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Topic: Internet censorship in Tunisia

	Censorship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sanitization (removal) and whitewashing are almost interchangeable terms that refer to a particular form of censorship via omission, which seeks to "clean up" the portrayal of particular issues and/or facts that are already known, but that may be in conflict with the point of view of the censor.
		Censorship is regarded among a majority of academics in the Western world as a typical feature of dictatorships and other authoritarian political systems.
		Censorship has been alleged to occur in such media policies as blurring the boundaries between hard news and news commentary, and in the appointment of allegedly biased commentators, such as a former government attorney, to serve as anchors of programs labeled as hard news but comprising primarily anti-criminal commentary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Censorship (2748 words)

	Internet censorship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Internet censorship is control or suppression of material an individual can publish or access on the Internet.
		Total censorship of information on the Internet, however, is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the internet.
		Norway's major internet service providers have a DNS filter which blocks access to sites authorities claim are known to provide child pornography, similar to Denmark's filter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Censorship_in_cyberspace (1296 words)

	Silenced: Censorship and Control of the Internet
		The Internet has evolved to become an increasingly important platform not just for economic development, but also as a support for advocates who wish to express their opinion freely and to work toward the development of democracy.
		Control and censorship has a substantial effect on the Internet because it undermines confidence and trust in the medium and inhibits crucial flows of data.
		This study has found that censorship of the Internet is commonplace in most regions of the world.
	pi.gn.apc.org /survey/censorship/_index.html (640 words)

	IFLA/FAIFE Report on IFEX-TMG Mission to Tunis
		Tunisia's Press Code - All publications must be deposited with the Ministry of the Interior for vetting before they are distributed A publication can only be distributed once a receipt is issued by the Ministry and receipts are often not forthcoming.
		Despite this situation, library colleagues in Tunisia are thoroughly professional, extremely interested in IFLA and acutely aware of the level of freedom of expression that exists within the country.
		The key issue for libraries in Tunisia is undoubtedly the impact of the Press Code and the interference of the Ministry of the Interior.
	www.ifla.org /faife/faife/tunis-report2005.htm (7740 words)

	Tunisia: Human rights abuses in the run up to the WSIS - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It was hoped that the ITU’s choice of Tunisia as a host country for the WSIS would prompt the Tunisian government to allow greater freedom and relax its controls on free speech and peaceful association, but this has not occurred.
		Censorship is rife and it is believed that many journalists also feel obliged to exercise self-censorship, both journalists working for state media and those employed in the privately-owned media.
		The Tunisian authorities have operated systematic Internet censorship since it began to be used as a new medium of communication in and about Tunisia.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGMDE300192005 (4689 words)

	Internet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005: A Country Study
		Tunisia's Internet infrastructure is composed of multiple ISPs, with centralized filtering carried out by a government agency that controls the network backbone.
		We found that Tunisia blocks significant content that is critical of, or opposed to, the current government and its practices in areas such as human rights, treatment of political prisoners, and conduct regarding opposition political movements.
		Tunisia focuses its efforts on four areas: political opposition, criticism of the government's human rights record, methods of circumventing filtering, and pornography.
	www.opennetinitiative.net /studies/tunisia/index.htm (6627 words)

	The Internet In The Mideast And North Africa - Country Profiles-Tunisia
		While Tunisia's Internet regulations establish standards and rules for an emerging commercial sector, they also reflect the government's restrictive approach to freedom of expression and intolerance of dissent.
		According to the government, "access for individuals, organizations and companies to Internet services is made available simply by applying to the ISP of their choice." The applicant is not required to notify or obtain permission from any governmental entity.
		Tunisia is committed to the principle of preserving moral values and the protection of personal privacy.
	www.hrw.org /advocacy/internet/mena/tunisia.htm (2488 words)

