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Topic: Internet censorship in China

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	Censorship - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Censorship is the use of state or group power to control freedom of expression.
		Censorship is commonly used by social groups, organized religions, corporations and governments.
		A recent phenomenon for avoiding censorship and speaking directly to members of society is culture jamming, where individuals or non-conforming groups use large-scale corporate techniques to attack implicit domination and censorship through trivial or deliberately irrelevant messages.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /censorship.htm (902 words)

	Internet censorship in mainland China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the government does not have the physical resources to monitor all Internet chat rooms and forums, the threat of being shut down has caused internet content providers to employ internal staff, colloquially known as "big mamas", who stop and remove forum comments which may be politically sensitive.
		VPN and ssh connections to outside mainland China are not blocked, so circumventing all of the censorship and monitoring features of the Great Firewall of China is trivial for those who have these secure connection methods to computers outside mainland China available to them.
		Internet Filtering in China in 2004-2005: A Country Study, from the OpenNet Initiative (Also available as a Adobe PDF file here).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China (1873 words)

	Internet censorship in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One part of this system is known outside China as the Great Firewall of China (in reference both to its role as a network firewall and to the ancient Great Wall of China).
		Some legal scholars have pointed that the frequency at which the Chinese government issues new regulations on the Internet is a symptom of their ineffectiveness because the new regulations never make reference to the previous set of regulations, which appear to have been forgotten.
		Although the government does not have the physical resources to monitor all Internet chat rooms and forums, the threat of being shut down has caused internet content providers to have internal staff, who are colloquially known as "big mamas" who stop and remove forum comments which may be politically sensitive.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Internet_censorship_in_China (1258 words)

	Censorship in cyberspace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Censorship in cyberspace is often treated as a separate issue from censorship of offline material, but the legal issues are similar.
		The People's Republic of China has set up systems for Internet censorship that are collectively known as the Great Firewall of China.
		The majority of Internet access in the Middle East and a number of other countries is through government controlled proxy servers that block access to sites that are considered to be 'immoral'.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Censorship_in_cyberspace (463 words)

	PCWorld.com - China Finds Freedom Behind Great Firewall
		The issue of Internet censorship in China, including Chinese government attempts to block access to some Web sites and censor discussion groups, is routinely met with criticism from human rights groups and Western observers.
		Internet users who post content online or participate in discussion groups are generally savvy enough to know what topics test the government's tolerance for free discussion and as a result temper their remarks through self-censorship, a phenomenon noted by several observers and decried by advocates of free speech outside China.
		The Chinese government's attitude towards the Internet is split between a desire to control the information available to Chinese Internet users and a recognition that the Internet is a critical tool for the country's economic development and modernization, he said.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,116278,00.asp (963 words)

	Ethical analysis of internet filtering in China - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		China History Forum is an online chinese history forum, discussion board or community for all who are interested in learning and discussing chinese history from prehistoric till modern times, including chinese art of war, chinese culture topics.
		China feared that certain websites are harmful and were used as propaganda means to spread rumors and slandering across the internet.
		That news was actually censored in china for about 1 day, but people still get their information from the strait times and etc. Even though the starit times did over dramatize the situation by stating that over 200 people have died when there were only about 30.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=293 (1735 words)

	Internet Censorship - China - M/Cyclopedia of New Media
		China is an interesting example of how a government can implement large scale censorship of the internet.
		Internet cafés have been requested to install software to monitor their customers and are not allowed to permit people under 18 to use their services.
		Nonetheless, as indicated by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_ (2004) the firewall is largley inneffective and is eaisly avoided by using proxy servers outside of China.
	wiki.media-culture.org.au /index.php/Internet_Censorship_-_China (575 words)

	Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China...
		We don't have an article called "Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China..."
		Search for "Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China..." in...
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China... (61 words)

	Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China
		The Internet poses a new challenge to such censorship, both because of the sheer breadth of content typically available, and because sources of content are so often remote from Chinese jurisdiction, and thus much more difficult to penalize for breaching restrictions on permissible materials.
		China also filtered 101 of these hosts (0.2%), while China filtered 5,903 additional hosts (11.9% of the sample) not filtered in Saudi Arabia.
		China's Internet filtering efforts remain opaque, and in the absence of government cooperation or admission of filtering methods, data probing of the sort used in our study remains a useful tool in determining the scope of filtering.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china (3450 words)

	OJR article: Internet Censorship in China
		Censorship in Central Europe Government censorship of the Internet in China exists, but it's practically out of sight, out of mind.
		Even with steadily declining access fees, Internet service in China is generally much more expensive than that in the U.S. An account holder must pay $75 a month, in addition to a $120 deposit, for unlimited access to ChinaNet, the primary commercial network run by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.
		Those Internet users in China caught violating the regulation are to be fined for $625 to $1875 for a minor violation.
	www.ojr.org /ojr/business/1017967553.php (1186 words)

