights Watch - Censorship - China - Beijing Olympics 2008
		Local propaganda departments monitor newspapers, television and radio, while police monitor the Internet; news media and the Internet are each governed by separate and overlapping laws and regulations.
		The use of the Internet to mobilize for social change was demonstrated in 2003, when thousands of Chinese citizens around the country took to the web to protest the death of migrant worker Sun Zhigang in police custody.
		Many Internet activists are serving long prison sentences because of their activism on the Web.
	www.hrw.org /campaigns/china/beijing08/censorship.htm (958 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| The cost of China's web censors
		Every internet cafe in Beijing was closed for safety checks after a fatal fire in June.
		China's elderly patriarchs see censorship as justified by the need for social stability to grow the economy and meet the needs of their huge population.
		But many of today's internet billionaires started out as insubordinate slackers, similar to the high school students who crowded Beijing's internet bars and - allegedly - neglected their schoolwork.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/business/2264508.stm (1001 words)

	China: Controls tighten as Internet activism grows - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		China is said to have in place the most extensive censorship of the Internet of any country in the world.
		In response to the heavy censorship imposed by the authorities many Internet users in China have tried to circumvent the firewalls and filters blocking content which is considered by the authorities to be politically "harmful" by using particular software.
		Posted an article on the Internet accusing the Chinese government of corruption and signed a petition addressed to the 16th Communist Party Congress that was later posted on the Internet, calling for democracy.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGASA170012004 (7890 words)

	Internet Censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In this case, "it," is what privacy and computer experts have long warned about: massive censorship of the web on a nationwide and global scale.
		This censorship is accomplished by geolocation filtering: the restriction or modifying of web content based on the geographical region of the user.
		They will be the last to admit they have imported their censorship skills into the United States at the behest of the Bush regime.
	www.rense.com /general69/intercens.htm (818 words)

	blogdriverswaltz.com » Blog Archive » Internet censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Internet has been an incredibly empowering and democratizing force for many netizens, but yet tragically freedom of speech and thought are far from universally acceptable laws.
		The censorship was most readily apparent on the Chinese version of the MSN Spaces Web log service.
		A little censorship lays the foundation for greater censorship to come.(As it allways does) and further degradation of these essential human liberties Ben Franklin spoke of…..
	blogdriverswaltz.com /?p=569 (473 words)

	The Internet Censorship Saga: 1994-1997
		In addition to igniting passions on the Internet, the cyberporn scare sparked the wrath of Congress, where senators, primed with copies of the study and samples of indecent GIFs, stepped in to protect the country from a tide of Internet-ready smut.
		When Congress decided that material unsuitable for minors was available on the Internet, it could have chosen to assist and support the development of technology that would enable parents, schools, and libraries to screen such material from their end.
		The Government apparently assumes that the unregulated availability of "indecent" and "patently offensive" material on the Internet is driving countless citizens away from the medium because of the risk of exposing themselves or their children to harmful material.
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /6805/articles/cda/saga.html (2151 words)

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