	False Freedom: Online Censorship in the Middle East and North Africa: Tunisia
		Tunisia prides itself on being the first country in the region to establish a connection to the Internet and on being the first in the region to include an explicit guarantee of universal human rights in its constitution.
		But the Internet decree of 1997, which the government says is still valid, holds that ISPs must submit the names of their subscribers to the government in order to facilitate government maintenance of a statistical base and directory of Internet users.
		Tunisia’s censorship of Internet content, though it has apparently eased slightly in recent years, still goes well beyond what could be considered “incitement to hatred, violence, and terrorism.” In 1999, Human Rights Watch reported that Tunisian Internet users had been unable to access Web sites that published criticism of the Tunisian government.
	hrw.org /reports/2005/mena1105/7.htm (9692 words)

	Tunisia: Good, bad and ... Internet, IRED
		Tunisia is among the countries considered to be a French turf on the global playing table.
		Too many things in Tunisia cannot be properly explained without looking to France as a main international intervening factor.
		As a country without oil and gas exports, Tunisia is heavily dependent on international tourism and on some specific industries' exports.
	www.ired.com /news/mkt/tunisia3.htm (844 words)

	AsiaMedia :: TUNISIA: Internet summit host Tunisia under fire over censorship record
		That was partly why the ITU chose Tunisia to host the second phase of the summit.
		Tunisia is also a symbolic choice, according to Mr Robert Shaw, who is the ITU's Internet strategy and policy adviser.
		He called the situation for Internet users and bloggers in Tunisia "scary." He said many websites were blocked by the authorities, and many sources of information were banned.
	www.asiamedia.ucla.edu /article-world.asp?parentid=33707 (517 words)

	Fourwinds10.com - News - Media > Internet -- Internet Censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This censorship is accomplished by geolocation filtering: the restriction or modifying of web content based on the geographical region of the user.
		Government disruption of the political side of the web can easily be hidden amid hyped mainstream news media reports of the latest "boutique" viruses and worms, reports that have more to do with the sales of anti-virus software and services than actual long-term disruption of banks, utilities, or airlines.
		They will be the last to admit they have imported their censorship skills into the United States at the behest of the Bush regime.
	www.fourwinds10.com /news/08-media/C-internet/2005/08C-12-17-05-internet-censorship.html (836 words)

	OpinionJournal - Outside the Box
		The Internet is one of the greatest mechanisms of progress in the history of the world.
		The regimes in China, Cuba, Iran, Syria and Tunisia, for example, believe Internet content must be controlled so that individuals do not have access to any information that has not been approved by their governments.
		Do not invoke the First Amendment in Internet discussions, he was told, for it is viewed as a sign of U.S. arrogance.
	www.opinionjournal.com /columnists/pdupont/?id=110007578 (983 words)

	Committee to Protect Bloggers: WANADOO TO PROVIDE INTERNET ACCESS TO TUNISIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tunisia is one of the most repressive governments around in terms of press freedoms.
		Tunisia is dependent on tourism for much of its hard currency and takes pains to do most of its repression out of sight.
		The World Summit for the Information Society is taking place in Tunisia in November and this out of sight, out of mind modus operandi will no doubt become doubly important as that event approaches.
	committeetoprotectbloggers.blogspot.com /2005/04/wanadoo-to-provide-internet-access-to.html (158 words)

	IFEX Campaigns
		The TMG monitors free expression violations in Tunisia to focus attention on the country's need to improve its human rights record as the host of the November 2005 World Summit on the Information Society.
		However, the TMG says freedom of expression continues to be heavily repressed in the country and it is calling for the release of other dissidents who remain imprisoned, including human rights defender Mohammed Abbou.
		The coalition has cancelled plans to hold a WSIS side event today, saying a series of incidents, including the stabbing of a French reporter, show how unfit Tunisia is to host a conference on freedom of expression and the Internet.
	campaigns.ifex.org /tmg (558 words)