	Preview
		China's Internet infrastructure relies heavily on Western technology, and next-generation routers built and marketed for the purposes of stopping cyber attacks can be redeployed to filter sensitive content.
		Internet users worldwide should be wary of the potential for China's 'best practices' to become the model for censorship regimes in other countries," said Ronald Deibert, director of the Citizen Lab, University of Toronto.
		China is already competitive in the telecoms market in Central Asia and may well export its experience with high tech censorship to regimes embattled by increasingly vocal and technologically savvy civil society actors.
	www.techtree.com /techtree/jsp/showstory.jsp?storyid=3289 (689 words)

	Internet prods Asia to open up \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		SHANGHAI, CHINA – As the Internet sweeps across Asia, it is bringing with it a strong challenge to the region's authoritarian governments: a freer exchange of information and ideas.
		The "Great Firewall of China" is manned by at least 30,000 censors who blocked as many as 50,000 websites in the first half of 2002, according to a US State Department report on China's human rights.
		Those who study the Internet and its impact on Asia say that although the region is rife with censorship efforts like those in China, freedom is relative and increasing by degrees.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0909/p06s01-woap.html (1233 words)

	Internet Censorship in China
		Foreign visitors in China frequently complain to me that they could not access certain websites during their stay in China.
		We were unable to find contact information for the Internet monitoring agency in China, however, we were lucky enough to have the email address of the secretary of Wen Jiabao, the premier of China.
		However, http://chinese-school.netfirms.com is still blocked by most regions of China, except occasionally and periodically, a few mysterious IP addresses from China show up on our logs.
	chinese-school.netfirms.com /Internet-censorship.html (450 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer » Why Exaggerate? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To me, it appears that there are two angles to most articles about Internet censorship in China one that underestimates China’s information control capabilties and one that exaggerates them.
		Inspired by Ben Walker’s five misconceptions here is my (incomplete) list of “Internet censorship in China myths” that are continuing to appear in the media.
		However, its the manufactured number and the near godlike capabilties assigned to China’s internet police and filtering/monitoring technology in most news reports that infurriates me. There is defintely a lot going on in this area in China, there is a lot left to investigate.
	ice.citizenlab.org /?p=127 (952 words)

	China and Google
		China's recent blocking of Google and AltaVista has us asking whether they might be doing it for reasons that have not been mentioned in the press.
		These terms are absolute pearls; they are a succinct window into the Internet user's interests and state of mind at a particular point in time.
		Google has no offices in China, so Brin enlisted go-betweens to get the message to Chinese authorities that Google would be very interested in working out a compromise to restore access.
	www.google-watch.org /china.html (1211 words)

	Wired News: China's Cyberwall Nearly Concrete
		At a panel discussion held by the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, experts warned that China has recently improved its censorship technology -- much of which is provided by U.S. companies.
		The panel also claimed that China now employs some 30,000 "Internet police" to monitor its citizens, and that is has increased arrests of dissidents and journalists posting illegal content on the Internet.
		The Global Internet Freedom Act (H.R. 5524) introduced in the House of Representatives on Oct. 2 would provide $50 million a year in 2003 and 2004 to help private companies develop new ways to circumvent censorship by foreign governments.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,56195,00.html (822 words)

	People's Republic of China: State control of the internet in China. - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However such groups and individuals in China have used a variety of means to overcome Internet censorship including the use of proxy servers(21) situated outside of China, to circumvent firewalls(22) and the blocking of websites.
		Internet police in cities such as Xi’an and Chongqing can reportedly trace the activities of the users without their knowledge and monitor their online activities by various technical means.
		While Amnesty International (AI) recognizes that Internet companies should be regulated and that restrictions on their activities may be legitimate, AI is concerned at the wide-ranging and broadly defined nature of this Pledge.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/engasa170072002?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES\CHINA (5026 words)

	CBS News \| China's Internet Censorship \| December 3, 2002 15:54:48
		China has been trying to combat independence movements in Tibet and considers Taiwan its territory.
		Edelman said the center launched the research because few specifics were available about Internet censorship in China, though China is widely known to control its residents' access.
		The availability of sites in China were tested first by dialing from Berkman's offices in Cambridge, Mass., the phone numbers of several modems used by Chinese service providers.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2002/12/03/tech/main531567.shtml (460 words)