	OpenNet Initiative Blog » Blog Archive » Internet Censorship in Tunisia at WSIS
		They report that attendees are sharing a common experience: censorship by a government that claims to protect freedom of thought and expression.
		Colin notes that Tunisia’s censors are paying close attention to WSIS: in the past 24 hours, they have moved to block access to Citizen’s Summit home page.
		Indirect methods to disrupt Internet access to opposition websites during elections may be the way of...
	www.opennetinitiative.net /blog/?p=72 (374 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Technology -- Rights group faults Tunisia on Internet censorship
		TUNIS – Tunisia, which hosts a U.N. conference on the Internet this week, blocks Web sites critical of the government and has jailed citizens for expressing their opinions on the Web, Human Rights Watch said in a report.
		In a report on censorship of the Internet by Middle Eastern governments, the New York-based rights group criticised Tunisia for its strict regulations on access to some Web material.
		The report said two Tunisians – Zoheir Yahiaoui and Mohamed Abou – had been jailed for Internet writings and that Abdallah Zouari, a dissident living in internal exile, had been prevented from entering Internet cafes to send messages.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/computing/20051116-0541-tech-tunis-rights.html (547 words)

	Internet censorship in Tunisia :: the UN/DPI NGO site :: The site for information exchange among NGOs
		Twenty young men, many of them students, have been arrested in Tunisia for looking at banned websites and allegedly carrying out subversive activities on the Internet.
		The Tunisian Government is believed to censor the Internet more tightly than any other country in the world, with the possible exception of China.
		Zouhair Yahyaoui, the founder of satirical website, www.tunezine.com, which gave a space for opposition groups and politicians to air their views, was sentenced to two years in prison.
	www.undpi.org /print.php?sid=83 (535 words)

	IFEX :: CIVIL SOCIETY CALLS FOR U.N. PROBE ON FREE EXPRESSION ATTACKS AT INTERNET SUMMIT
		The groups said that in the run-up to, and during, the Summit, attacks included the harassment of delegates, assaults on Tunisian and international journalists and human rights defenders, denial of entry to the country, the blocking of websites, the censorship of documents and speeches, and the prevention and disruption of meetings (see: http://campaigns.ifex.org/tmg).
		"We believe it is essential that lessons are learnt from what has taken place [in Tunisia] and we therefore call upon you to launch a full investigation into the attacks on human rights and freedom of expression that we have witnessed in Tunisia," the letter stated.
		Annan was urged to closely monitor the follow-up period in Tunisia.
	www.ifex.org /en/content/view/full/70731 (217 words)

	The Enquirer - Summit highlights Internet censorship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		That issue will be center stage during a U.N. technology summit this week, the urgency brought home by the fact that the event is taking place in Tunisia, which activists call one of the world's worst Internet censors.
		The debate over who controls the Internet - an issue raised in the summit's first half in Geneva two years ago - will be a central sticking point for the 12,000-15,000 delegates gathering Wednesday in Tunis for the three-day World Summit on the Information Society.
		Yet some fear that what is being billed as a "summit of solutions" also could lead to new problems - by creating threats for governments that have long known the Internet to be a powerful tool in the hands of dissidents and ordinary people hungry for knowledge beyond what the government gives them.
	news.enquirer.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051115/BIZ02/511150347/1003/BIZ (496 words)

	CCSR:A global phenomenon?
		A recent controversy of alleged Internet censorship in Tunisia was reported in allAfrica.com on 4 March 2005.
		We believe that, on the contrary, the Internet model advocated by Tunisia, combining censorship with a crackdown [on dissidents], should be condemned by countries that care about freedom of expression." The article listed 23 websites that had been censored by officials of the Tunisian President.
		The shortage of ICT workers is further worsened by global migration of skilled workers and insufficient pipe lining of ICT education to potential students from primary to tertiary levels of education."
	www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk /resources/general/ethicol/Ecv15no2.html (1251 words)

	RConversation: Human Rights and Internet Censorship: A Global Problem
		It is an excellent global overview of the human rights implications of internet censorship, and how Western technology firms are contributing to the problem.
		As non–transparent filtering practices meld into forms of censorship the effect on democratic practices and the open character of the Internet are discernible.
		States are increasingly using Internet filtering to control the environment of political speech in fundamental opposition to civil liberties, freedom of speech, and free expression.
	rconversation.blogs.com /rconversation/2006/01/human_rights_an.html (887 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Syria and Tunisia: Enemies of the Web by Nir Boms
		At a Geneva meeting in November, WSIS members outlined an ambitious task that includes "definition of the Internet and Internet governance" and identifying "the main [Internet] players and their functions" as well as "current Internet governance mechanisms."
		Curiously, the meeting is to take place in Tunisia, where in April 2003 nine young Internet users were sentenced to up to 26 years in prison for downloading files deemed by Tunisian authorities to be "dangerous."
		The Internet, one of the few vehicles of free expression in the non-democratic world, is crucial to the work of freedom activists—and problematic to the regimes that seek to control the flow of information.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16314 (712 words)

	APC Africa ICT Policy Monitor
		It outlines the major threats to freedom of expression on the Internet in Cote d’Ivoire.
		It outlines the major threats to freedom of expression on the Internet in South Africa.
		It outlines the major threats to freedom of expression on the Internet in Tunisia.
	www.apc.org /english/rights/africa/index.shtml?apc=21861ieOverviews1 (335 words)

	ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer » 2005 » November
		It was unclear whether the event was to be held at all after the Tunisian authorities threatened to shutdown the session, claiming that the topic had nothing to do with ICT for Development.
		The OpenNet Initiative is proud to announce the release of Internet Filtering in Tunisia in 2005, a country study that documents Tunisia’s attempts to control Internet information, including the filtering of political opposition Web sites, human rights groups, and sites that provide access to privacy-enhancing technologies.
		You are currently browsing the ICE: Internet Censorship Explorer weblog archives for November, 2005.
	ice.citizenlab.org /?m=200511 (508 words)

	CitizenLab :: Version 4.0
		Profd did a lengthy interview with Jerome McDonnell for Chicago Public Radio on Internet censorship.
		The operations of U.S. Internet companies in China are attracting concern in Congress after years of complaints from free speech and human rights advocates about these firms aiding Beijing's ability to censor content.
		A University of Toronto research lab and its partners have landed $3 million U.S. to study Internet censorship and surveillance worldwide.
	www.citizenlab.org /modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=index&catid=&topic=6 (695 words)

	Internet Censorship
		It did not happen overnight but slowly came to America's shores from testing grounds in China and the Middle East.
		Internet Censorship: The Warning Signs Were Not Hidden
		Internet Censorship in the US: No Longer a Prediction
	www.rense.com /general69/intercens.htm (818 words)

	International Free Speech Groups Urge Tunisia to End Internet Censorship / WSIS [Tunisia & CR] / Newsroom / Root ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		International free expression groups today launched a new website detailing the state of free expression in Tunisia and challenged the government to end Internet blocking in the lead-up to the November 2005 World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS).
		The Tunisia Monitoring Group (TMG), a coalition of 13 organisations belonging to the International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX), says Tunisia should show its commitment to upholding the principles of freedom of expression by ceasing the practice of blocking news and information websites that are critical of the Tunisian government.
		It is intolerable that the host nation, Tunisia, remains a significant violator of free expression.”
	www.crisinfo.org /content/view/full/895 (235 words)

	Reporters Without Borders
		They were shut down by the websites that hosted them - Tibetcult.net, a Tibetan cultural portal, and Daqi.com, a local blog platform - presumably on government orders amid a continuing wave of online censorship in China.
		Practical advice and technical tips to help bloggers stay anonymous and get round censorship.
		Reporters Without Borders condemns the ethical lapses displayed by certain Internet sector companies when operating in repressive countries.
	www.rsf.org /rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=273 (194 words)

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