	- Tech firms blamed for aiding censorship in China - Internet Business News
		While China's large online population and growing economic development represent an irresistible lure for many IT vendors, any technology they provide that helps the Chinese government impose Internet censorship makes them partially to blame for human rights abuses, a new report by Amnesty International (AI) claims.
		By the end of 2003, China had 79.5 million Internet users, 34.5 percent more than it did the previous year, making the country both a huge lure for international investment and more difficult for the government to control, AI said.
		Although the vendors have dismissed claims that they are taking part in China's Net censorship practices, AI has said that their responses as a whole have been "inadequate," especially given recent rules adopted by the United Nations (U.N.).
	www.thestandard.com /article.php?story=20040202172721587 (720 words)

	Simon World :: China internet censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		First the SCMP reports:China on Tuesday said it would toughen its already rigid censorship of the Internet during its annual parliamentary session to keep at bay those with "ulterior motives".
		You are on the invidual archive page of China internet censorship.
		China on Tuesday said it would toughen its already rigid censorship of the Internet during its annual parliamentary session to keep at bay those with "ulterior motives".
	simonworld.mu.nu /archives/069667.php (144 words)

	21C3: Lectures and workshops: Internet censorship in China
		Practical tips for travellers to China on how to circumvent censorship and ideas on how Chinese cyber-culture may be different.
		The most populous country in the world, the People's Republic of China, is both an exciting and emerging cyber-society as well as a nation with harsh restrictions imposed by the government.
		Finally, we'll discuss means of circumventing Internet censorship using methods found in the literature (proxies, onion routing) and through our own research.
	www.ccc.de /congress/2004/fahrplan/event/45.en.html (172 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Technology \| China blocks news not porn online
		Chinese internet surfers have almost unfettered access to pornography, but news, health and education sites are routinely blocked, US researchers have found.
		The findings provide an insight into the priorities for Beijing, which is promoting the use of the internet for business but trying to control it as a channel for political debate.
		But China appears to be becoming more sophisticated in its controls on the net.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/technology/2540309.stm (592 words)

	International Journal of Communications Law and Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Unlike the initial and popular idea that the Internet was an open and liberal medium with inherent features that made it impossible to control, this paper concludes that the Communist Party of China ("CPC") has achieved its goals and effectively controls the content on the Internet without sacrificing economic interests.
		By analyzing China's distinct culture, history, tradition and society, this article points out that Internet control in China will remain unaltered for a relatively long time unless the inner consciousness for free speech in the mind of Chinese people prevails.
		As a result, accompanying this news, the issues surrounding Internet censorship in China has again attracted much international attention, particularly from western nations.
	www.ijclp.org /8_2004/ijclp_webdoc_2_8_2004.htm (328 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer
		- Internet Censorship in Burma Worsening - Irrawaddy
		Singapore’s official position is that the state filters Internet content to promote social values and maintain national unity, with the goal of denying access to objectionable material, especially pornography and content encouraging ethnic or religious strife.
		Cisco’s routers, the report noted, form the backbone of China’s internet access, and include the power to identify and filter packets based on keyword matches — a tool typically used for fighting viruses and denial-of-service attacks that also makes internet censorship easier for repressive governments.
	ice.citizenlab.org (1823 words)

	Reporters sans frontières - China
		Verisign’s decision to assign China a DNS root server is also worrying for the Web’s future.
		At the same time, there has been a surge of posts by Internet users complaining about censoring of their messages, which they are unable to post online.
		According to Dynamic Internet Technology (DIT), a US-based company that specialises in Internet filtering issues in China, Verisign’s decision could make DNS hijacking easier and result in an increase in Internet censorship in China.
	www.rsf.org /article.php3?id_article=9403 (665 words)

	Real-Time Testing of Internet Filtering in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The authors are studying Internet filtering in countries worldwide, including restrictions on Web access in China.
		The authors are working to prepare a sample of specific prohibited terms as well as to document the method of filtering.
		This system is intended for use only to determine whether China is blocking to one or a few specified sites.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /filtering/china/test (472 words)

	HOWTO bypass Internet Censorship, a tutorial on getting around filters and blocked ports
		You have to choose to bypass the Internet censorship or not.
		Normally the censorship is implemented on servers from the ISP or government, but in some schools, private homes and some companies the blocking software is installed on every PC.
		This could be a normal dialup provider in an neighbor country or better a 2-way Internet access via satellite like http://www.europeonline.com/, http://www.remoteworkcentral.com/, http://registrierung.tiscali.de/produkte/1400_satellit.php, http://www.gilat.de/, http://www.hns.com/, http://www.vsatnet.com/, http://www.starband.com/, http://www.wildblue.com/, http://www.skycasters.com/, http://www.directduo.com/, http://www.orbitsat.com/, http://www.ottawaonline.com/ and so on, just search with a search engine for '2-way Internet via satellite [your country or neighbor country]' or something like that.
	www.zensur.freerk.com (4584 words)

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